Abstract
Growth in 2015 has been stronger than expected. Growth was driven by strong activity in agriculture, construction, and services, with the projection for the year increased from 6.5 to 7.0 percent. Inflation remains well contained, although the monetary stance remains accommodative, with higher than expected credit growth. Fiscal policy has been broadly in line with expectations. Recent household survey results show good progress in poverty reduction. However, the outlook for 2016 is darker. An external shock is currently unfolding: mining exports have been almost halved in recent months, due to lower prices and demand in export markets. Combined with US dollar appreciation, this has put strong downward pressure on the Rwandan franc, and prompted a drawdown of international reserves by the banking system. Deterioration of the current account in 2015 is expected to continue in 2016, including due to public infrastructure imports for the Kigali convention center and expansion of RwandAir's fleet.
Background
1. The Rwandan economy grew strongly in 2014 and 2015, but recent weak mineral exports have highlighted external vulnerabilities. Real GDP grew by 7 percent in 2014 and is projected to record a similar growth rate in 2015. But while output has remained strong, export performance has suffered as a consequence of weak commodity prices, with mineral exports faring the worst. In 2015, the decline in mineral prices and production (by 18 percent and 34 percent, respectively) has resulted in a near halving of mining exports compared to the previous year. Weak mineral prices are projected to lower mineral exports further in 2016 and this will dampen the expansion in overall export receipts. Inflation stood at 2.1 percent at end-2014 and is expected to remain well contained in 2015, below the authorities’ medium-term target of 5 percent.
2. Rwanda’s public sector debt remains low, but it is increasing. At end-2014, total public sector debt was 29.9 percent of GDP—with the external debt of the public sector at 23.7 percent of GDP and mainly comprised of multilateral and bilateral debt, and domestic debt at 6 percent of GDP. These debt ratios compare favorably with those of other countries in the region. The public debt-to-GDP ratio has increased steadily over the last three years, reflecting new borrowing, in particular large disbursements under multilateral concessional loans as Rwanda’s low-risk rating of debt distress has shifted donor support towards more concessional lending rather than grants. Public external guaranteed debt has been rising mainly due to the expansion of RwandAir’s fleet of aircraft.
Underlying Assumptions
3. The medium and long-term macroeconomic framework underlying the DSA is consistent with the baseline scenario presented in the Staff Report for 4th review of the PSI program. The main assumptions and projections for key macroeconomic variables are summarized in Box 1 and Table 2. The main differences between the current assumptions and those underlying the last DSA update are: (i) the current account deficit (as a share of GDP) is worse, largely due to weaker mineral exports; (ii) medium-term GDP growth is lower; (iii) external grants decline faster beyond 2020; and (iv) from 2020 onward, the central government is more reliant on external commercial borrowing to meet its external financing need, including bonds issued in the international capital market. Table 3 shows the near-term differences in the underlying baseline assumptions between the current and previous DSAs.
Rwanda: External Public Debt
Rwanda: External Public Debt
| 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Billions US$ | Share | Billions US$ | Share | Billions US$ | Share | |
| Multilateral creditors | 0.9 | 76.4 | 0.9 | 58.6 | 1.1 | 60.6 |
| Bilateral creditors | 0.2 | 14.7 | 0.2 | 13.5 | 0.3 | 13.8 |
| Commercial creditors | 0.4 | 25.0 | 0.4 | 21.9 | ||
| Total (excluding guarantees) | 1.1 | 91.2 | 1.6 | 97.1 | 1.8 | 96.3 |
| Publicly guaranteed debt | 0.1 | 8.8 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 3.7 |
| Total (including guarantees) | 1.2 | 100.0 | 1.6 | 100.0 | 1.8 | 100.0 |
Rwanda: External Public Debt
| 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Billions US$ | Share | Billions US$ | Share | Billions US$ | Share | |
| Multilateral creditors | 0.9 | 76.4 | 0.9 | 58.6 | 1.1 | 60.6 |
| Bilateral creditors | 0.2 | 14.7 | 0.2 | 13.5 | 0.3 | 13.8 |
| Commercial creditors | 0.4 | 25.0 | 0.4 | 21.9 | ||
| Total (excluding guarantees) | 1.1 | 91.2 | 1.6 | 97.1 | 1.8 | 96.3 |
| Publicly guaranteed debt | 0.1 | 8.8 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 3.7 |
| Total (including guarantees) | 1.2 | 100.0 | 1.6 | 100.0 | 1.8 | 100.0 |
Key Assumptions
Includes publicly guaranteed external borrowing.
Key Assumptions
| 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2026 | 2025 | 2030 | 2035 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated) | |||||||||||||||
| Nominal GDP (RF billions) | 3,846 | 4,437 | 4,864 | 5,389 | 5,955 | 6,589 | 7,389 | 8,287 | 9,309 | 10,509 | 24,532 | 19,255 | 35,279 | 64,641 | |
| Real GDP (percentage change) | 7.5 | 8.8 | 4.7 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | |
| GDP deflator (percentage change) | 7.7 | 6.1 | 4.7 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | |
| Fiscal (central government) | |||||||||||||||
| External grants (incl. HIPC relief) | 10.8 | 9.3 | 8.6 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 5.4 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 0.6 | |
| Revenue (excl. external grants) | 14.0 | 15.0 | 16.5 | 16.7 | 17.6 | 18.6 | 18.2 | 18.7 | 18.9 | 19.1 | 21.1 | 20.5 | 22.0 | 23.2 | |
| Revenue (incl. external grants) | 24.8 | 24.2 | 25.1 | 24.1 | 24.3 | 24.1 | 22.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 22.6 | 23.1 | 23.8 | |
| Primary expenditures | 25.1 | 26.9 | 28.8 | 28.2 | 28.4 | 28.1 | 25.6 | 26.0 | 25.8 | 25.6 | 26.1 | 26.5 | 25.7 | 25.0 | |
| Primary current expenditures | 13.9 | 13.5 | 13.8 | 14.3 | 13.4 | 13.7 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.8 | 13.9 | 13.6 | 13.3 | |
| Capital expenditure and net lending | 11.3 | 13.4 | 15.0 | 13.9 | 15.0 | 14.5 | 12.2 | 12.6 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.5 | 12.1 | 11.7 | |
| Primary balance, incl. external grants | −0.4 | −2.7 | −3.7 | −4.2 | −4.0 | −3.9 | −3.6 | −2.9 | −2.7 | −2.6 | −3.3 | −3.9 | −2.6 | −0.9 | |
| Primary balance, excl. external grants | −11.2 | −11.9 | −12.4 | −11.5 | −10.8 | −9.5 | −7.4 | −7.2 | −6.8 | −6.5 | −5.2 | −6.1 | −3.8 | −1.5 | |
| Net domestic financing | 0.3 | −1.8 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | |
| Interest rate (percent) | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | ||
| New external borrowing1 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 4.2 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 0.8 | ||
| Grant element of new external borrowing (percent) | 38.7 | 34.2 | 54.6 | 47.2 | 47.5 | 51.9 | 33.3 | 38.7 | 24.7 | 18.2 | |||||
| Balance of payments | |||||||||||||||
| Exports of goods and services | 14.0 | 14.0 | 15.6 | 16.9 | 15.8 | 16.8 | 17.1 | 17.6 | 17.4 | 17.1 | 18.5 | 18.1 | 18.8 | 18.8 | |
| Imports of goods and services | 34.1 | 34.3 | 32.5 | 33.7 | 34.3 | 36.2 | 33.6 | 32.1 | 31.5 | 30.9 | 30.5 | 30.5 | 30.5 | 30.5 | |
| Current account, incl. official transfers | −7.2 | −11.3 | −7.4 | −11.5 | −14.5 | −15.4 | −14.0 | −11.5 | −10.9 | −10.7 | −9.8 | −9.7 | −9.6 | −9.4 | |
| Foreign Direct Investment | 1.7 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.9 | |
| Gross official reserves (months of imports of G&S) | 5.1 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 4.2 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | |
Includes publicly guaranteed external borrowing.
