Abstract
This paper presents the Republic of Armenia’s report on the Observance of Standards and Codes and detailed assessment using the data quality assessment framework. Armenia exceeds Special Data Dissemination Standard requirements for both periodicity and timeliness in releases of data on unemployment, general government operations, analytical accounts of the central bank, merchandise trade, international investment position, and population. Armenia meets periodicity and exceeds timeliness on production index, employment, wages, consumer price index, producer price index, central government operations, analytical accounts of the central bank, and merchandise trade.
I. Overall Assessment
1. Armenia subscribed to the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) and started posting its metadata on the Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board (DSBB) on November 7, 2003. Armenia is in observance of the SDDS, meeting the specifications for coverage, periodicity, timeliness, and the dissemination of advance release calendars. Appendix I provides an overview of Armenia’s dissemination practices compared to the SDDS. Armenia exceeds SDDS requirements for both periodicity and timeliness in releases of data on unemployment, general government operations, analytical accounts of the central bank, merchandise trade, international investment position, and population. Armenia meets periodicity and exceeds timeliness on production index, employment, wages, consumer price index (CPI), producer price index (PPI), and central government operations, analytical accounts of the central bank, and merchandise trade.
2. In applying the IMF’s Data Quality Assessment Framework (DQAF), the remainder of this section presents the mission’s main conclusions on the quality of the five macroeconomic datasets, using the IMF’s Data Quality Assessment Framework (DQAF July 2003). The presentation is done at the level of the DQAF’s quality dimensions, by agency for the first two dimensions and across datasets for the remaining four. Section II provides a summary assessment by agency and dataset based on a four-part scale. This is followed by staff recommendations in Section III. This report assesses these datasets against the requirements of the SDDS using the July 2003 version of the DQAF. It is a reassessment of the data module of the Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC) for Armenia conducted during August 30 to September 11, 2000 against the recommendations of the General Data Dissemination System (GDDS) on the basis of the prototypical version of the DQAF available in that year. The authorities’ response to this report and a volume of detailed assessments are presented in separate documents.
3. The 2000 data ROSC noted that Armenia’s data dissemination practices met or, in many cases, exceeded the recommendations of the GDDS. In the interval since the last assessment, Armenia began participation in the GDDS on March 28, 2001, and subscribed to the SDDS in 2003, as noted above. Practices have been strengthened in all dimensions of the July 2003 DQAF. The report contains the following main observations. In general, the statistical agencies comprising Armenia’s statistical system show relative strengths in most elements of the Prerequisites of Quality and Assurances of Integrity dimensions of the DQAF. All of the datasets considered showed strengths in concepts and definitions, assessment of source data, assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs, revision studies, periodicity and timeliness, consistency, revision policy and practice, and assistance to users. It is notable that the government finance statistics show substantial accomplishment in meeting, by 2008, the classification requirements of the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 (GFSM 2001) for central government. The plans for improvement of the Ministry of Finance and Economy (MFE) envisage further significant progress within the next two years in implementing the GFSM 2001 classification for local government in 2009 and in accrual recording for all units of general government in 2010. The commendably high cross-dataset consistency of the system means that a few instances of incomplete implementation of concepts in one dataset propagate to the others, and makes more critical the need for all sector datasets to adhere closely to the most recent international statistical standards.
4. Prerequisites of quality. The Armenian data-producing agencies rely on a well-designed legal and institutional framework providing a solid foundation for the datasets assessed in this report. Since the 2000 data ROSC, the Law On Official Statistics of 2002, as amended since, clearly positions the National Statistical Service (NSS) as the country’s central executive statistical agency. As such, the NSS has the leading role in coordinating the activities of other producers of official statistics, including the MFE and the Central Bank of Armenia (CBA), primarily through a three-year program of statistical development and annual statistical plans that are embedded in the budgetary process as part of a 2004 Government Decree. The NSS is experiencing higher than desirable staff turnover as a result of low compensation levels. Budgeted resources for the MFE and CBA are broadly commensurate with the existing statistical programs for the data categories under review. The Armenian statistical system maintains relevance through wide consultation by the NSS of some 100 major users of statistics in drafting the medium-term and annual statistical programs. User communities also have an established consultative role through the State Council on Statistics (SCS), whose members represent the various fields for which the NSS produces statistics.
5. Assurances of Integrity. Professionalism is supported through six-year terms for the NSS President and the SCS, exceeding the five-year term of the President of the Republic, who has appointment authority for these positions. This supports the independence of the NSS from political influence over its technical decisions. Independence of the statistical functions of the MFE and CBA are protected in the Budget System Law of 1997 and Treasury System Law of 2002, respectively, as well as the 1996 Law of the Central Bank. Staff are well qualified and trained. They are exposed to international statistical fora, except the staff compiling balance of payments. The CBA human resource policy is particularly notable. Transparency is assured by public access to the text of legislation governing the statistical system on the NSS, MFE, and CBA websites, a strict simultaneous data-release policy prescribing early releases to officials outside the compiling agencies, and proper attribution of statistics to the responsible agency in all government publications. Ethical standards for the staff are prescribed in the 2002 Civil Service Law for the NSS and MFE, and in the CBA’s Code for Employees.
6. Methodological Soundness. All evaluated datasets adhere closely to internationally standard concepts and definitions. Inclusion of one bank headquarters as well as Armenian banks’ branches in Karabagh causes the scope of the economic territory used for financial corporations in the monetary statistics to differ from that of the other datasets. This affects not only monetary and financial statistics, but also the government finance, national accounts, and balance of payments statistics. Classification and sectorization follow international guidelines. Exceptions to this are that implementation of the Classification of Products by Activity for the producer price index (PPI) is still in progress and the chart of accounts of local governments will not follow the GFSM 2001 until 2009. The cash basis for recording of general government transactions differs from the recommended accrual basis, affecting the national accounts, government finance, and balance of payments aggregates. General government statistics on an accrual basis are planned for 2010.
7. Accuracy and Reliability. Source data meet the requirements of statistical outputs for all datasets except national accounts, which use some sources compiled cumulatively through the year, rather than discretely, period by period. There also is insufficient coverage in the balance of payments sources on financial assets issued by non residents and held by residents, both domestically and abroad. All agencies follow good practice in assessing source data for measurement and compilation errors. Statistical techniques follow good international practice, except for the national accounts, CPI, and balance of payments. The statistical techniques used in the national accounts for owner-occupied housing, consumption of fixed capital, agricultural work in progress, and volume of net exports could be improved. CPI techniques for estimating prices and weights for the housing expenditures of owner occupants need improvement. Balance of payments uses out of date c.i.f./f.o.b. factors for merchandise trade. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs and use of revision studies to inform data source development, statistical techniques, and compilation methods meet requirements for all datasets except there are no revision studies for government finance statistics.
8. Serviceability. Periodicity and timeliness meet or exceed SDDS requirements for all datasets. Datasets are generally consistent internally, over time, and between institutional sectors All datasets have a well-defined and consistently implemented revision policy, except balance of payments statistics, where only a brief explanation of revisions is provided.
9. Accessibility. Data disseminated in Armenian use formats, including well-labeled tables and charts, that facilitate interpretation. Although users broadly considered the CBA website easy to navigate and as having adequate content, the existing NSS site was seen as difficult to search. NSS was testing a substantially improved website at the time of the data ROSC, however. Metadata accessibility was considered adequate on all websites, with the exception of balance of payments on the NSS website, where metadata were considered insufficiently comprehensive. All agencies do a good job of assisting users across all of the evaluated datasets.
II. Assessment by Agency and Dataset
10. Assessment of the quality of six macroeconomic datasets—national accounts, CPI, PPI, government finance, monetary, and balance of payments statistics—were conducted using the DQAF, July 2003 version. In this section, the results are presented at the level of the DQAF elements and using a four-point rating scale (Table 1). Assessments of the prerequisites of data quality and the assurances of integrity (Dimensions “0” and “1” of the DQAF) are presented in Tables 2a–c. For each dataset, the assessment of methodological soundness, accuracy and reliability, serviceability, and accessibility (Dimensions “2” to “5” of the DQAF) are shown in Tables 3a–f.
Table 1.
Practice observed: Current practices generally meet or achieve the objectives of DQAF internationally accepted statistical practices without any significant deficiencies. Practice largely observed: Some departures, but these are not seen as sufficient to raise doubts about the authorities’ ability to observe the DQAF practices. Practice largely not observed: Significant departures and the authorities will need to take significant action to achieve observance. Practice not observed: Most DQAF practices are not met. Not applicable: Used only exceptionally when statistical practices do not apply to a country’s circumstances.
