Abstract
PAKISTAN
Copyright Page
PAKISTAN
SELECTED ISSUES
December 22, 2021
Approved By
Middle East and Central Asia Department
Prepared by Kerstin Gerling, Tannous Kass-Hanna, and Christine Richmond (all MCD); and Fernanda Brollo, Emine Hanedar, and Sebastien Walker (all FAD)
Contents
SPENDING NEEDS FOR REACHING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS
A. Background
B. Human Capital
C. Physical Capital
D. Policy Recommendations and Conclusions
FIGURES
1. Performance in Selected SDGs
2. Pakistan and Peers: Education Outcomes
3. Pakistan and Peers: Education Sector
4. Pakistan and Peers: Health Outcomes
5. Pakistan and Peers: Health Sector
6. Pakistan and Peers: Electricity Sector1
7. Electricity Generation Installed Capacity by Source, in MW
8. Pakistan and Peers: Roads
9. Pakistan and Peers: Water and Sanitation
10. Additional Spending Required by 2030 to Meet SDG Targets
Reference
TABLES
1. Additional Spending Required in Education by 2030
2. Additional Spending Required in Healthcare by 2030
3. Additional Investment in Electricity Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Required by 2030
4. Additional Investment in Roads Required by 2030
5. Additional Investment in Water and Sanitation Required by 2030
References
TRADE AS A SOURCE OF GROWTH AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
A. Stocktaking
B. Policy Recommendations and Conclusions
FIGURES
1. Openness
2. Exports
3. Export Products
4. Net Export Contribution to GDP Growth
5. Value of Exports by Firm
6. Import Tariff
References
STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES IN PAKISTAN: FOOTPRINT, PERFORMANCE, FISCAL RISKS, AND GOVERNANCE
A. Introduction
B. Footprint and Performance
C. Corporate Governance
D. Ownership Policy
E. Financial Oversight
F. Fiscal and Policy Interactions
G. SOE Corporate Governance Index
H. SOE Sector Reform
I. Policy Recommendations and Conclusions
FIGURES
1. Portfolio of Non-Financial Commercial SOE’s
2. SOE Performance Indicators, 2019 or latest available
3. Publicly Guaranteed SOE Debt
4. SOE Corporate Governance Index
References
CLIMATE MITIGATION IN PAKISTAN
A. Emission Stocktaking
B. Emission Targets and Policy Actions
C. Policy Recommendations and Conclusions
FIGURES
1. Pakistan and Peers: Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, 2018
2. Sources of Selected Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, 2018
3. MENAP: Envisaged Nationally Determined Contributions Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Versus 2030 Business as Usual
4. Pakistan and Peers: Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel, 2019
5. Pakistan and Peers: Explicit Subsidy by Energy Product, 2020
6. Total Climate Financing, 2016–19
References