Abstract
IMF Country Report No. 24/119
Copyright Page
IMF Country Report No. 24/119
JAPAN
SELECTED ISSUES
May 2024
This paper on Japan was prepared by a staff team of the International Monetary Fund as background documentation for the periodic consultation with the member country. It is based on the information available at the time it was completed on April 15, 2024.
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© 2024 International Monetary Fund
Title page
JAPAN
SELECTED ISSUES
April 15, 2024
Approved By
Asia and Pacific Department
Prepared By Kohei Asao, Purva Khera, Danila Smirnov, TengTeng Xu (all APD), Salih Fendoglu (MCM), Yun Gao (OAP) and Mahima Vasishth (Bocconi University)
Contents
WHY SUCH FEW WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS IN JAPAN?
A. Introduction
B. Women Leaders and Gender Gaps: Recent Developments
C. Empirical Analysis: Key Drivers of Gender Gaps in Leadership
D. Policy Recommendations
FIGURES
1. Gender Gaps
2. Gender Gap in Home- and Family-Care
References
ANNEX
I. Empirical Analysis
JAPAN’S FERTILITY: MORE CHILDREN PLEASE
A. Introduction
B. Stylized Facts
C. Data and Methodology
D. Empirical Results
E. Policy Implications
BOX
1. Case Studies of Children-Related Policies
TABLES
1. Linear Regressions Between Fertility and Policy Measures
2. Baseline Cross-Country Regressions: Fertility Growth and Economic Growth
3. Main Cross-Country Regressions: Fertility Growth and Policies
References
SUSTAINABLE PATH TO INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN JAPAN: HOW TO TACKLE INCOME INEQUALITY?
A. Introduction
B. Macroeconomic Trends in Income Inequality
C. Empirical Analysis: Data and Methodology
D. Results
E. Policy Recommendations
BOXES
1. Household-Survey Database
2. Methodology for Factor Decomposition of the Gini Index
FIGURES
1. Gross and Disposable Income Inequality Higher than Comparator Countries
2. Gini Coefficient in JHPS Survey Data vs. Macro-Based Indicators
3. Composition of Households’ Gross Income
4. Gini Decomposition by Income Source
5. Source of Changes in Income Inequality, 2010–19
6. Impact of Demographics and Social Transfers
7. Labor Market Dualism Exacerbates Income Inequality Across Gender and Age
References
STARTUPS AND VENTURE CAPITAL IN JAPAN: HOW TO GROW
A. Introduction
B. Stylized Facts
C. Aggregate Country-Level Analysis
D. Firm-Level Analysis
E. Policy Implications
TABLES
1. Capital Investment and Structural Characteristics
2. Valuations and Structural Characteristics
3. Global: Does Availability of Funding Affect Startup Performance?
4. Does Availability of Funding Affect Startup Performance?
5. Does Risk Culture Matter for Startup Exit?
References