Armenia: Data Quality Assessment Framework (July 2003)—Summary Results
Table 1.
Practice observed: Current practices generally meet or achieve the objectives of DQAF internationally accepted statistical practices without any significant deficiencies. Practice largely observed: Some departures, but these are not seen as sufficient to raise doubts about the authorities’ ability to observe the DQAF practices. Practice largely not observed: Significant departures and the authorities will need to take significant action to achieve observance. Practice not observed: Most DQAF practices are not met. Not applicable: Used only exceptionally when statistical practices do not apply to a country’s circumstances.
Armenia: Data Quality Assessment Framework (July 2003)—Summary Results
| Key to symbols: O = Practice Observed; LO = Practice Largely Observed; LNO = Practice Largely Not Observed; NO = Practice Not Observed; NA = Not Applicable | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Datasets | National Accounts | Consumer Price Index | Producer Price Index | Government Finance Statistics | Monetary Statistics | Balance of Payments Statistics | ||
| Dimensions/Elements | ||||||||
| 0. Prerequisites of quality | ||||||||
| 0.1 | Legal and institutional environment | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 0.2 | Resources | LO | LO | LO | O | O | LO | |
| 0.3 | Relevance | O | O | O | LO | O | O | |
| 0.4 | Other quality management | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 1. Assurances of integrity | ||||||||
| 1.1 | Professionalism | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 1.2 | Transparency | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 1.3 | Ethical standards | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 2. Methodological soundness | ||||||||
| 2.1 | Concepts and definitions | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 2.2 | Scope | LO | O | O | LO | LO | LO | |
| 2.3 | Classification/sectorization | O | O | LO | LO | O | O | |
| 2.4 | Basis for recording | LO | O | O | LO | O | O | |
| 3. Accuracy and reliability | ||||||||
| 3.1 | Source data | LO | O | O | O | O | LO | |
| 3.2 | Assessment of source data | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 3.3 | Statistical techniques | LO | LO | O | O | O | LO | |
| 3.4 | Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 3.5 | Revision studies | O | O | O | LO | O | O | |
| 4. Serviceability | ||||||||
| 4.1 | Periodicity and timeliness | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 4.2 | Consistency | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 4.3 | Revision policy and practice | O | O | O | O | O | LO | |
| 5. Accessibility | ||||||||
| 5.1 | Data accessibility | LO | O | O | LO | O | LO | |
| 5.2 | Metadata accessibility | O | O | O | O | O | LO | |
| 5.3 | Assistance to users | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
Table 1.
Practice observed: Current practices generally meet or achieve the objectives of DQAF internationally accepted statistical practices without any significant deficiencies. Practice largely observed: Some departures, but these are not seen as sufficient to raise doubts about the authorities’ ability to observe the DQAF practices. Practice largely not observed: Significant departures and the authorities will need to take significant action to achieve observance. Practice not observed: Most DQAF practices are not met. Not applicable: Used only exceptionally when statistical practices do not apply to a country’s circumstances.
Armenia: Data Quality Assessment Framework (July 2003)—Summary Results
| Key to symbols: O = Practice Observed; LO = Practice Largely Observed; LNO = Practice Largely Not Observed; NO = Practice Not Observed; NA = Not Applicable | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Datasets | National Accounts | Consumer Price Index | Producer Price Index | Government Finance Statistics | Monetary Statistics | Balance of Payments Statistics | ||
| Dimensions/Elements | ||||||||
| 0. Prerequisites of quality | ||||||||
| 0.1 | Legal and institutional environment | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 0.2 | Resources | LO | LO | LO | O | O | LO | |
| 0.3 | Relevance | O | O | O | LO | O | O | |
| 0.4 | Other quality management | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 1. Assurances of integrity | ||||||||
| 1.1 | Professionalism | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 1.2 | Transparency | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 1.3 | Ethical standards | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 2. Methodological soundness | ||||||||
| 2.1 | Concepts and definitions | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 2.2 | Scope | LO | O | O | LO | LO | LO | |
| 2.3 | Classification/sectorization | O | O | LO | LO | O | O | |
| 2.4 | Basis for recording | LO | O | O | LO | O | O | |
| 3. Accuracy and reliability | ||||||||
| 3.1 | Source data | LO | O | O | O | O | LO | |
| 3.2 | Assessment of source data | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 3.3 | Statistical techniques | LO | LO | O | O | O | LO | |
| 3.4 | Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 3.5 | Revision studies | O | O | O | LO | O | O | |
| 4. Serviceability | ||||||||
| 4.1 | Periodicity and timeliness | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 4.2 | Consistency | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
| 4.3 | Revision policy and practice | O | O | O | O | O | LO | |
| 5. Accessibility | ||||||||
| 5.1 | Data accessibility | LO | O | O | LO | O | LO | |
| 5.2 | Metadata accessibility | O | O | O | O | O | LO | |
| 5.3 | Assistance to users | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
Table 2a.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—National Statistical Service
Table 2a.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—National Statistical Service
| 0. Prerequisites of quality | 1. Assurances of integrity |
|---|---|
| Legal and institutional environment The National Statistical Service (NSS) is responsible for compiling and disseminating national accounts (NA), consumer (CPI) and producer (PPI) price indices, and balance of payments statistics. The compilation and dissemination of these statistics are governed by the terms and conditions of the Law On State Statistics of the Republic of Armenia, which was approved by the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia on April 4, 2000. This law serves as the legal basis for the organization and order of the NA, CPI, PPI, and balance of payments statistics in Armenia. This law also regulates the relations involving collection, processing, accumulation, summarizing, storing, analysis, and exchange of the mentioned statistics data. Resources The NSS is experiencing higher than desirable staff turnover as a result of low compensation levels, affecting its ability to undertake the current work programs for compiling NA, CPI, PPI, and balance of payments statistics. Balance of payments staff rarely participate in international seminars or courses. Computer hardware does not match data processing needs. Relevance With the aim of studying users’ needs, the state statistical work programs (three-year and annual) are posted on the NSS’s website (at http://www.armstat.am) and are submitted to a selected sample of about 100 users (government, scientific and educational institutions, judicial bodies, banking system, business, nongovernmental and international organizations, and mass media) for comments and recommendations. In accordance with the Law On State Statistics, the annual program includes statistical information on the economic, demographic, social, and environmental situation of Armenia, and is developed based on the study of users’ needs. The Annual Statistical Program takes account of availability of resources, burdens on respondents, cost-effectiveness, and comparability of Armenia’s indicators. The program is based on international standards, periodicity of statistics indicators, and the harmonization with the resources annually allocated to the NSS. Other quality management Internal procedures for ensuring quality, depending on their character, are implemented by several units of the NSS. New reporting forms and instructions are discussed with the Methodology Division and approved by Armenia’s State Council on Statistics (SCS). | Professionalism According to the Law on State Statistics, the NSS is independent from state and local government bodies of Armenia. Article 5 of the Law on State Statistics requires that Armenia’s official statistics be governed by the principles of objectivity, reliability, and integrity. It states that official statistics should observe international methodological standards as well as internationally accepted practices on accessibility and dissemination of statistical data. Article 9 states that the choice of the President of the NSS must be a citizen of Armenia and cannot be appointed simultaneously to any other position in the public or private sector, or accept other paid work besides scientific, pedagogical and creative. The President’s tenure may be shortened only by (1) his (her) resignation, (2) discontinuing his (her) citizenship of Armenia, (3) being rendered incapable or of diminished capacity to perform his (her) duties by a court decision or conviction, or (4) his (her) death. The President of the Service nominates his (her) deputies for appointment by the SCS. Professionalism is actively encouraged for all staff, including those producing NA, CPI, PPI, and balance of payments. Transparency The Law on Statistics is available on the website of the NSS. In addition, the data collection instruments refer to the law and advise respondents about their rights and responsibilities under the law. There is no internal access to the statistics prior to their release. The products of the NSS are clearly identified by name. When the NSS conducts exercises with other government agencies, the NSS is clearly identified as a contributor. In addition to agency’s work plans, the NSS provides advance notice of changes in methodology, source data, and statistical techniques. Ethical standards Staff behavior is guided by the Law on Civil Service and the Resolution of the Civil Service Board from 2002. |
Table 2a.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—National Statistical Service
| 0. Prerequisites of quality | 1. Assurances of integrity |
|---|---|