Key Assumptions
| 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2026 | 2025 | 2030 | 2035 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated) | |||||||||||||||
| Nominal GDP (RF billions) | 3,846 | 4,437 | 4,864 | 5,389 | 5,955 | 6,589 | 7,389 | 8,287 | 9,309 | 10,509 | 24,532 | 19,255 | 35,279 | 64,641 | |
| Real GDP (percentage change) | 7.5 | 8.8 | 4.7 | 6.9 | 7.0 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | |
| GDP deflator (percentage change) | 7.7 | 6.1 | 4.7 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | |
| Fiscal (central government) | |||||||||||||||
| External grants (incl. HIPC relief) | 10.8 | 9.3 | 8.6 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 5.4 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 0.6 | |
| Revenue (excl. external grants) | 14.0 | 15.0 | 16.5 | 16.7 | 17.6 | 18.6 | 18.2 | 18.7 | 18.9 | 19.1 | 21.1 | 20.5 | 22.0 | 23.2 | |
| Revenue (incl. external grants) | 24.8 | 24.2 | 25.1 | 24.1 | 24.3 | 24.1 | 22.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 22.6 | 23.1 | 23.8 | |
| Primary expenditures | 25.1 | 26.9 | 28.8 | 28.2 | 28.4 | 28.1 | 25.6 | 26.0 | 25.8 | 25.6 | 26.1 | 26.5 | 25.7 | 25.0 | |
| Primary current expenditures | 13.9 | 13.5 | 13.8 | 14.3 | 13.4 | 13.7 | 13.4 | 13.4 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.8 | 13.9 | 13.6 | 13.3 | |
| Capital expenditure and net lending | 11.3 | 13.4 | 15.0 | 13.9 | 15.0 | 14.5 | 12.2 | 12.6 | 12.4 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.5 | 12.1 | 11.7 | |
| Primary balance, incl. external grants | −0.4 | −2.7 | −3.7 | −4.2 | −4.0 | −3.9 | −3.6 | −2.9 | −2.7 | −2.6 | −3.3 | −3.9 | −2.6 | −0.9 | |
| Primary balance, excl. external grants | −11.2 | −11.9 | −12.4 | −11.5 | −10.8 | −9.5 | −7.4 | −7.2 | −6.8 | −6.5 | −5.2 | −6.1 | −3.8 | −1.5 | |
| Net domestic financing | 0.3 | −1.8 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | |
| Interest rate (percent) | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | ||
| New external borrowing1 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 4.2 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 0.8 | ||
| Grant element of new external borrowing (percent) | 38.7 | 34.2 | 54.6 | 47.2 | 47.5 | 51.9 | 33.3 | 38.7 | 24.7 | 18.2 | |||||
| Balance of payments | |||||||||||||||
| Exports of goods and services | 14.0 | 14.0 | 15.6 | 16.9 | 15.8 | 16.8 | 17.1 | 17.6 | 17.4 | 17.1 | 18.5 | 18.1 | 18.8 | 18.8 | |
| Imports of goods and services | 34.1 | 34.3 | 32.5 | 33.7 | 34.3 | 36.2 | 33.6 | 32.1 | 31.5 | 30.9 | 30.5 | 30.5 | 30.5 | 30.5 | |
| Current account, incl. official transfers | −7.2 | −11.3 | −7.4 | −11.5 | −14.5 | −15.4 | −14.0 | −11.5 | −10.9 | −10.7 | −9.8 | −9.7 | −9.6 | −9.4 | |
| Foreign Direct Investment | 1.7 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.9 | |
| Gross official reserves (months of imports of G&S) | 5.1 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 4.2 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | |
Includes publicly guaranteed external borrowing.
Baseline External DSA Compared to the Previous DSA Update, 2015-17
See IMF Country Report No. 14/343, December 2014.
Includes publicly-guaranteed external borrowing.
Larger non-concessional borrowing in 2015 and 2016 in current DSA makes this ratio higher in 2017 relative to the previous DSA.
Baseline External DSA Compared to the Previous DSA Update, 2015-17
| Previous DSA1 | Current DSA | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |||
| Proj. | Proj. | Proj. | Proj. | Proj. | Proj. | |||
| Stock of public and publicly-guaranteed (PPG) external debt | ||||||||
| Millions of U.S. dollars | 2,259 | 2,628 | 3,132 | 2,281 | 2,956 | 3,363 | ||
| Percent of GDP | 27.0 | 28.6 | 31.1 | 28.6 | 36.0 | 37.6 | ||
| Present value (PV) of PPG external debt | ||||||||
| Millions of U.S. dollars | 1,573 | 1,769 | 2,065 | 1,494 | 1,936 | 2,114 | ||
| Percent of GDP | 18.8 | 19.3 | 20.5 | 18.7 | 23.6 | 23.7 | ||
| PV of PPG external debt to revenues (percent)3 | 95.5 | 95.6 | 102.0 | 91.5 | 109.0 | 120.6 | ||
| PV of PPG external debt to exports (percent) | 124.2 | 130.6 | 131.5 | 118.7 | 140.1 | 138.7 | ||
| PPG external debt service to revenues (percent) | 6.5 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 8.0 | ||
| PPG external debt service to exports (percent) | 8.5 | 8.4 | 7.5 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 9.2 | ||
| Discount rate (percent) | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | ||
| (Percent of GDP, unless indicated otherwise) | ||||||||
| Nominal GDP (RF billions) | 5,940 | 6,722 | 7,590 | 5,955 | 6,589 | 7,389 | ||
| Real GDP (percentage change) | 6.0 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 6.3 | 6.7 | ||
| GDP Deflator (percentage change) | 5.2 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 5.1 | ||
| Fiscal | ||||||||
| External grants (incl. HIPC relief) | 5.8 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 6.8 | 5.4 | 3.7 | ||
| Revenue (excl. external grants) | 18.4 | 19.0 | 19.3 | 17.6 | 18.6 | 18.2 | ||
| Primary expenditures | 27.7 | 25.8 | 25.6 | 28.4 | 28.1 | 25.6 | ||
| Primary balance, incl. external grants | −3.5 | −2.7 | −2.8 | −4.0 | −3.9 | −3.6 | ||
| Primary balance, excl. external grants | −9.3 | −6.8 | −6.3 | −10.8 | −9.5 | −7.4 | ||
| Grant element of new external borrowing (percent)2 | 46.1 | 47.6 | 43.0 | 38.7 | 34.2 | 54.6 | ||
| Balance of payments | ||||||||
| Exports of goods and services | 15.2 | 14.8 | 15.6 | 15.8 | 16.8 | 17.1 | ||
| Millions of U.S. dollars | 1,285 | 1,374 | 1,593 | 1,305 | 1,431 | 1,547 | ||
| Imports of goods and services | 32.2 | 28.9 | 29.0 | 34.3 | 36.2 | 33.6 | ||
| Millions of U.S. dollars | 2,730 | 2,695 | 2,963 | 2,835 | 3,081 | 3,045 | ||
| Current account, incl. official transfers | −11.0 | −9.1 | −8.9 | −14.5 | −15.4 | −14.0 | ||
See IMF Country Report No. 14/343, December 2014.
Includes publicly-guaranteed external borrowing.
Larger non-concessional borrowing in 2015 and 2016 in current DSA makes this ratio higher in 2017 relative to the previous DSA.
Baseline External DSA Compared to the Previous DSA Update, 2015-17
| Previous DSA1 | Current DSA | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | |||
| Proj. | Proj. | Proj. | Proj. | Proj. | Proj. | |||
| Stock of public and publicly-guaranteed (PPG) external debt | ||||||||
| Millions of U.S. dollars | 2,259 | 2,628 | 3,132 | 2,281 | 2,956 | 3,363 | ||
| Percent of GDP | 27.0 | 28.6 | 31.1 | 28.6 | 36.0 | 37.6 | ||
| Present value (PV) of PPG external debt | ||||||||
| Millions of U.S. dollars | 1,573 | 1,769 | 2,065 | 1,494 | 1,936 | 2,114 | ||
| Percent of GDP | 18.8 | 19.3 | 20.5 | 18.7 | 23.6 | 23.7 | ||
| PV of PPG external debt to revenues (percent)3 | 95.5 | 95.6 | 102.0 | 91.5 | 109.0 | 120.6 | ||
| PV of PPG external debt to exports (percent) | 124.2 | 130.6 | 131.5 | 118.7 | 140.1 | 138.7 | ||
| PPG external debt service to revenues (percent) | 6.5 | 6.1 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 8.0 | ||
| PPG external debt service to exports (percent) | 8.5 | 8.4 | 7.5 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 9.2 | ||
| Discount rate (percent) | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | ||
| (Percent of GDP, unless indicated otherwise) | ||||||||
| Nominal GDP (RF billions) | 5,940 | 6,722 | 7,590 | 5,955 | 6,589 | 7,389 | ||
| Real GDP (percentage change) | 6.0 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 6.3 | 6.7 | ||
| GDP Deflator (percentage change) | 5.2 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 5.1 | ||
| Fiscal | ||||||||
| External grants (incl. HIPC relief) | 5.8 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 6.8 | 5.4 | 3.7 | ||
| Revenue (excl. external grants) | 18.4 | 19.0 | 19.3 | 17.6 | 18.6 | 18.2 | ||
| Primary expenditures | 27.7 | 25.8 | 25.6 | 28.4 | 28.1 | 25.6 | ||
| Primary balance, incl. external grants | −3.5 | −2.7 | −2.8 | −4.0 | −3.9 | −3.6 | ||
| Primary balance, excl. external grants | −9.3 | −6.8 | −6.3 | −10.8 | −9.5 | −7.4 | ||
| Grant element of new external borrowing (percent)2 | 46.1 | 47.6 | 43.0 | 38.7 | 34.2 | 54.6 | ||
| Balance of payments | ||||||||
| Exports of goods and services | 15.2 | 14.8 | 15.6 | 15.8 | 16.8 | 17.1 | ||
| Millions of U.S. dollars | 1,285 | 1,374 | 1,593 | 1,305 | 1,431 | 1,547 | ||
| Imports of goods and services | 32.2 | 28.9 | 29.0 | 34.3 | 36.2 | 33.6 | ||
| Millions of U.S. dollars | 2,730 | 2,695 | 2,963 | 2,835 | 3,081 | 3,045 | ||
| Current account, incl. official transfers | −11.0 | −9.1 | −8.9 | −14.5 | −15.4 | −14.0 | ||
See IMF Country Report No. 14/343, December 2014.