| Legal and institutional environment The National Statistical Service (NSS) is responsible for compiling and disseminating national accounts (NA), consumer (CPI) and producer (PPI) price indices, and balance of payments statistics. The compilation and dissemination of these statistics are governed by the terms and conditions of the Law On State Statistics of the Republic of Armenia, which was approved by the National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia on April 4, 2000. This law serves as the legal basis for the organization and order of the NA, CPI, PPI, and balance of payments statistics in Armenia. This law also regulates the relations involving collection, processing, accumulation, summarizing, storing, analysis, and exchange of the mentioned statistics data. Resources The NSS is experiencing higher than desirable staff turnover as a result of low compensation levels, affecting its ability to undertake the current work programs for compiling NA, CPI, PPI, and balance of payments statistics. Balance of payments staff rarely participate in international seminars or courses. Computer hardware does not match data processing needs. Relevance With the aim of studying users’ needs, the state statistical work programs (three-year and annual) are posted on the NSS’s website (at http://www.armstat.am) and are submitted to a selected sample of about 100 users (government, scientific and educational institutions, judicial bodies, banking system, business, nongovernmental and international organizations, and mass media) for comments and recommendations. In accordance with the Law On State Statistics, the annual program includes statistical information on the economic, demographic, social, and environmental situation of Armenia, and is developed based on the study of users’ needs. The Annual Statistical Program takes account of availability of resources, burdens on respondents, cost-effectiveness, and comparability of Armenia’s indicators. The program is based on international standards, periodicity of statistics indicators, and the harmonization with the resources annually allocated to the NSS. Other quality management Internal procedures for ensuring quality, depending on their character, are implemented by several units of the NSS. New reporting forms and instructions are discussed with the Methodology Division and approved by Armenia’s State Council on Statistics (SCS). | Professionalism According to the Law on State Statistics, the NSS is independent from state and local government bodies of Armenia. Article 5 of the Law on State Statistics requires that Armenia’s official statistics be governed by the principles of objectivity, reliability, and integrity. It states that official statistics should observe international methodological standards as well as internationally accepted practices on accessibility and dissemination of statistical data. Article 9 states that the choice of the President of the NSS must be a citizen of Armenia and cannot be appointed simultaneously to any other position in the public or private sector, or accept other paid work besides scientific, pedagogical and creative. The President’s tenure may be shortened only by (1) his (her) resignation, (2) discontinuing his (her) citizenship of Armenia, (3) being rendered incapable or of diminished capacity to perform his (her) duties by a court decision or conviction, or (4) his (her) death. The President of the Service nominates his (her) deputies for appointment by the SCS. Professionalism is actively encouraged for all staff, including those producing NA, CPI, PPI, and balance of payments. Transparency The Law on Statistics is available on the website of the NSS. In addition, the data collection instruments refer to the law and advise respondents about their rights and responsibilities under the law. There is no internal access to the statistics prior to their release. The products of the NSS are clearly identified by name. When the NSS conducts exercises with other government agencies, the NSS is clearly identified as a contributor. In addition to agency’s work plans, the NSS provides advance notice of changes in methodology, source data, and statistical techniques. Ethical standards Staff behavior is guided by the Law on Civil Service and the Resolution of the Civil Service Board from 2002. |
Table 2b.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—Ministry of Finance and Economy
Table 2b.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—Ministry of Finance and Economy
| 0. Prerequisites of quality | 1. Assurances of integrity |
|---|---|
| Legal and institutional environment The government finance statistics (GFS) data are compiled by the Ministry of Finance and Economy (MFE) and disseminated by the National Statistical Service (NSS). The compilation and dissemination of the data are governed by the terms and conditions of the Budget System Law that specifies accounting procedures and reporting requirements for all government units. The law requires the Minister of Finance and Economy to prepare a final statement of accounts to be presented to the Parliament before May 1 of the following year. Coordination is assured among producing agencies by the Government Decree N1354-N of August 19, 2004, which defines types of data and provision deadlines among the MFE, the NSS, and the Central Bank of Armenia (CBA). Resources Within the structure of the MFE, ten civil servants of the Treasury are responsible for compilation and processing of GFS data, using the Treasury Integrated Electronic Information System; five civil servants are responsible for the migration to the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 (GFSM 2001) methodology action plan; and four civil servants of the Cash Flow Management Unit are responsible for dissemination of the data. There are at least 10 staff who are well trained in GFS concepts and practices. In addition there are about 100 staff that have received internal training of GFS methodology. All staff have university degrees in economics and statistics, including Master and Ph.D. degrees. Computer hardware and software are adequate. Relevance Users are mainly policymakers. GFS appears to be an integral part of the budget process and are used by the authorities. There is no facility for users to provide feedback to GFS compilers on perceived problems with the quality or usefulness of published data. Other quality management Current monitoring of the accounts is done by the MFE (as stated in the Budget System Law), and the audit is carried out by the Supervisory House of the Parliament. According to the Treasury System Law(Article 18), the Treasury evaluates the accuracy of information provided by the State agencies. Internal procedures for ensuring quality are also in place. Order Decree No. 5N by the MFE and the amendment to the Budget System Law state that the State budget (central government) and the local governments must migrate to GSFM 2001. | Professionalism The “Republic of Armenia 2002 Civil Service Law” supports professional independence and states clearly the importance of professional independence in carrying out statistical functions. Transparency The Budget System Law(in Armenian), the state budget, and report on budgetary execution after Parliamentary approval are published in the Official Bulletin, as well as posted on the MFE’s website (http://www.mfe.gov.am/). Release is simultaneous to all users, without circulation prior to release. Ethical standards Guidelines for the MFE staff behavior are set by the “Republic of Armenia 2002 Civil Service Law” (published in the Official Bulletin of the Republic of Armenia, No. 1 (176), of January 09, 2002); and Resolution of the Republic of Armenia Civil Service Board No. 13-N, “On Approval of the Guidelines for the Civil Servants’ Ethics” of May 31, 2002 (published in the Bulletin of Departmental Regulatory Acts of the Republic of Armenia, No. 18 (104) in August 1, 2002). |
Table 2b.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—Ministry of Finance and Economy
| 0. Prerequisites of quality | 1. Assurances of integrity |
|---|---|
| Legal and institutional environment The government finance statistics (GFS) data are compiled by the Ministry of Finance and Economy (MFE) and disseminated by the National Statistical Service (NSS). The compilation and dissemination of the data are governed by the terms and conditions of the Budget System Law that specifies accounting procedures and reporting requirements for all government units. The law requires the Minister of Finance and Economy to prepare a final statement of accounts to be presented to the Parliament before May 1 of the following year. Coordination is assured among producing agencies by the Government Decree N1354-N of August 19, 2004, which defines types of data and provision deadlines among the MFE, the NSS, and the Central Bank of Armenia (CBA). Resources Within the structure of the MFE, ten civil servants of the Treasury are responsible for compilation and processing of GFS data, using the Treasury Integrated Electronic Information System; five civil servants are responsible for the migration to the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 (GFSM 2001) methodology action plan; and four civil servants of the Cash Flow Management Unit are responsible for dissemination of the data. There are at least 10 staff who are well trained in GFS concepts and practices. In addition there are about 100 staff that have received internal training of GFS methodology. All staff have university degrees in economics and statistics, including Master and Ph.D. degrees. Computer hardware and software are adequate. Relevance Users are mainly policymakers. GFS appears to be an integral part of the budget process and are used by the authorities. There is no facility for users to provide feedback to GFS compilers on perceived problems with the quality or usefulness of published data. Other quality management Current monitoring of the accounts is done by the MFE (as stated in the Budget System Law), and the audit is carried out by the Supervisory House of the Parliament. According to the Treasury System Law(Article 18), the Treasury evaluates the accuracy of information provided by the State agencies. Internal procedures for ensuring quality are also in place. Order Decree No. 5N by the MFE and the amendment to the Budget System Law state that the State budget (central government) and the local governments must migrate to GSFM 2001. | Professionalism The “Republic of Armenia 2002 Civil Service Law” supports professional independence and states clearly the importance of professional independence in carrying out statistical functions. Transparency The Budget System Law(in Armenian), the state budget, and report on budgetary execution after Parliamentary approval are published in the Official Bulletin, as well as posted on the MFE’s website (http://www.mfe.gov.am/). Release is simultaneous to all users, without circulation prior to release. Ethical standards Guidelines for the MFE staff behavior are set by the “Republic of Armenia 2002 Civil Service Law” (published in the Official Bulletin of the Republic of Armenia, No. 1 (176), of January 09, 2002); and Resolution of the Republic of Armenia Civil Service Board No. 13-N, “On Approval of the Guidelines for the Civil Servants’ Ethics” of May 31, 2002 (published in the Bulletin of Departmental Regulatory Acts of the Republic of Armenia, No. 18 (104) in August 1, 2002). |
Table 2c.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—Central Bank of Armenia
Table 2c.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—Central Bank of Armenia
| 0. Prerequisites of quality | 1. Assurances of integrity |
|---|---|
| Legal and institutional environment Provisions for compiling and disseminating monetary statistics by the Central Bank of Armenia (CBA) are included in Article 5 of the Law 69 of 1996 (Law of the Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia). Article 36 of the same law empowers the CBA to define reporting formats, time frames, and enforce penalties and sanctions, if needed. Article 55 of the Law 68 of 1996 (Law on Banks and Banking) deals with the obligation of banks to report data to the CBA, and indicates that the CBA may establish the frequency for the submission of the information. The confidentiality of the personal data provided by the banks to the CBA is protected under Articles 4 and 9 of the Law 80 of 1996 (Law on Bank Secrecy). Sanctions are contemplated in case of breach of confidentiality. Resources Staff and computing resources are adequate to compile and disseminate monetary statistics. All 13 professional staff have a university degree, and three have completed post-graduate studies. Most of them have participated in courses and training programs offered by the IMF and other international organizations. Their salaries are comparable to those in the banking sector, and considerably higher than in other official institutions. Annual work programs at the department, division, and individual levels are used for planning, monitoring, and evaluating resource utilization and outputs. Relevance CBA staff participate regularly in statistical meetings and seminars organized by international and national organizations. Regular consultations take place with other data-producing agencies—National Statistical Service (NSS) and the Ministry of Finance and Economy—to discuss new data requirements. The CBA has also posted on its website a questionnaire requesting feedback from users of monetary statistics. The CBA has set up a Statistical Committee, with the aim to improve the methodology of monetary and financial statistics, and the production and dissemination of statistical publications. In the near future, one staff of the NSS will become a permanent member of this Committee. Other quality management The vision statement of the CBA commits the institution to collecting and processing financial information according to international best practices. Actions to improve data quality are reflected in annual work programs. Furthermore, the CBA has published on its website a Statistical Code of Practice, detailing six dimensions for compiling and disseminating monetary and financial data. New and existing data collection requirements are subject to cost-benefit assessments and periodic reviews. | Professionalism By law, the CBA is independent from the state authorities (Article 1, Law of the Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia), ensuring the professional independence of the CBA staff and that macroeconomic statistics are being compiled following strict technical criteria without outside interference. The human resources policy of the CBA is based on the one of De Nederlandsche Bank, with a salary scale that takes into account working experience, responsibilities, and job performance. Recruitment and promotions are based on relevant skills and expertise in the relevant areas. Professionalism is further promoted through participation in seminars and workshops, training courses, and visits to other central banks. CBA staff is actively involved in organizing seminars and discussion groups within and outside the institution. The Press Office of the CBA monitors media coverage of all its activities, including the dissemination of statistics. If needed, comments and clarifications are provided to the media. Transparency No government officials outside the CBA have access to the published data before their release to the public. Laws and legislative acts related to monetary statistics are available on the CBA’s website. All data compiled by the CBA are clearly identified as CBA’s products, and the CBA publications are recognizable by its name, logo, and insignia. Major changes in the conceptual framework, source data, or statistical techniques are announced in different publications of the CBA. A comprehensive manual on the methodology for compiling monetary statistics, which closely follows the IMF’s Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual, is available on the CBA’s website, together with a detailed appendix tailored to the Armenian financial sector. Ethical standards The CBA’s Code for Employees, available on its intranet, spells out norms of conduct and ethical standards for the staff. The Code is distributed to all employees and seminars are conducted for new staff. Staff who deal with confidential information must sign an agreement preventing them from disclosing confidential information. |
Table 2c.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—Central Bank of Armenia
| 0. Prerequisites of quality | 1. Assurances of integrity |
|---|---|
| Legal and institutional environment Provisions for compiling and disseminating monetary statistics by the Central Bank of Armenia (CBA) are included in Article 5 of the Law 69 of 1996 (Law of the Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia). Article 36 of the same law empowers the CBA to define reporting formats, time frames, and enforce penalties and sanctions, if needed. Article 55 of the Law 68 of 1996 (Law on Banks and Banking) deals with the obligation of banks to report data to the CBA, and indicates that the CBA may establish the frequency for the submission of the information. The confidentiality of the personal data provided by the banks to the CBA is protected under Articles 4 and 9 of the Law 80 of 1996 (Law on Bank Secrecy). Sanctions are contemplated in case of breach of confidentiality. Resources Staff and computing resources are adequate to compile and disseminate monetary statistics. All 13 professional staff have a university degree, and three have completed post-graduate studies. Most of them have participated in courses and training programs offered by the IMF and other international organizations. Their salaries are comparable to those in the banking sector, and considerably higher than in other official institutions. Annual work programs at the department, division, and individual levels are used for planning, monitoring, and evaluating resource utilization and outputs. Relevance CBA staff participate regularly in statistical meetings and seminars organized by international and national organizations. Regular consultations take place with other data-producing agencies—National Statistical Service (NSS) and the Ministry of Finance and Economy—to discuss new data requirements. The CBA has also posted on its website a questionnaire requesting feedback from users of monetary statistics. The CBA has set up a Statistical Committee, with the aim to improve the methodology of monetary and financial statistics, and the production and dissemination of statistical publications. In the near future, one staff of the NSS will become a permanent member of this Committee. Other quality management The vision statement of the CBA commits the institution to collecting and processing financial information according to international best practices. Actions to improve data quality are reflected in annual work programs. Furthermore, the CBA has published on its website a Statistical Code of Practice, detailing six dimensions for compiling and disseminating monetary and financial data. New and existing data collection requirements are subject to cost-benefit assessments and periodic reviews. | Professionalism By law, the CBA is independent from the state authorities (Article 1, Law of the Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia), ensuring the professional independence of the CBA staff and that macroeconomic statistics are being compiled following strict technical criteria without outside interference. The human resources policy of the CBA is based on the one of De Nederlandsche Bank, with a salary scale that takes into account working experience, responsibilities, and job performance. Recruitment and promotions are based on relevant skills and expertise in the relevant areas. Professionalism is further promoted through participation in seminars and workshops, training courses, and visits to other central banks. CBA staff is actively involved in organizing seminars and discussion groups within and outside the institution. The Press Office of the CBA monitors media coverage of all its activities, including the dissemination of statistics. If needed, comments and clarifications are provided to the media. Transparency No government officials outside the CBA have access to the published data before their release to the public. Laws and legislative acts related to monetary statistics are available on the CBA’s website. All data compiled by the CBA are clearly identified as CBA’s products, and the CBA publications are recognizable by its name, logo, and insignia. Major changes in the conceptual framework, source data, or statistical techniques are announced in different publications of the CBA. A comprehensive manual on the methodology for compiling monetary statistics, which closely follows the IMF’s Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual, is available on the CBA’s website, together with a detailed appendix tailored to the Armenian financial sector. Ethical standards The CBA’s Code for Employees, available on its intranet, spells out norms of conduct and ethical standards for the staff. The Code is distributed to all employees and seminars are conducted for new staff. Staff who deal with confidential information must sign an agreement preventing them from disclosing confidential information. |
Table 3a.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—National Accounts
Table 3a.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—National Accounts
| 2. Methodological soundness | 3. Accuracy and reliability | 4. Serviceability | 5. Accessibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concepts and definitions The national accounts (NA) are compiled in accordance with the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA). Scope The National Statistical Service (NSS) compiles and disseminates (i) annual and quarterly GDP at current and constant prices by activity; (ii) annual and quarterly expenditures of GDP at current and constant prices; (iii) components of annual value added by activity at current prices; (iv) a sequence of annual accounts for the total economy and by institutional sectors (up to financial accounts); and (v) annual rest of the world account. The production, economic, and the asset boundary are broadly in accordance with the 1993 SNA, with the exception of some nonresident financial sector units that are included in the scope of GDP. Classification/sectorization Institutional units, transactions, and other flows are classified according to the 1993 SNA. The activity and the functional classifications are consistent with international standards. Basis for recording Market prices are used for valuation of stocks and flows. Recording is done on an accrual basis, with the exception of government transactions and some rest of the world transactions. | Source data The NA are compiled from comprehensive annual and quarterly data collection programs based on a statistical register, developed and maintained by the NSS. However, some quarterly data are collected on a cumulative rather than discrete basis. Assessment of source data Source data are adequately checked for coverage, sampling, and nonsampling errors. Statistical techniques These are basically sound, with production approach estimates made from sufficiently detailed data of activities, and expenditure estimates made independently. The statistical techniques for owner-occupied dwellings, consumption of fixed capital, work-in-progress in agriculture, and volume measure of net exports do not fully comply with international standards. Constant price estimates for 1999-2006 are compiled in average prices of 1998, and since 2007, in average prices of 2005. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical output Statistical discrepancies in intermediate data are assessed and investigated. The GDP estimates at current and constant prices are balanced through the supply and use framework. Revision studies Studies of revisions are carried out and documented routinely. | Periodicity and timeliness. Periodicity and timeliness of the NA data comply with the prescriptions of the Special Data Dissemination Standard. Consistency The statistical difference between the GDP by activity and by expenditure is shown explicitly. Consistent annual and quarterly time series are available since 1990. Revision policy and practice The revision cycle is disseminated on the website and in the NA publications. Preliminary data are clearly identified. Revised data are disseminated with an analysis explaining the difference with the preliminary data. | Data accessibility Data are disseminated in hardcopy publications and on the website of the NSS. NA data are presented in a clear manner. The release schedule is preannounced. NA are made available to all users at the same time. However, long time series with a fixed reference period are available only on request. Metadata accessibility Detailed metadata on concepts, definitions, and sources are available in hardcopy publications and on the website. The level of details of metadata meets the user requirements. Assistance to users A catalog of publications and information on the contact person for NA is available to the users. |