Includes publicly-guaranteed external borrowing.
Larger non-concessional borrowing in 2015 and 2016 in current DSA makes this ratio higher in 2017 relative to the previous DSA.
Macroeconomic Framework for the DSA
Despite near-term weakness in the mining sector, the medium-term and long-term framework underpinning the DSA assumes that Rwanda continues to enjoy rapid growth, and low and stable inflation.
Key highlights:
Growth: Long-run growth is projected at 7.5 percent. The composition of growth is expected to shift toward the private sector and exports as policies designed to expand and diversify the export base bear fruit.
External sector: Near-term weakness in mineral exports will be partially offset by buoyancy in exports of coffee and tea, non-traditional exports and tourism. Exports of goods and services (as a percent of GDP) are expected to gradually rise over the projection horizon. Despite the anticipated completion of some current projects in the near-term, import needs are expected to remain high, reflecting continued high investment needs in the economy. Consequently, Rwanda’s external current account is projected to remain in deficit throughout the period under consideration, though the gap is expected to narrow.
Inflation: Inflation is expected to remain contained. After falling at the end of 2014 to 2.1 percent, the rate is expected to be anchored to the authorities’ medium-term target of 5 percent. Improvements in agricultural productivity are expected to lower food prices over the long run, containing a key driver of inflation in Rwanda.
Reserves: Reserve buffers are expected to attain coverage of 4.5 months of prospective imports by 2023, consistent with the monetary integration process among East African Community members.
Fiscal outlook. The key fiscal assumption is that there would be a gradual and consistent rise in domestic revenues (excluding grants) from 2015 to 2035. This reflects the authorities’ commitment to raise Rwanda’s revenue collection efforts to comparable level observed in other countries in the region. Primary expenditures are forecast to remain high, reflecting the need for ongoing significant capital and current spending.
Grants. The DSA assumes a tapering of external donor assistance, reflecting reduced access to grants, given Rwandan’s improved debt distress risk rating, and greater capacity to mobilize and use domestic revenue
External borrowing. The assumptions for new external borrowing vary over the assessment period. From 2015-2020, the framework assumes central government external borrowing needs are met mainly by disbursements of already-contracted external multilateral and bilateral debt; while public guaranteed external borrowing associated with RwandAir’s expansion and the completion of the Kigali Convention Center is done via commercial debt. From 2021 onward, the framework assumes that the external financing need of the central government will be financed by new external debt, with a progressively increasing share from commercial debt, including bonds issued in the international capital market.
Domestic borrowing. The framework assumes that domestic borrowing will continue to decline until 2019 as the authorities anchor fiscal policy on a goal of limiting net domestic financing. From 2020, domestic borrowing of 2.5 percent of GDP is assumed, which sees share of domestic debt rise. Over time, the composition of domestic borrowing is also expected to shift towards medium- and long-term debt as the authorities intensify efforts to develop the local government bond market.
Domestic interest rates. New domestic borrowing is expected to be contracted at a nominal interest rate of 8 percent—a weighted average of the cost of short-and long-term domestic debt.
Debt Sustainability Analysis
A. External DSA
4. Based on the assumptions outlined above, Rwanda’s debt is assessed to be sustainable with low risk of debt distress (Appendix Figures 1a and Tables 1a and 1b). Similar to the last DSA update, the joint Bank-Fund debt sustainability framework (DSF) for low-income countries classifies Rwanda as a “strong” performer, based on the quality of the country’s policies and institutions as measured by the 3-year average of the ratings under the World Bank’s Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA). This is reflected in higher debt sustainability thresholds compared to countries operating in a weak policy environment.3 Under the baseline scenario all debt burden indicators are projected to remain comfortably below the policy-dependent thresholds. Standard stress tests show in 2023 (when the Eurobond issued in 2013 is set to mature) marginal temporary breaches of the debt service-to-revenue ratio, and the debt service-to-exports ratio thresholds. These findings highlight the vulnerability of the Rwandan economy to external shocks and liquidity pressures at the time the Eurobond matures. However, as the breaches of these debt service ratios are temporary, and taking into account the low level of external debt and strengthening indicators of repayment capacity (the expansion of Rwanda’s export base and tax revenues), and that Rwanda is assumed to refinance the maturing Eurobond, the final assessment for Rwanda’s external public and public guaranteed debt is a low risk of debt distress.
Rwanda: Indicators of Public and Public Guaranteed External Debt under Alternative Scenarios, 2015-2035 1/
Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2016, 024; 10.5089/9781513585567.002.A002
Sources: Country authorities; and staff estimates and projections.1/ The most extreme stress test is the test that yields the highest ratio on or before 2025. In figure b. it corresponds to a One-time depreciation shock; in c. to a Exports shock; in d. to a One-time depreciation shock; in e. to a Exports shock and in figure f. to a One-time depreciation shock
Rwanda: Indicators of Public and Public Guaranteed External Debt under Alternative Scenarios, 2015-2035 1/
Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2016, 024; 10.5089/9781513585567.002.A002
Sources: Country authorities; and staff estimates and projections.1/ The most extreme stress test is the test that yields the highest ratio on or before 2025. In figure b. it corresponds to a One-time depreciation shock; in c. to a Exports shock; in d. to a One-time depreciation shock; in e. to a Exports shock and in figure f. to a One-time depreciation shockRwanda: Indicators of Public and Public Guaranteed External Debt under Alternative Scenarios, 2015-2035 1/
Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2016, 024; 10.5089/9781513585567.002.A002
Sources: Country authorities; and staff estimates and projections.1/ The most extreme stress test is the test that yields the highest ratio on or before 2025. In figure b. it corresponds to a One-time depreciation shock; in c. to a Exports shock; in d. to a One-time depreciation shock; in e. to a Exports shock and in figure f. to a One-time depreciation shockExternal Debt Sustainability Framework, Baseline Scenario, 2012-20351
(In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)
Includes both public and private sector external debt.
Derived as [r - g - ρ(1+g)]/(1+g+ρ+gρ) times previous period debt ratio, with r = nominal interest rate; g = real GDP growth rate, and ρ = growth rate of GDP deflator in U.S. dollar terms.
Includes exceptional financing (i.e., changes in arrears and debt relief); changes in gross foreign assets; and valuation adjustments. For projections also includes contribution from price and exchange rate changes.
Assumes that PV of private sector debt is equivalent to its face value.
Current-year interest payments divided by previous period debt stock.
Historical averages and standard deviations are generally derived over the past 10 years, subject to data availability.
Defined as grants, concessional loans, and debt relief.
Grant-equivalent financing includes grants provided directly to the government and through new borrowing (difference between the face value and the PV of new debt).