Table 3a.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—National Accounts
| 2. Methodological soundness | 3. Accuracy and reliability | 4. Serviceability | 5. Accessibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concepts and definitions The national accounts (NA) are compiled in accordance with the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA). Scope The National Statistical Service (NSS) compiles and disseminates (i) annual and quarterly GDP at current and constant prices by activity; (ii) annual and quarterly expenditures of GDP at current and constant prices; (iii) components of annual value added by activity at current prices; (iv) a sequence of annual accounts for the total economy and by institutional sectors (up to financial accounts); and (v) annual rest of the world account. The production, economic, and the asset boundary are broadly in accordance with the 1993 SNA, with the exception of some nonresident financial sector units that are included in the scope of GDP. Classification/sectorization Institutional units, transactions, and other flows are classified according to the 1993 SNA. The activity and the functional classifications are consistent with international standards. Basis for recording Market prices are used for valuation of stocks and flows. Recording is done on an accrual basis, with the exception of government transactions and some rest of the world transactions. | Source data The NA are compiled from comprehensive annual and quarterly data collection programs based on a statistical register, developed and maintained by the NSS. However, some quarterly data are collected on a cumulative rather than discrete basis. Assessment of source data Source data are adequately checked for coverage, sampling, and nonsampling errors. Statistical techniques These are basically sound, with production approach estimates made from sufficiently detailed data of activities, and expenditure estimates made independently. The statistical techniques for owner-occupied dwellings, consumption of fixed capital, work-in-progress in agriculture, and volume measure of net exports do not fully comply with international standards. Constant price estimates for 1999-2006 are compiled in average prices of 1998, and since 2007, in average prices of 2005. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical output Statistical discrepancies in intermediate data are assessed and investigated. The GDP estimates at current and constant prices are balanced through the supply and use framework. Revision studies Studies of revisions are carried out and documented routinely. | Periodicity and timeliness. Periodicity and timeliness of the NA data comply with the prescriptions of the Special Data Dissemination Standard. Consistency The statistical difference between the GDP by activity and by expenditure is shown explicitly. Consistent annual and quarterly time series are available since 1990. Revision policy and practice The revision cycle is disseminated on the website and in the NA publications. Preliminary data are clearly identified. Revised data are disseminated with an analysis explaining the difference with the preliminary data. | Data accessibility Data are disseminated in hardcopy publications and on the website of the NSS. NA data are presented in a clear manner. The release schedule is preannounced. NA are made available to all users at the same time. However, long time series with a fixed reference period are available only on request. Metadata accessibility Detailed metadata on concepts, definitions, and sources are available in hardcopy publications and on the website. The level of details of metadata meets the user requirements. Assistance to users A catalog of publications and information on the contact person for NA is available to the users. |
Table 3b.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Consumer Price Index
Table 3b.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Consumer Price Index
| 2. Methodological soundness | 3. Accuracy and reliability | 4. Serviceability | 5. Accessibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concepts and definitions Concepts and definitions are broadly in line with the international standards, guidelines, or good practices in the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA) and the Consumer Price Index Manual (CPI Manual). Armenia’s consumer price index (CPI) is based on the consumption concept. Scope All resident households are included in the CPIs for Armenia as well as Yerevan and ten regions (marzes), one of which includes two towns. Informal activity and the consumption of nonmonetary goods such as own-produced agriculture products and goods provided by employers as income-in-kind are included. Classification/sectorization The CPI is classified according to the Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose, which conforms to the guidelines of the 1993 SNA, the International Labor Organization, and the CPI Manual. Basis for recording The valuation rules used for recording flows and stocks are in accordance with the 1993 SNA. Prices are market (purchaser’s) prices paid by households (including taxes on products and trade and transportation margins). | Source data The data collection programs employed to compile the CPI are adequate. The household budget surveys (HBS) are collected annually; though the CPI is reweighted every two years. Assessment of source data Prices collected are verified according to established procedures for checking price quotations. The weights emerging from the HBS are assessed against other source data (retail trade, imports, etc). Statistical techniques Prices for temporarily missing and seasonal products for the CPI are estimated using the cluster or cell mean approach. Implicit and/or explicit quality adjustment techniques are conducted for new and noncomparable replacement products. CPI sources and methods do not deal with owner-occupied dwellings except for maintenance and repair expenditures. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs Information about standard errors or coefficients of variation for the CPI surveys is monitored on a regular basis. Revision studies. Studies on the impact of updating weights, outlets, and items studies are disseminated in the National Statistical Service (NSS) annual work plan. | Periodicity and timeliness The CPI is monthly index and disseminated one day after the reference month, respectively meeting and exceeding the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) periodicity and timeliness requirements. Consistency The CPI aggregation structure is consistent from the cell level to the item level, the item level to the group level, and the group level indices to higher levels of expenditure classes and the all-item level. Additionally, city and regional aggregation is consistent. In addition, aggregated historical time-series data are available from 2003. Revision policy and practice The Law On State Statistics, Article 11, State Statistical Work Program, Annual, provides the revision policy for weight revision, long-term trends, studies of sources of errors, and the explanation of methodology. Documentation and findings in the Annual Program are approved by the State Statistical Council (SCS) and published. | Data accessibility CPI data are widely disseminated in Armenian, Russian and English. The CPI charts and tables are disseminated with long- and short-term data series to facilitate the analysis. Release calendars for statistical publications (data) appear in the Annual Program approved by the SCS. The Armenian version of the Annual Program for 2005 is posted on the NSS website, http://www.armstat.am/arm/Law/SR06/index.html. An advance release calendar that gives notice of the precise data release dates one quarter in advance is also disseminated on the IMF’s Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board (DSBB) (http://dsbb.imf.org). Metadata accessibility Documentation on concepts, scope, classification, data sources, and methods of the CPI are available on the IMF’s DSBB. In addition, there are CPI methodological notes in the NSS Statistical Yearbook, which is posted on the NSS website. Assistance to users A contact person is identified in the SDDS metadata, which is linked to the NSS website. Likewise, contact points for the CPI are publicized in official publications. |
Table 3b.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Consumer Price Index