External Debt Sustainability Framework, Baseline Scenario, 2012-20351
(In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)
| Actual | Historical6/ | Standard6/ | Projections | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average | Deviation | 2015-2020 | 2021-2035 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | Average | 2025 | 2035 | Average | ||||||||||
| External debt (nominal) 1/ | 21.4 | 26.6 | 28.0 | 32.5 | 39.6 | 40.7 | 40.9 | 40.6 | 40.0 | 37.3 | 27.1 | |||||||||||
| of which: public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) | 16.8 | 22.1 | 23.7 | 28.6 | 36.0 | 37.6 | 38.2 | 38.2 | 37.9 | 35.2 | 23.5 | |||||||||||
| Change in external debt | −1.2 | 5.2 | 1.4 | 4.5 | 7.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | −0.3 | −0.5 | −0.3 | −2.0 | |||||||||||
| Identified net debt-creating flows | 7.2 | 3.2 | 6.9 | 8.7 | 9.3 | 7.5 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.5 | |||||||||||
| Non-interest current account deficit | 10.8 | 6.7 | 10.5 | 5.4 | 4.2 | 13.5 | 14.3 | 12.9 | 10.4 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 8.6 | 9.0 | ||||||||
| Deficit in balance of goods and services | 20.2 | 16.9 | 16.8 | 18.5 | 19.4 | 16.5 | 14.5 | 14.1 | 13.8 | 12.4 | 11.6 | |||||||||||
| Exports | 14.0 | 15.6 | 16.9 | 15.8 | 16.8 | 17.1 | 17.6 | 17.4 | 17.1 | 18.1 | 18.8 | |||||||||||
| Imports | 34.3 | 32.5 | 33.7 | 34.3 | 36.2 | 33.6 | 32.1 | 31.5 | 30.9 | 30.5 | 30.5 | |||||||||||
| Net current transfers (negative = inflow) | −10.0 | −11.3 | −7.3 | −11.4 | 2.0 | −6.3 | −6.6 | −4.6 | −5.1 | −4.8 | −4.6 | −3.2 | −2.5 | −3.0 | ||||||||
| of which: official | −7.5 | −8.9 | −4.2 | −4.5 | −4.4 | −2.4 | −2.1 | −1.9 | −1.8 | −1.2 | −0.5 | |||||||||||
| Other current account flows (negative = net inflow) | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.1 | −0.5 | |||||||||||
| Net FDI (negative = inflow) | −1.5 | −3.4 | −3.4 | −1.6 | 1.1 | −4.0 | −4.1 | −4.1 | −4.3 | −4.6 | −4.9 | −4.4 | −4.9 | −4.6 | ||||||||
| Endogenous debt dynamics 2/ | −2.1 | −0.1 | −0.2 | −0.8 | −0.9 | −1.3 | −1.4 | −1.5 | −1.8 | −2.1 | −1.2 | |||||||||||
| Contribution from nominal interest rate | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 | |||||||||||
| Contribution from real GDP growth | −1.8 | −1.0 | −1.8 | −1.9 | −2.0 | −2.5 | −2.5 | −2.6 | −2.8 | −2.6 | −2.0 | |||||||||||
| Contribution from price and exchange rate changes | −0.8 | 0.1 | 0.5 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | |||||||||||
| Residual (3-4) 3/ | −8.4 | 2.0 | −5.5 | −4.2 | −2.3 | −6.3 | −4.5 | −4.0 | −3.6 | −3.1 | −4.6 | |||||||||||
| of which: exceptional financing | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||||||||||
| PV of external debt 4/ | … | … | 20.0 | 22.6 | 27.1 | 26.8 | 26.3 | 25.6 | 24.8 | 24.0 | 20.4 | |||||||||||
| In percent of exports | … | … | 118.3 | 143.5 | 161.3 | 157.0 | 149.4 | 147.3 | 144.9 | 132.1 | 108.2 | |||||||||||
| PV of PPG external debt | … | … | 15.7 | 18.7 | 23.6 | 23.7 | 23.6 | 23.3 | 22.7 | 21.9 | 16.8 | |||||||||||
| In percent of exports | … | … | 92.7 | 118.7 | 140.1 | 138.7 | 134.1 | 133.8 | 132.6 | 120.6 | 89.2 | |||||||||||
| In percent of government revenues | … | … | 81.8 | 91.5 | 109.0 | 120.6 | 113.7 | 111.8 | 108.5 | 101.8 | 71.6 | |||||||||||
| Debt service-to-exports ratio (in percent) | 6.1 | 8.4 | 10.2 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 13.2 | 14.2 | 14.5 | 13.5 | 12.0 | 20.4 | |||||||||||
| PPG debt service-to-exports ratio (in percent) | 3.6 | 5.3 | 7.0 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 8.8 | 5.5 | 7.8 | |||||||||||
| PPG debt service-to-revenue ratio (in percent) | 2.6 | 4.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 7.2 | 4.7 | 6.3 | |||||||||||
| Total gross financing need (Billions of U.S. dollars) | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 4.8 | |||||||||||
| Non-interest current account deficit that stabilizes debt ratio | 12.1 | 1.5 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 7.2 | 11.7 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 9.5 | 10.6 | |||||||||||
| Key macroeconomic assumptions | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Real GDP growth (in percent) | 8.8 | 4.7 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 1.9 | 7.0 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | |||||||
| GDP deflator in US dollar terms (change in percent) | 3.6 | −0.5 | −1.8 | 4.8 | 5.9 | −2.1 | −3.2 | −0.1 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |||||||
| Effective interest rate (percent) 5/ | 2.1 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 3.1 | 2.1 | |||||||
| Growth of exports of G&S (US dollar terms, in percent) | 13.2 | 15.5 | 14.0 | 18.8 | 21.5 | −2.2 | 9.7 | 8.1 | 12.1 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 10.9 | 9.6 | 10.3 | |||||||
| Growth of imports of G&S (US dollar terms, in percent) | 13.3 | −1.4 | 9.2 | 18.6 | 14.4 | 6.4 | 8.7 | −1.2 | 4.0 | 7.1 | 7.6 | 5.4 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.5 | |||||||
| Grant element of new public sector borrowing (in percent) | … | … | … | … | … | 38.7 | 34.2 | 54.6 | 47.2 | 47.5 | 51.9 | 45.7 | 38.7 | 18.2 | 29.6 | |||||||
| Government revenues (excluding grants, in percent of GDP) | 19.7 | 19.8 | 19.2 | 20.5 | 21.6 | 19.6 | 20.7 | 20.8 | 20.9 | 21.5 | 23.5 | 22.2 | ||||||||||
| Aid flows (in Billions of US dollars) 7/ | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.3 | |||||||||||
| of which: Grants | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||||||||||
| of which: Concessional loans | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |||||||||||
| Grant-equivalent financing (in percent of GDP) 8/ | … | … | … | 6.1 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 1.8 | ||||||||||
| Grant-equivalent financing (in percent of external financing) 8/ | … | … | … | 63.1 | 49.2 | 69.0 | 65.5 | 66.4 | 69.1 | 54.1 | 42.1 | 45.6 | ||||||||||
| Memorandum items: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominal GDP (Billions of US dollars) | 7.2 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 9.1 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 11.8 | 18.7 | 47.0 | |||||||||||
| Nominal dollar GDP growth | 12.7 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 2.9 | 6.6 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 7.0 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.6 | |||||||||
| PV of PPG external debt (in Billions of US dollars) | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 4.0 | 7.8 | |||||||||||||
| (PVt-PVt-1)/GDPt-1 (in percent) | 3.5 | 5.3 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 1.6 | ||||||||||||
| Gross workers’ remittances (Billions of US dollars) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | |||||||||||
| PV of PPG external debt (in percent of GDP + remittances) | … | … | 15.3 | 18.4 | 23.1 | 23.2 | 23.1 | 22.8 | 22.3 | 21.5 | 16.8 | |||||||||||
| PV of PPG external debt (in percent of exports + remittances) | … | … | 81.9 | 105.6 | 125.1 | 124.6 | 120.8 | 120.3 | 118.9 | 108.7 | 89.2 | |||||||||||
| Debt service of PPG external debt (in percent of exports + remittances) | … | … | 6.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 7.9 | 5.0 | 7.8 | |||||||||||
Includes both public and private sector external debt.
Derived as [r - g - ρ(1+g)]/(1+g+ρ+gρ) times previous period debt ratio, with r = nominal interest rate; g = real GDP growth rate, and ρ = growth rate of GDP deflator in U.S. dollar terms.
Includes exceptional financing (i.e., changes in arrears and debt relief); changes in gross foreign assets; and valuation adjustments. For projections also includes contribution from price and exchange rate changes.
Assumes that PV of private sector debt is equivalent to its face value.
Current-year interest payments divided by previous period debt stock.
Historical averages and standard deviations are generally derived over the past 10 years, subject to data availability.
Defined as grants, concessional loans, and debt relief.
Grant-equivalent financing includes grants provided directly to the government and through new borrowing (difference between the face value and the PV of new debt).