| 2. Methodological soundness | 3. Accuracy and reliability | 4. Serviceability | 5. Accessibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concepts and definitions Concepts and definitions are broadly in line with the international standards, guidelines, or good practices in the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA) and the Consumer Price Index Manual (CPI Manual). Armenia’s consumer price index (CPI) is based on the consumption concept. Scope All resident households are included in the CPIs for Armenia as well as Yerevan and ten regions (marzes), one of which includes two towns. Informal activity and the consumption of nonmonetary goods such as own-produced agriculture products and goods provided by employers as income-in-kind are included. Classification/sectorization The CPI is classified according to the Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose, which conforms to the guidelines of the 1993 SNA, the International Labor Organization, and the CPI Manual. Basis for recording The valuation rules used for recording flows and stocks are in accordance with the 1993 SNA. Prices are market (purchaser’s) prices paid by households (including taxes on products and trade and transportation margins). | Source data The data collection programs employed to compile the CPI are adequate. The household budget surveys (HBS) are collected annually; though the CPI is reweighted every two years. Assessment of source data Prices collected are verified according to established procedures for checking price quotations. The weights emerging from the HBS are assessed against other source data (retail trade, imports, etc). Statistical techniques Prices for temporarily missing and seasonal products for the CPI are estimated using the cluster or cell mean approach. Implicit and/or explicit quality adjustment techniques are conducted for new and noncomparable replacement products. CPI sources and methods do not deal with owner-occupied dwellings except for maintenance and repair expenditures. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs Information about standard errors or coefficients of variation for the CPI surveys is monitored on a regular basis. Revision studies. Studies on the impact of updating weights, outlets, and items studies are disseminated in the National Statistical Service (NSS) annual work plan. | Periodicity and timeliness The CPI is monthly index and disseminated one day after the reference month, respectively meeting and exceeding the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) periodicity and timeliness requirements. Consistency The CPI aggregation structure is consistent from the cell level to the item level, the item level to the group level, and the group level indices to higher levels of expenditure classes and the all-item level. Additionally, city and regional aggregation is consistent. In addition, aggregated historical time-series data are available from 2003. Revision policy and practice The Law On State Statistics, Article 11, State Statistical Work Program, Annual, provides the revision policy for weight revision, long-term trends, studies of sources of errors, and the explanation of methodology. Documentation and findings in the Annual Program are approved by the State Statistical Council (SCS) and published. | Data accessibility CPI data are widely disseminated in Armenian, Russian and English. The CPI charts and tables are disseminated with long- and short-term data series to facilitate the analysis. Release calendars for statistical publications (data) appear in the Annual Program approved by the SCS. The Armenian version of the Annual Program for 2005 is posted on the NSS website, http://www.armstat.am/arm/Law/SR06/index.html. An advance release calendar that gives notice of the precise data release dates one quarter in advance is also disseminated on the IMF’s Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board (DSBB) (http://dsbb.imf.org). Metadata accessibility Documentation on concepts, scope, classification, data sources, and methods of the CPI are available on the IMF’s DSBB. In addition, there are CPI methodological notes in the NSS Statistical Yearbook, which is posted on the NSS website. Assistance to users A contact person is identified in the SDDS metadata, which is linked to the NSS website. Likewise, contact points for the CPI are publicized in official publications. |
Table 3c.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Producer Price Index
Table 3c.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Producer Price Index
| 2. Methodological soundness | 3. Accuracy and reliability | 4. Serviceability | 5. Accessibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concepts and definitions The National Statistical Service’s (NSS) key concepts and definitions for the producer price index (PPI) follow the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA) and Producer Price Index Manual. Scope The PPI covers 11 main branches of industry in total and by activity. Additional PPIs are produced for the agricultural, construction, and freight industries. Classification/sectorization. The PPI’s activity and product classification is the nonstandard All-Union Classification of Branches of the National Economy (OKOHX). However, the NSS is in the advanced stages of reclassifying the PPI according to internationally recommended Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Communities (NACE) industry and Classification of Products by Activities (CPA) product classifications. Basis for recording The timing and valuation rules used for recording flows accord with the 1993 SNA. Output in the PPI weights and the corresponding product prices are valued at either basic or producer prices. | Source data The PPI product weights are based on sample surveys selected from a comprehensive and up-to-date business register. The NSS reviews the register to identify new enterprises and products to be included and defunct units to be deleted, as well as to take account of mergers and changes of ownership. Large and medium enterprises are selected into the sample with certainty. Small enterprises are selected with a rotating panel sample design to limit response burden. Assessment of source data Information on sampling and nonsampling errors is monitored on a monthly basis for each survey. Information on weights, price relatives, unit classification, and outliers are routinely checked. The relationships established between the staff of the statistical authorities and the enterprises make nonresponse uncommon. Misclassified units are reclassified and errors in prices are corrected within a one month revision period. Statistical techniques Internationally accepted techniques are used for missing observations. New products are introduced only when the base year is changed. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs PPI data and outputs are routinely assessed. Revision studies. Studies on the impact of updating weights, establishments, and items are disseminated in the NSS annual work plan. | Periodicity and timeliness The PPI is monthly and disseminated one month after the reference month, meeting the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) periodicity and timeliness requirements. Consistency The PPI series are consistent in aggregation. Revision policy and practice The Law on State Statistics, Article 11, State Statistical Work Program, Annual, establishes a framework for the revision policy for weight revision, long-term trends, studies of sources of errors, and the explanation of methodology. Documentation and findings in the Annual Program are discussed and approved by the SCS and published. | Data accessibility An advance release calendar that gives one quarter advance notice of the precise release dates is disseminated on the IMF’s Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board (DSBB) (http://dsbb.imf.org). Metadata accessibility Short documentation on concepts, scope, classification, data sources, and methods of the PPI is available on the IMF’s DSBB. In addition, there are PPI methodological notes in the NSS Statistical Yearbook, which is posted on the NSS website. Assistance to users A contact person is mentioned in the SDDS metadata, which is linked to the NSS website. Likewise, contact points for the PPI are publicized in official publications. |
Table 3c.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Producer Price Index
| 2. Methodological soundness | 3. Accuracy and reliability | 4. Serviceability | 5. Accessibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concepts and definitions The National Statistical Service’s (NSS) key concepts and definitions for the producer price index (PPI) follow the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA) and Producer Price Index Manual. Scope The PPI covers 11 main branches of industry in total and by activity. Additional PPIs are produced for the agricultural, construction, and freight industries. Classification/sectorization. The PPI’s activity and product classification is the nonstandard All-Union Classification of Branches of the National Economy (OKOHX). However, the NSS is in the advanced stages of reclassifying the PPI according to internationally recommended Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Communities (NACE) industry and Classification of Products by Activities (CPA) product classifications. Basis for recording The timing and valuation rules used for recording flows accord with the 1993 SNA. Output in the PPI weights and the corresponding product prices are valued at either basic or producer prices. | Source data The PPI product weights are based on sample surveys selected from a comprehensive and up-to-date business register. The NSS reviews the register to identify new enterprises and products to be included and defunct units to be deleted, as well as to take account of mergers and changes of ownership. Large and medium enterprises are selected into the sample with certainty. Small enterprises are selected with a rotating panel sample design to limit response burden. Assessment of source data Information on sampling and nonsampling errors is monitored on a monthly basis for each survey. Information on weights, price relatives, unit classification, and outliers are routinely checked. The relationships established between the staff of the statistical authorities and the enterprises make nonresponse uncommon. Misclassified units are reclassified and errors in prices are corrected within a one month revision period. Statistical techniques Internationally accepted techniques are used for missing observations. New products are introduced only when the base year is changed. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs PPI data and outputs are routinely assessed. Revision studies. Studies on the impact of updating weights, establishments, and items are disseminated in the NSS annual work plan. | Periodicity and timeliness The PPI is monthly and disseminated one month after the reference month, meeting the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) periodicity and timeliness requirements. Consistency The PPI series are consistent in aggregation. Revision policy and practice The Law on State Statistics, Article 11, State Statistical Work Program, Annual, establishes a framework for the revision policy for weight revision, long-term trends, studies of sources of errors, and the explanation of methodology. Documentation and findings in the Annual Program are discussed and approved by the SCS and published. | Data accessibility An advance release calendar that gives one quarter advance notice of the precise release dates is disseminated on the IMF’s Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board (DSBB) (http://dsbb.imf.org). Metadata accessibility Short documentation on concepts, scope, classification, data sources, and methods of the PPI is available on the IMF’s DSBB. In addition, there are PPI methodological notes in the NSS Statistical Yearbook, which is posted on the NSS website. Assistance to users A contact person is mentioned in the SDDS metadata, which is linked to the NSS website. Likewise, contact points for the PPI are publicized in official publications. |
Table 3d.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Government Finance Statistics
Table 3d.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Government Finance Statistics