External Debt Sustainability Framework, Baseline Scenario, 2012-20351
(In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)
| Actual | Historical6/ | Standard6/ | Projections | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average | Deviation | 2015-2020 | 2021-2035 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | Average | 2025 | 2035 | Average | ||||||||||
| External debt (nominal) 1/ | 21.4 | 26.6 | 28.0 | 32.5 | 39.6 | 40.7 | 40.9 | 40.6 | 40.0 | 37.3 | 27.1 | |||||||||||
| of which: public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) | 16.8 | 22.1 | 23.7 | 28.6 | 36.0 | 37.6 | 38.2 | 38.2 | 37.9 | 35.2 | 23.5 | |||||||||||
| Change in external debt | −1.2 | 5.2 | 1.4 | 4.5 | 7.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | −0.3 | −0.5 | −0.3 | −2.0 | |||||||||||
| Identified net debt-creating flows | 7.2 | 3.2 | 6.9 | 8.7 | 9.3 | 7.5 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.5 | |||||||||||
| Non-interest current account deficit | 10.8 | 6.7 | 10.5 | 5.4 | 4.2 | 13.5 | 14.3 | 12.9 | 10.4 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 8.6 | 9.0 | ||||||||
| Deficit in balance of goods and services | 20.2 | 16.9 | 16.8 | 18.5 | 19.4 | 16.5 | 14.5 | 14.1 | 13.8 | 12.4 | 11.6 | |||||||||||
| Exports | 14.0 | 15.6 | 16.9 | 15.8 | 16.8 | 17.1 | 17.6 | 17.4 | 17.1 | 18.1 | 18.8 | |||||||||||
| Imports | 34.3 | 32.5 | 33.7 | 34.3 | 36.2 | 33.6 | 32.1 | 31.5 | 30.9 | 30.5 | 30.5 | |||||||||||
| Net current transfers (negative = inflow) | −10.0 | −11.3 | −7.3 | −11.4 | 2.0 | −6.3 | −6.6 | −4.6 | −5.1 | −4.8 | −4.6 | −3.2 | −2.5 | −3.0 | ||||||||
| of which: official | −7.5 | −8.9 | −4.2 | −4.5 | −4.4 | −2.4 | −2.1 | −1.9 | −1.8 | −1.2 | −0.5 | |||||||||||
| Other current account flows (negative = net inflow) | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.1 | −0.5 | |||||||||||
| Net FDI (negative = inflow) | −1.5 | −3.4 | −3.4 | −1.6 | 1.1 | −4.0 | −4.1 | −4.1 | −4.3 | −4.6 | −4.9 | −4.4 | −4.9 | −4.6 | ||||||||
| Endogenous debt dynamics 2/ | −2.1 | −0.1 | −0.2 | −0.8 | −0.9 | −1.3 | −1.4 | −1.5 | −1.8 | −2.1 | −1.2 | |||||||||||
| Contribution from nominal interest rate | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 | |||||||||||
| Contribution from real GDP growth | −1.8 | −1.0 | −1.8 | −1.9 | −2.0 | −2.5 | −2.5 | −2.6 | −2.8 | −2.6 | −2.0 | |||||||||||
| Contribution from price and exchange rate changes | −0.8 | 0.1 | 0.5 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | |||||||||||
| Residual (3-4) 3/ | −8.4 | 2.0 | −5.5 | −4.2 | −2.3 | −6.3 | −4.5 | −4.0 | −3.6 | −3.1 | −4.6 | |||||||||||
| of which: exceptional financing | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||||||||||
| PV of external debt 4/ | … | … | 20.0 | 22.6 | 27.1 | 26.8 | 26.3 | 25.6 | 24.8 | 24.0 | 20.4 | |||||||||||
| In percent of exports | … | … | 118.3 | 143.5 | 161.3 | 157.0 | 149.4 | 147.3 | 144.9 | 132.1 | 108.2 | |||||||||||
| PV of PPG external debt | … | … | 15.7 | 18.7 | 23.6 | 23.7 | 23.6 | 23.3 | 22.7 | 21.9 | 16.8 | |||||||||||
| In percent of exports | … | … | 92.7 | 118.7 | 140.1 | 138.7 | 134.1 | 133.8 | 132.6 | 120.6 | 89.2 | |||||||||||
| In percent of government revenues | … | … | 81.8 | 91.5 | 109.0 | 120.6 | 113.7 | 111.8 | 108.5 | 101.8 | 71.6 | |||||||||||
| Debt service-to-exports ratio (in percent) | 6.1 | 8.4 | 10.2 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 13.2 | 14.2 | 14.5 | 13.5 | 12.0 | 20.4 | |||||||||||
| PPG debt service-to-exports ratio (in percent) | 3.6 | 5.3 | 7.0 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 8.8 | 5.5 | 7.8 | |||||||||||
| PPG debt service-to-revenue ratio (in percent) | 2.6 | 4.1 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.1 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 7.2 | 4.7 | 6.3 | |||||||||||
| Total gross financing need (Billions of U.S. dollars) | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 4.8 | |||||||||||
| Non-interest current account deficit that stabilizes debt ratio | 12.1 | 1.5 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 7.2 | 11.7 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 9.5 | 10.6 | |||||||||||
| Key macroeconomic assumptions | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Real GDP growth (in percent) | 8.8 | 4.7 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 1.9 | 7.0 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | |||||||
| GDP deflator in US dollar terms (change in percent) | 3.6 | −0.5 | −1.8 | 4.8 | 5.9 | −2.1 | −3.2 | −0.1 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | |||||||
| Effective interest rate (percent) 5/ | 2.1 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 3.1 | 2.1 | |||||||
| Growth of exports of G&S (US dollar terms, in percent) | 13.2 | 15.5 | 14.0 | 18.8 | 21.5 | −2.2 | 9.7 | 8.1 | 12.1 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.3 | 10.9 | 9.6 | 10.3 | |||||||
| Growth of imports of G&S (US dollar terms, in percent) | 13.3 | −1.4 | 9.2 | 18.6 | 14.4 | 6.4 | 8.7 | −1.2 | 4.0 | 7.1 | 7.6 | 5.4 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.5 | |||||||
| Grant element of new public sector borrowing (in percent) | … | … | … | … | … | 38.7 | 34.2 | 54.6 | 47.2 | 47.5 | 51.9 | 45.7 | 38.7 | 18.2 | 29.6 | |||||||
| Government revenues (excluding grants, in percent of GDP) | 19.7 | 19.8 | 19.2 | 20.5 | 21.6 | 19.6 | 20.7 | 20.8 | 20.9 | 21.5 | 23.5 | 22.2 | ||||||||||
| Aid flows (in Billions of US dollars) 7/ | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.3 | |||||||||||
| of which: Grants | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |||||||||||
| of which: Concessional loans | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |||||||||||
| Grant-equivalent financing (in percent of GDP) 8/ | … | … | … | 6.1 | 5.3 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 1.8 | ||||||||||
| Grant-equivalent financing (in percent of external financing) 8/ | … | … | … | 63.1 | 49.2 | 69.0 | 65.5 | 66.4 | 69.1 | 54.1 | 42.1 | 45.6 | ||||||||||
| Memorandum items: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominal GDP (Billions of US dollars) | 7.2 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 9.1 | 9.9 | 10.8 | 11.8 | 18.7 | 47.0 | |||||||||||
| Nominal dollar GDP growth | 12.7 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 2.9 | 6.6 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 7.0 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 9.6 | |||||||||
| PV of PPG external debt (in Billions of US dollars) | 1.2 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 4.0 | 7.8 | |||||||||||||
| (PVt-PVt-1)/GDPt-1 (in percent) | 3.5 | 5.3 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 0.2 | 1.6 | ||||||||||||
| Gross workers’ remittances (Billions of US dollars) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | |||||||||||
| PV of PPG external debt (in percent of GDP + remittances) | … | … | 15.3 | 18.4 | 23.1 | 23.2 | 23.1 | 22.8 | 22.3 | 21.5 | 16.8 | |||||||||||
| PV of PPG external debt (in percent of exports + remittances) | … | … | 81.9 | 105.6 | 125.1 | 124.6 | 120.8 | 120.3 | 118.9 | 108.7 | 89.2 | |||||||||||
| Debt service of PPG external debt (in percent of exports + remittances) | … | … | 6.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 7.9 | 5.0 | 7.8 | |||||||||||
Includes both public and private sector external debt.
Derived as [r - g - ρ(1+g)]/(1+g+ρ+gρ) times previous period debt ratio, with r = nominal interest rate; g = real GDP growth rate, and ρ = growth rate of GDP deflator in U.S. dollar terms.
Includes exceptional financing (i.e., changes in arrears and debt relief); changes in gross foreign assets; and valuation adjustments. For projections also includes contribution from price and exchange rate changes.
Assumes that PV of private sector debt is equivalent to its face value.
Current-year interest payments divided by previous period debt stock.
Historical averages and standard deviations are generally derived over the past 10 years, subject to data availability.
Defined as grants, concessional loans, and debt relief.
Grant-equivalent financing includes grants provided directly to the government and through new borrowing (difference between the face value and the PV of new debt).
Rwanda: Sensitivity Analysis of Key Indicators of Public and Publicly Guaranteed External Debt, 2015-20351/
(In percent)
Variables include real GDP growth, growth of GDP deflator (in U.S. dollar terms), non-interest current account in percent of GDP, and non-debt creating flows.
Assumes that the interest rate on new borrowing is by 2 percentage points higher than in the baseline., while grace and maturity periods are the same as in the baseline.
Exports values are assumed to remain permanently at the lower level, but the current account as a share of GDP is assumed to return to its baseline level after the shock (implicitly assuming an offsetting adjustment in import levels).
Includes official and private transfers and FDI.
Depreciation is defined as percentage decline in dollar/local currency rate, such that it never exceeds 100 percent.
Applies to all stress scenarios except for A2 (less favorable financing) in which the terms on all new financing are as specified in footnote 2.
Rwanda: Sensitivity Analysis of Key Indicators of Public and Publicly Guaranteed External Debt, 2015-20351/
(In percent)
| Projections | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2025 | 2035 | ||
| PV of debt-to GDP ratio | |||||||||
| Baseline | 19 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 17 | |
| A. Alternative Scenarios | |||||||||
| A1. Key variables at their historical averages in 2015-2035 1/ | 19 | 17 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | |
| A2. New public sector loans on less favorable terms in 2015-2035 2/ | 19 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 32 | 28 | |
| B. Bound Tests | |||||||||
| B1. Real GDP growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 19 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 17 | |
| B2. Export value growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 3/ | 19 | 24 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 17 | |
| B3. US dollar GDP deflator at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 19 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 16 | |
| B4. Net non-debt creating flows at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 4/ | 19 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 16 | |
| B5. Combination of B1-B4 using one-half standard deviation shocks | 19 | 21 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 15 | |
| B6. One-time 30 percent nominal depreciation relative to the baseline in 2016 5/ | 19 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 24 | |
| PV of debt-to-exports ratio | |||||||||
| Baseline | 119 | 140 | 139 | 134 | 134 | 133 | 121 | 89 | |
| A. Alternative Scenarios | |||||||||
| A1. Key variables at their historical averages in 2015-2035 1/ | 119 | 102 | 76 | 65 | 60 | 56 | 43 | 42 | |
| A2. New public sector loans on less favorable terms in 2015-2035 2/ | 119 | 151 | 161 | 161 | 167 | 171 | 174 | 150 | |
| B. Bound Tests | |||||||||
| B1. Real GDP growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 119 | 135 | 136 | 132 | 131 | 130 | 118 | 88 | |
| B2. Export value growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 3/ | 119 | 161 | 198 | 191 | 189 | 187 | 164 | 114 | |
| B3. US dollar GDP deflator at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 119 | 135 | 136 | 132 | 131 | 130 | 118 | 88 | |
| B4. Net non-debt creating flows at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 4/ | 119 | 138 | 134 | 130 | 130 | 129 | 117 | 87 | |
| B5. Combination of B1-B4 using one-half standard deviation shocks | 119 | 132 | 119 | 116 | 116 | 116 | 109 | 86 | |
| B6. One-time 30 percent nominal depreciation relative to the baseline in 2016 5/ | 119 | 135 | 136 | 132 | 131 | 130 | 118 | 88 | |
| PV of debt-to-revenue ratio | |||||||||
| Baseline | 91 | 109 | 121 | 114 | 112 | 109 | 102 | 72 | |
| A. Alternative Scenarios | |||||||||
| A1. Key variables at their historical averages in 2015-2035 1/ | 91 | 79 | 66 | 55 | 50 | 46 | 36 | 33 | |
| A2. New public sector loans on less favorable terms in 2015-2035 2/ | 91 | 118 | 140 | 137 | 139 | 140 | 147 | 120 | |
| B. Bound Tests | |||||||||
| B1. Real GDP growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 91 | 106 | 121 | 114 | 112 | 109 | 102 | 72 | |
| B2. Export value growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 3/ | 91 | 111 | 138 | 129 | 126 | 122 | 111 | 73 | |
| B3. US dollar GDP deflator at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 91 | 103 | 117 | 111 | 109 | 105 | 99 | 69 | |
| B4. Net non-debt creating flows at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 4/ | 91 | 108 | 117 | 110 | 108 | 105 | 99 | 70 | |
| B5. Combination of B1-B4 using one-half standard deviation shocks | 91 | 96 | 95 | 90 | 89 | 87 | 85 | 63 | |
| B6. One-time 30 percent nominal depreciation relative to the baseline in 2016 5/ | 91 | 152 | 172 | 162 | 159 | 154 | 145 | 102 | |
| Debt service-to-exports ratio | |||||||||
| Baseline | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 8 | |
| A. Alternative Scenarios | |||||||||
| A1. Key variables at their historical averages in 2015-2035 1/ | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 3 | |
| A2. New public sector loans on less favorable terms in 2015-2035 2/ | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 12 | |
| B. Bound Tests | |||||||||
| B1. Real GDP growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | |
| B2. Export value growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 3/ | 8 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 9 | |
| B3. US dollar GDP deflator at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | |
| B4. Net non-debt creating flows at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 4/ | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | |
| B5. Combination of B1-B4 using one-half standard deviation shocks | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 7 | |
| B6. One-time 30 percent nominal depreciation relative to the baseline in 2016 5/ | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | |
| Debt service-to-revenue ratio | |||||||||
| Baseline | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 6 | |
| A. Alternative Scenarios | |||||||||
| A1. Key variables at their historical averages in 2015-2035 1/ | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
| A2. New public sector loans on less favorable terms in 2015-2035 2/ | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 10 | |
| B. Bound Tests | |||||||||
| B1. Real GDP growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 6 | |
| B2. Export value growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 3/ | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | |
| B3. US dollar GDP deflator at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | |
| B4. Net non-debt creating flows at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 4/ | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | |
| B5. Combination of B1-B4 using one-half standard deviation shocks | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | |
| B6. One-time 30 percent nominal depreciation relative to the baseline in 2016 5/ | 6 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 8 | |
| Memorandum item: | |||||||||
| Grant element assumed on residual financing (i.e., financing required above baseline) 6/ | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | |
Variables include real GDP growth, growth of GDP deflator (in U.S. dollar terms), non-interest current account in percent of GDP, and non-debt creating flows.
Assumes that the interest rate on new borrowing is by 2 percentage points higher than in the baseline., while grace and maturity periods are the same as in the baseline.
Exports values are assumed to remain permanently at the lower level, but the current account as a share of GDP is assumed to return to its baseline level after the shock (implicitly assuming an offsetting adjustment in import levels).
Includes official and private transfers and FDI.
Depreciation is defined as percentage decline in dollar/local currency rate, such that it never exceeds 100 percent.
Applies to all stress scenarios except for A2 (less favorable financing) in which the terms on all new financing are as specified in footnote 2.