| 2. Methodological soundness | 3. Accuracy and reliability | 4. Serviceability | 5. Accessibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concepts and definitions The analytical aggregates and indicators compiled for the government finance statistics (GFS) are consistent with the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA) and the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 (GFSM 2001). There is a well defined migration path to full implementation of the GFSM 2001 with data for the general government starting in 2010. Scope General government institutional coverage is not fully consistent with the GFSM 2001. The central government includes all units of government that exercise authority over the entire economic territory of Armenia. The ten regions (marzes) have no budgetary autonomy and their operations are included in the central government. The central government also includes extrabudgetary funds. However, operations of the NCO are not included, which constitute a deviation from international standards. Local government units, comprising only municipalities, are consolidated with central government to compile general government statistics. Classification/sectorization The classification system used in the central GFS is broadly consistent with the GFSM 2001 beginning in 2008. However, the local government data still are classified according to the A Manual of Government Finance Statistics, 1986 (GFSM 1986). Basis for recording All government operations are recorded on a cash basis. There are no accrual-adjusted cash data currently available. However, data recorded on an accrual basis are planned for central government in 2009 and for general government in 2010. The treasury records public debt at face value rather than market value. | Source data The primary source of the GFS is the budget management system accounting records maintained by the Treasury. Data on domestic and foreign financing in the GFS are provided by the Central Bank of Armenia (CBA). Assessment of source data Quality controls embedded in the government accounting and reporting system covering the different government units routinely assess reports to ensure the accuracy of source data, including source data on public sector debt. Statistical techniques Consolidated data are presented for the central and general and central government. Preliminary quarterly central government data are subsequently revised to reflect spending financed by the public investment units (PIU) accounts which are subject to delays in reporting information. Quarterly data on external disbursements for execution of the public investment program are adjusted accordingly. Data on local government operations are available in sufficient detail to compile general government data without adjustment. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs Treasury data on domestic bank financing used in the GFS are crosschecked against CBA data. Revision studies Revision studies are not conducted. Revisions are made and analyzed in the process of data compilation. | Periodicity and timeliness Armenia’s fiscal sector data meet or exceed the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) requirements. Consistency The GFS data are consistent internally, over time, and with other datasets. Changes in the legal status of noncommercial organizations, starting in 2004, have been treated in the fiscal data consistent with their treatment in the national accounts. Data on domestic bank financing in the GFS provided by the central bank are consistent with data obtained from the Treasury accounts. The Ministry of Finance and Economy (MFE) data on public debt (domestic and external) differ from, but are reconcilable with comparable data from the CBA. SDDS metadata explain the difference as arising from face and market valuation in the MFE and CBA sources, respectively. Revision policy and practice The monthly and quarterly data are preliminary when first released and are revised in the following month or quarter. Preliminary and revised data are clearly identified. Notes to the tables contain information on data revisions and on major changes in the methodology. | Data accessibility Advance notice of release dates is provided on the SDDS release calendar, which is linked from the MFE website (http://www.mfe.gov.am) and are published in the Annual Statistical Program. The data are disseminated simultaneously to all interested parties by posting them on the MFE’s website and through the informational monthly report, Social and Economic Situation of the Republic of Armenia, disseminated by the National Statistical Service (NSS) (http://www.armstat.am/Publications). Data presentation and formats are adequate. Consolidated general government data are not published on the national websites. However, the data are submitted to the IMF for publication in the Government Finance Statistics Yearbook. Metadata accessibility A brief description of the methodology appears in the informational monthly reports, Social and Economic Situation of the Republic of Armenia, in the publication, Statistical Yearbook of Armenia, and more detailed descriptions are available in ad hoc thematic publications. Moreover, metadata and summary methodologies are available on the IMF’s Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board website. Assistance to users Publications include contact information (names and telephone numbers of the responsible persons). |
Table 3d.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Government Finance Statistics
| 2. Methodological soundness | 3. Accuracy and reliability | 4. Serviceability | 5. Accessibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concepts and definitions The analytical aggregates and indicators compiled for the government finance statistics (GFS) are consistent with the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA) and the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 (GFSM 2001). There is a well defined migration path to full implementation of the GFSM 2001 with data for the general government starting in 2010. Scope General government institutional coverage is not fully consistent with the GFSM 2001. The central government includes all units of government that exercise authority over the entire economic territory of Armenia. The ten regions (marzes) have no budgetary autonomy and their operations are included in the central government. The central government also includes extrabudgetary funds. However, operations of the NCO are not included, which constitute a deviation from international standards. Local government units, comprising only municipalities, are consolidated with central government to compile general government statistics. Classification/sectorization The classification system used in the central GFS is broadly consistent with the GFSM 2001 beginning in 2008. However, the local government data still are classified according to the A Manual of Government Finance Statistics, 1986 (GFSM 1986). Basis for recording All government operations are recorded on a cash basis. There are no accrual-adjusted cash data currently available. However, data recorded on an accrual basis are planned for central government in 2009 and for general government in 2010. The treasury records public debt at face value rather than market value. | Source data The primary source of the GFS is the budget management system accounting records maintained by the Treasury. Data on domestic and foreign financing in the GFS are provided by the Central Bank of Armenia (CBA). Assessment of source data Quality controls embedded in the government accounting and reporting system covering the different government units routinely assess reports to ensure the accuracy of source data, including source data on public sector debt. Statistical techniques Consolidated data are presented for the central and general and central government. Preliminary quarterly central government data are subsequently revised to reflect spending financed by the public investment units (PIU) accounts which are subject to delays in reporting information. Quarterly data on external disbursements for execution of the public investment program are adjusted accordingly. Data on local government operations are available in sufficient detail to compile general government data without adjustment. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs Treasury data on domestic bank financing used in the GFS are crosschecked against CBA data. Revision studies Revision studies are not conducted. Revisions are made and analyzed in the process of data compilation. | Periodicity and timeliness Armenia’s fiscal sector data meet or exceed the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) requirements. Consistency The GFS data are consistent internally, over time, and with other datasets. Changes in the legal status of noncommercial organizations, starting in 2004, have been treated in the fiscal data consistent with their treatment in the national accounts. Data on domestic bank financing in the GFS provided by the central bank are consistent with data obtained from the Treasury accounts. The Ministry of Finance and Economy (MFE) data on public debt (domestic and external) differ from, but are reconcilable with comparable data from the CBA. SDDS metadata explain the difference as arising from face and market valuation in the MFE and CBA sources, respectively. Revision policy and practice The monthly and quarterly data are preliminary when first released and are revised in the following month or quarter. Preliminary and revised data are clearly identified. Notes to the tables contain information on data revisions and on major changes in the methodology. | Data accessibility Advance notice of release dates is provided on the SDDS release calendar, which is linked from the MFE website (http://www.mfe.gov.am) and are published in the Annual Statistical Program. The data are disseminated simultaneously to all interested parties by posting them on the MFE’s website and through the informational monthly report, Social and Economic Situation of the Republic of Armenia, disseminated by the National Statistical Service (NSS) (http://www.armstat.am/Publications). Data presentation and formats are adequate. Consolidated general government data are not published on the national websites. However, the data are submitted to the IMF for publication in the Government Finance Statistics Yearbook. Metadata accessibility A brief description of the methodology appears in the informational monthly reports, Social and Economic Situation of the Republic of Armenia, in the publication, Statistical Yearbook of Armenia, and more detailed descriptions are available in ad hoc thematic publications. Moreover, metadata and summary methodologies are available on the IMF’s Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board website. Assistance to users Publications include contact information (names and telephone numbers of the responsible persons). |
Table 3e.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Monetary Statistics
Table 3e.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Monetary Statistics