Rwanda: Sensitivity Analysis of Key Indicators of Public and Publicly Guaranteed External Debt, 2015-20351/
(In percent)
| Projections | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2025 | 2035 | ||
| PV of debt-to GDP ratio | |||||||||
| Baseline | 19 | 24 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 17 | |
| A. Alternative Scenarios | |||||||||
| A1. Key variables at their historical averages in 2015-2035 1/ | 19 | 17 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | |
| A2. New public sector loans on less favorable terms in 2015-2035 2/ | 19 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 32 | 28 | |
| B. Bound Tests | |||||||||
| B1. Real GDP growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 19 | 23 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 17 | |
| B2. Export value growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 3/ | 19 | 24 | 27 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 24 | 17 | |
| B3. US dollar GDP deflator at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 19 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 16 | |
| B4. Net non-debt creating flows at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 4/ | 19 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 21 | 16 | |
| B5. Combination of B1-B4 using one-half standard deviation shocks | 19 | 21 | 19 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 15 | |
| B6. One-time 30 percent nominal depreciation relative to the baseline in 2016 5/ | 19 | 33 | 34 | 34 | 33 | 32 | 31 | 24 | |
| PV of debt-to-exports ratio | |||||||||
| Baseline | 119 | 140 | 139 | 134 | 134 | 133 | 121 | 89 | |
| A. Alternative Scenarios | |||||||||
| A1. Key variables at their historical averages in 2015-2035 1/ | 119 | 102 | 76 | 65 | 60 | 56 | 43 | 42 | |
| A2. New public sector loans on less favorable terms in 2015-2035 2/ | 119 | 151 | 161 | 161 | 167 | 171 | 174 | 150 | |
| B. Bound Tests | |||||||||
| B1. Real GDP growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 119 | 135 | 136 | 132 | 131 | 130 | 118 | 88 | |
| B2. Export value growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 3/ | 119 | 161 | 198 | 191 | 189 | 187 | 164 | 114 | |
| B3. US dollar GDP deflator at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 119 | 135 | 136 | 132 | 131 | 130 | 118 | 88 | |
| B4. Net non-debt creating flows at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 4/ | 119 | 138 | 134 | 130 | 130 | 129 | 117 | 87 | |
| B5. Combination of B1-B4 using one-half standard deviation shocks | 119 | 132 | 119 | 116 | 116 | 116 | 109 | 86 | |
| B6. One-time 30 percent nominal depreciation relative to the baseline in 2016 5/ | 119 | 135 | 136 | 132 | 131 | 130 | 118 | 88 | |
| PV of debt-to-revenue ratio | |||||||||
| Baseline | 91 | 109 | 121 | 114 | 112 | 109 | 102 | 72 | |
| A. Alternative Scenarios | |||||||||
| A1. Key variables at their historical averages in 2015-2035 1/ | 91 | 79 | 66 | 55 | 50 | 46 | 36 | 33 | |
| A2. New public sector loans on less favorable terms in 2015-2035 2/ | 91 | 118 | 140 | 137 | 139 | 140 | 147 | 120 | |
| B. Bound Tests | |||||||||
| B1. Real GDP growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 91 | 106 | 121 | 114 | 112 | 109 | 102 | 72 | |
| B2. Export value growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 3/ | 91 | 111 | 138 | 129 | 126 | 122 | 111 | 73 | |
| B3. US dollar GDP deflator at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 91 | 103 | 117 | 111 | 109 | 105 | 99 | 69 | |
| B4. Net non-debt creating flows at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 4/ | 91 | 108 | 117 | 110 | 108 | 105 | 99 | 70 | |
| B5. Combination of B1-B4 using one-half standard deviation shocks | 91 | 96 | 95 | 90 | 89 | 87 | 85 | 63 | |
| B6. One-time 30 percent nominal depreciation relative to the baseline in 2016 5/ | 91 | 152 | 172 | 162 | 159 | 154 | 145 | 102 | |
| Debt service-to-exports ratio | |||||||||
| Baseline | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 8 | |
| A. Alternative Scenarios | |||||||||
| A1. Key variables at their historical averages in 2015-2035 1/ | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 3 | |
| A2. New public sector loans on less favorable terms in 2015-2035 2/ | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 12 | |
| B. Bound Tests | |||||||||
| B1. Real GDP growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | |
| B2. Export value growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 3/ | 8 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 9 | |
| B3. US dollar GDP deflator at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | |
| B4. Net non-debt creating flows at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 4/ | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | |
| B5. Combination of B1-B4 using one-half standard deviation shocks | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 7 | |
| B6. One-time 30 percent nominal depreciation relative to the baseline in 2016 5/ | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | |
| Debt service-to-revenue ratio | |||||||||
| Baseline | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 6 | |
| A. Alternative Scenarios | |||||||||
| A1. Key variables at their historical averages in 2015-2035 1/ | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
| A2. New public sector loans on less favorable terms in 2015-2035 2/ | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 10 | |
| B. Bound Tests | |||||||||
| B1. Real GDP growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 6 | |
| B2. Export value growth at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 3/ | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | |
| B3. US dollar GDP deflator at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | |
| B4. Net non-debt creating flows at historical average minus one standard deviation in 2016-2017 4/ | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 6 | |
| B5. Combination of B1-B4 using one-half standard deviation shocks | 6 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 5 | |
| B6. One-time 30 percent nominal depreciation relative to the baseline in 2016 5/ | 6 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 8 | |
| Memorandum item: | |||||||||
| Grant element assumed on residual financing (i.e., financing required above baseline) 6/ | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | 28 | |
Variables include real GDP growth, growth of GDP deflator (in U.S. dollar terms), non-interest current account in percent of GDP, and non-debt creating flows.
Assumes that the interest rate on new borrowing is by 2 percentage points higher than in the baseline., while grace and maturity periods are the same as in the baseline.
Exports values are assumed to remain permanently at the lower level, but the current account as a share of GDP is assumed to return to its baseline level after the shock (implicitly assuming an offsetting adjustment in import levels).
Includes official and private transfers and FDI.
Depreciation is defined as percentage decline in dollar/local currency rate, such that it never exceeds 100 percent.
Applies to all stress scenarios except for A2 (less favorable financing) in which the terms on all new financing are as specified in footnote 2.
B. Public DSA
5. Adding domestic public debt to external debt does not change the results of the analysis (see Appendix Figure 1b and Tables 2a and 2b). The evolution of the total public debt indicators broadly follows that of external debt under the baseline. The DSA suggests that public debt remains stable under the baseline. Based on the 3 indicators examined—PV of public debt-to-GDP, PV of public debt-to-revenue and debt service of public debt-to-revenue—the long-term path of total public debt is projected to be broadly stable in the baseline (Appendix Figure 1b). PV of public debt-to-GDP remains comfortably below the indicative benchmark throughout the assessment period. The sharp increase in the PV of debt-to-revenue indicator when the primary balance is assumed fixed at 2015 level highlights the importance of securing the revenue gains assumed under the baseline.
Rwanda: Indicators of Public Debt under Alternative Scenarios, 2015-20351/
Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2016, 024; 10.5089/9781513585567.002.A002
Sources: Country authorities; and staff estimates and projections.1/ The most extreme stress test is the test that yields the highest ratio on or before 2025.2/ Revenues are defined inclusive of grants.
Rwanda: Indicators of Public Debt under Alternative Scenarios, 2015-20351/
Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2016, 024; 10.5089/9781513585567.002.A002
Sources: Country authorities; and staff estimates and projections.1/ The most extreme stress test is the test that yields the highest ratio on or before 2025.2/ Revenues are defined inclusive of grants.Rwanda: Indicators of Public Debt under Alternative Scenarios, 2015-20351/
Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2016, 024; 10.5089/9781513585567.002.A002
Sources: Country authorities; and staff estimates and projections.1/ The most extreme stress test is the test that yields the highest ratio on or before 2025.2/ Revenues are defined inclusive of grants.Rwanda: Public Sector Debt Sustainability Framework, Baseline Scenario, 2012-20351/
(In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)
Indicate coverage of public sector.
Gross financing need is defined as the primary deficit plus debt service plus the stock of short-term debt at the end of the last period.
Revenues excluding grants.
Debt service is defined as the sum of interest and amortization of medium and long-term debt.
Historical averages and standard deviations are generally derived over the past 10 years, subject to data availability.
Residuals in 2015 and 2016 arise mainly because guaranteed non-concessional loans are excluded from the fiscal accounts.
Rwanda: Public Sector Debt Sustainability Framework, Baseline Scenario, 2012-20351/
(In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)
| Actual | Estimate | Projections | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | Average | 5 | Standard | 5/ | 2015-20 | 2021-35 | |||||||||||||
| / | Deviation | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | Average | 2025 | 2035 | Average | ||||||||||
| Public sector debt 1/ | 17.0 | 27.1 | 29.9 | 35.1 | 41.9 | 43.6 | 43.9 | 43.7 | 43.3 | 48.1 | 42.2 | ||||||||||
| of which: foreign-currency denominated | 16.8 | 22.1 | 23.7 | 28.6 | 36.0 | 37.6 | 38.2 | 38.2 | 37.9 | 35.2 | 23.5 | ||||||||||
| Change in public sector debt | −5.6 | 10.2 | 2.8 | 5.2 | 6.8 | 1.7 | 0.3 | −0.2 | −0.5 | 0.8 | −2.4 | ||||||||||
| Identified debt-creating flows | −4.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 1.3 | −0.1 | −1.6 | −2.1 | −2.3 | −0.4 | −2.0 | ||||||||||
| Primary deficit | 2.6 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 0.7 | 2.9 | ||||||
| Revenue and grants | 24.2 | 25.0 | 24.1 | 24.3 | 24.1 | 22.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 22.6 | 23.8 | ||||||||||
| of which: grants | 4.5 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | ||||||||||
| Primary (noninterest) expenditure | 26.7 | 28.8 | 28.4 | 28.5 | 28.2 | 25.5 | 25.9 | 25.4 | 25.4 | 26.7 | 24.5 | ||||||||||
| Automatic debt dynamics | −1.7 | 0.3 | −0.7 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −2.2 | −2.3 | −2.3 | −2.7 | −3.4 | −2.4 | ||||||||||
| Contribution from interest rate/growth differential | −1.7 | −0.2 | −1.0 | −1.3 | −1.5 | −2.1 | −2.3 | −2.3 | −2.7 | −3.4 | −2.4 | ||||||||||
| of which: contribution from average real interest rate | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | −0.1 | 0.7 | ||||||||||
| of which: contribution from real GDP growth | −1.8 | −0.8 | −1.8 | −1.9 | −2.1 | −2.6 | −2.8 | −2.9 | −3.1 | −3.3 | −3.1 | ||||||||||
| Contribution from real exchange rate depreciation | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | … | … | ||||||||||
| Other identified debt-creating flows | −5.3 | −3.8 | −3.5 | −3.3 | −2.6 | −1.5 | −2.2 | −2.1 | −2.0 | −1.1 | −0.3 | ||||||||||
| Privatization receipts (negative) | −5.6 | −4.1 | −3.0 | −3.5 | −3.5 | −1.8 | −2.4 | −2.2 | −2.1 | −1.2 | −0.3 | ||||||||||
| Recognition of implicit or contingent liabilities | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||||||||
| Debt relief (HIPC and other) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||||||||
| Other (specify, e.g. bank recapitalization) | 0.3 | 0.3 | −0.5 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | ||||||||||
| Residual, including asset changes 6/ | −1.2 | 9.9 | 2.7 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.2 | −0.4 | ||||||||||
| Other Sustainability Indicators | |||||||||||||||||||||
| PV of public sector debt | … | … | 21.9 | 25.2 | 29.4 | 29.6 | 29.3 | 28.8 | 28.1 | 34.8 | 35.5 | ||||||||||
| of which: foreign-currency denominated | … | … | 15.7 | 18.7 | 23.6 | 23.7 | 23.6 | 23.3 | 22.7 | 21.9 | 16.8 | ||||||||||
| of which: external | … | … | 15.7 | 18.7 | 23.6 | 23.7 | 23.6 | 23.3 | 22.7 | 21.9 | 16.8 | ||||||||||
| PV of contingent liabilities (not included in public sector debt) | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | ||||||||||
| Gross financing need 2/ | 5.2 | 3.1 | 7.8 | 8.5 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 14.7 | 19.8 | ||||||||||
| PV of public sector debt-to-revenue and grants ratio (in percent) | … | … | 91.1 | 103.6 | 122.2 | 134.8 | 127.2 | 125.2 | 122.0 | 153.6 | 149.2 | ||||||||||
| PV of public sector debt-to-revenue ratio (in percent) | … | … | 114.5 | 123.2 | 136.1 | 151.0 | 141.4 | 138.4 | 134.1 | 161.7 | 151.3 | ||||||||||
| of which: external 3/ | … | … | 81.8 | 91.5 | 109.0 | 120.6 | 113.7 | 111.8 | 108.5 | 101.8 | 71.6 | ||||||||||
| Debt service-to-revenue and grants ratio (in percent) 4/ | 3.4 | 4.5 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 7.0 | 8.9 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 8.4 | 7.6 | 11.9 | ||||||||||
| Debt service-to-revenue ratio (in percent) 4/ | 4.2 | 5.7 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 7.8 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 10.5 | 9.2 | 8.0 | 12.1 | ||||||||||
| Primary deficit that stabilizes the debt-to-GDP ratio | 8.2 | −6.4 | 1.5 | −1.0 | −2.7 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 3.1 | ||||||||||
| Key macroeconomic and fiscal assumptions | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Real GDP growth (in percent) | 8.8 | 4.7 | 6.9 | 7.4 | 1.9 | 7.0 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.5 | ||||||
| Average nominal interest rate on forex debt (in percent) | 4.8 | 5.7 | 7.0 | 5.3 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 2.9 | 1.8 | ||||||
| Average real interest rate on domestic debt (in percent) | −9.0 | −39.5 | −8.7 | −13.5 | 11.9 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 2.9 | 1.9 | ||||||
| Real exchange rate depreciation (in percent, + indicates depreciation) | 0.3 | 2.9 | 1.5 | −2.4 | 4.7 | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | … | |||||||
| Inflation rate (GDP deflator, in percent) | 6.1 | 4.7 | 3.6 | 7.5 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | ||||||
| Growth of real primary spending (deflated by GDP deflator, in percent) | 16.3 | 12.8 | 5.4 | 4.4 | 6.6 | 7.4 | 5.1 | −3.3 | 8.4 | 4.7 | 7.6 | 5.0 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 7.3 | ||||||
| Grant element of new external borrowing (in percent) | … | … | … | … | … | 38.7 | 34.2 | 54.6 | 47.2 | 47.5 | 51.9 | 45.7 | 38.7 | 18.2 | … | ||||||
Indicate coverage of public sector.
Gross financing need is defined as the primary deficit plus debt service plus the stock of short-term debt at the end of the last period.
Revenues excluding grants.
Debt service is defined as the sum of interest and amortization of medium and long-term debt.
Historical averages and standard deviations are generally derived over the past 10 years, subject to data availability.
Residuals in 2015 and 2016 arise mainly because guaranteed non-concessional loans are excluded from the fiscal accounts.
Rwanda: Public Sector Debt Sustainability Framework, Baseline Scenario, 2012-20351/
(In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)
| Actual | Estimate | Projections | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | Average | 5 | Standard | 5/ | 2015-20 | 2021-35 | |||||||||||||
| / | Deviation | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | Average | 2025 | 2035 | Average | ||||||||||
| Public sector debt 1/ | 17.0 | 27.1 | 29.9 | 35.1 | 41.9 | 43.6 | 43.9 | 43.7 | 43.3 | 48.1 | 42.2 | ||||||||||
| of which: foreign-currency denominated | 16.8 | 22.1 | 23.7 | 28.6 | 36.0 | 37.6 | 38.2 | 38.2 | 37.9 | 35.2 | 23.5 | ||||||||||
| Change in public sector debt | −5.6 | 10.2 | 2.8 | 5.2 | 6.8 | 1.7 | 0.3 | −0.2 | −0.5 | 0.8 | −2.4 | ||||||||||
| Identified debt-creating flows | −4.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 1.3 | −0.1 | −1.6 | −2.1 | −2.3 | −0.4 | −2.0 | ||||||||||
| Primary deficit | 2.6 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 0.7 | 2.9 | ||||||
| Revenue and grants | 24.2 | 25.0 | 24.1 | 24.3 | 24.1 | 22.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 22.6 | 23.8 | ||||||||||
| of which: grants | 4.5 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | ||||||||||
| Primary (noninterest) expenditure | 26.7 | 28.8 | 28.4 | 28.5 | 28.2 | 25.5 | 25.9 | 25.4 | 25.4 | 26.7 | 24.5 | ||||||||||
| Automatic debt dynamics | −1.7 | 0.3 | −0.7 | −0.1 | −0.1 | −2.2 | −2.3 | −2.3 | −2.7 | −3.4 | −2.4 | ||||||||||
| Contribution from interest rate/growth differential | −1.7 | −0.2 | −1.0 | −1.3 | −1.5 | −2.1 | −2.3 | −2.3 | −2.7 | −3.4 | −2.4 | ||||||||||
| of which: contribution from average real interest rate | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | −0.1 | 0.7 | ||||||||||
| of which: contribution from real GDP growth | −1.8 | −0.8 | −1.8 | −1.9 | −2.1 | −2.6 | −2.8 | −2.9 | −3.1 | −3.3 | −3.1 | ||||||||||
| Contribution from real exchange rate depreciation | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | … | … | ||||||||||
| Other identified debt-creating flows | −5.3 | −3.8 | −3.5 | −3.3 | −2.6 | −1.5 | −2.2 | −2.1 | −2.0 | −1.1 | −0.3 | ||||||||||
| Privatization receipts (negative) | −5.6 | −4.1 | −3.0 | −3.5 | −3.5 | −1.8 | −2.4 | −2.2 | −2.1 | −1.2 | −0.3 | ||||||||||
| Recognition of implicit or contingent liabilities | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||||||||||