| 2. Methodological soundness | 3. Accuracy and reliability | 4. Serviceability | 5. Accessibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concepts and definitions Monetary statistics comply fully with the methodology of the Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual (MFSM). Scope The depository corporations survey (DCS) covers the Central Bank of Armenia (CBA) and the 22 commercial banks operating as of end-March 2008. The accounts of 22 credit institutions (credit unions), some of which issue liabilities in the form of deposits, will be included in the Other Depository Corporation (ODC) survey starting in May 2008. Credit unions account for around eight percent of the loans and three percent of the deposits of ODCs. The DCS includes the operations of one Karabagh bank and branches of Armenian banks in Karabagh, which is outside the scope of the economic territory used elsewhere in the statistical system. Classiflcation/sectorization The classification and sectorization of financial instruments follows the methodology of the MFSM. Basis for recording Monetary statistics are produced on an accrual basis, consistent with the MFSM. Financial instruments are valued at market prices. Securities held to maturity are recorded at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. Securities the CBA holds to maturity are valued at the end of the month at market prices. Accounts in foreign currency are converted daily into national currency using the average market exchange rate announced by the CBA. Loans are shown gross, with provisions for loan losses classified as Other accounts payable. | Source data The DCS is based on the consolidated balance sheets of the CBA and ODCs. Banks utilize a uniform chart of accounts, which follows international accounting standards. Assessment of source data Data are transmitted electronically. The CBA source data are reviewed for accuracy by the Statistics and Accounting departments of the CBA, and also by the Internal Audit Department. The ODC source data are double-checked by the Supervision Department. The program for generating monetary statistics contains embedded routines to validate the accuracy of the data. A monitoring system tests the internal consistency of each institution’s data and identifies large variations. Statistical techniques Monetary data are based on the balance sheets of the CBA and ODCs, without statistical adjustments. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs ODC source data are verified with data from other reports submitted by the banks. Data are regularly monitored to investigate discrepancies and to ensure accuracy. The CBA’s positions with other banks, as well as interbank positions, are checked for consistency. Stock data are checked for consistency with weekly flow data. Revision studies Monetary statistics are not subject to routine revision studies. The public is made aware of these revisions. | Periodicity and timeliness Dissemination of monetary statistics comply fully with the Special Data Dissemination Standard requirements. Consistency Data are disseminated within a balance sheet framework that ensures the basic accounting identities of the monetary survey. Consistent historical data are available since 1995. Monetary data on foreign positions and net credit to government are consistent with balance of payments and fiscal data. Revision policy and practice In principle, data are final when first released. When data are occasionally revised, revisions are explained through footnotes and comments to the tables. Errors in published data are corrected and the figures revised in upcoming statistical publications. Quarterly and annual data of the CBA are preliminary, pending closing entries and the audited report. Provisional data, clearly identified, become final after two months for the quarterly statements, and after three months for the annual statement. Revisions to the methodology, for instance the expansion of the coverage to the credit institutions, are announced in advance and introduced after a waiting period. | Data accessibility Data are presented in an aggregated form with methodological notes. An advance release calendar for monetary data, strictly enforced, is available on the CBA’s website and the IMF’s Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board (DSBB). Data are posted on the CBA’s website—ensuring simultaneous access by all users—and published in the CBA Bulletin in Armenian and English. Metadata accessibility Armenia has posted its monetary metadata on the IMF’s DSBB since November 2003. All relevant laws and regulations are posted on the CBA’s website. The Manual on Compilation of Monetary and Financial Statistics in Armenia contains detailed metadata for monetary statistics. Assistance to users Information on the contact person for monetary statistics is available on the CBA’s website and also on the DSBB. Assistance is provided to users, who can submit queries directly to the contact person or to the Press Office of the CBA. A databank is available to users, where they can request data in Excel format. The CBA’s website contains adequate information about electronic and hard copy publications, and the ways to obtain them. |
Table 3e.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Monetary Statistics
| 2. Methodological soundness | 3. Accuracy and reliability | 4. Serviceability | 5. Accessibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concepts and definitions Monetary statistics comply fully with the methodology of the Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual (MFSM). Scope The depository corporations survey (DCS) covers the Central Bank of Armenia (CBA) and the 22 commercial banks operating as of end-March 2008. The accounts of 22 credit institutions (credit unions), some of which issue liabilities in the form of deposits, will be included in the Other Depository Corporation (ODC) survey starting in May 2008. Credit unions account for around eight percent of the loans and three percent of the deposits of ODCs. The DCS includes the operations of one Karabagh bank and branches of Armenian banks in Karabagh, which is outside the scope of the economic territory used elsewhere in the statistical system. Classiflcation/sectorization The classification and sectorization of financial instruments follows the methodology of the MFSM. Basis for recording Monetary statistics are produced on an accrual basis, consistent with the MFSM. Financial instruments are valued at market prices. Securities held to maturity are recorded at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method. Securities the CBA holds to maturity are valued at the end of the month at market prices. Accounts in foreign currency are converted daily into national currency using the average market exchange rate announced by the CBA. Loans are shown gross, with provisions for loan losses classified as Other accounts payable. | Source data The DCS is based on the consolidated balance sheets of the CBA and ODCs. Banks utilize a uniform chart of accounts, which follows international accounting standards. Assessment of source data Data are transmitted electronically. The CBA source data are reviewed for accuracy by the Statistics and Accounting departments of the CBA, and also by the Internal Audit Department. The ODC source data are double-checked by the Supervision Department. The program for generating monetary statistics contains embedded routines to validate the accuracy of the data. A monitoring system tests the internal consistency of each institution’s data and identifies large variations. Statistical techniques Monetary data are based on the balance sheets of the CBA and ODCs, without statistical adjustments. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs ODC source data are verified with data from other reports submitted by the banks. Data are regularly monitored to investigate discrepancies and to ensure accuracy. The CBA’s positions with other banks, as well as interbank positions, are checked for consistency. Stock data are checked for consistency with weekly flow data. Revision studies Monetary statistics are not subject to routine revision studies. The public is made aware of these revisions. | Periodicity and timeliness Dissemination of monetary statistics comply fully with the Special Data Dissemination Standard requirements. Consistency Data are disseminated within a balance sheet framework that ensures the basic accounting identities of the monetary survey. Consistent historical data are available since 1995. Monetary data on foreign positions and net credit to government are consistent with balance of payments and fiscal data. Revision policy and practice In principle, data are final when first released. When data are occasionally revised, revisions are explained through footnotes and comments to the tables. Errors in published data are corrected and the figures revised in upcoming statistical publications. Quarterly and annual data of the CBA are preliminary, pending closing entries and the audited report. Provisional data, clearly identified, become final after two months for the quarterly statements, and after three months for the annual statement. Revisions to the methodology, for instance the expansion of the coverage to the credit institutions, are announced in advance and introduced after a waiting period. | Data accessibility Data are presented in an aggregated form with methodological notes. An advance release calendar for monetary data, strictly enforced, is available on the CBA’s website and the IMF’s Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board (DSBB). Data are posted on the CBA’s website—ensuring simultaneous access by all users—and published in the CBA Bulletin in Armenian and English. Metadata accessibility Armenia has posted its monetary metadata on the IMF’s DSBB since November 2003. All relevant laws and regulations are posted on the CBA’s website. The Manual on Compilation of Monetary and Financial Statistics in Armenia contains detailed metadata for monetary statistics. Assistance to users Information on the contact person for monetary statistics is available on the CBA’s website and also on the DSBB. Assistance is provided to users, who can submit queries directly to the contact person or to the Press Office of the CBA. A databank is available to users, where they can request data in Excel format. The CBA’s website contains adequate information about electronic and hard copy publications, and the ways to obtain them. |
Table 3f.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Balance of Payments Statistics
Table 3f.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Balance of Payments Statistics
| 2. Methodological soundness | 3. Accuracy and reliability | 4. Serviceability | 5. Accessibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concepts and definitions The concepts and definitions used for the balance of payments statistics are generally in line with the methodology set out in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual, fifth edition (BPM5). Scope All transactions between residents and nonresidents are, in principle, covered. The data for the banking sector includes a bank headquartered in Karabagh and branches of Armenian banks located in Karabagh. Classification/sectorization Balance of payments operations are classified in accordance with the requirements of the BPM5. Basis for recording In general, transactions are valued at market prices and converted at exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Stocks are generally recorded at market value or nominal value, where appropriate. Foreign direct investment is recorded at book value. For the banking sector debt securities liabilities are valued at amortized value. Transactions related to investment income, both interest income and dividend, are recorded on a cash basis (at the time of actual payment), except interest income on assets and liabilities for the banking sector. | Source data The main sources are customs, direct reporting, both for the nonfinancial and financial sectors, ministries, the central bank, and household surveys complemented with reports by the banks concerning transfers made/received by the household sector. Net errors and omissions are not systematic in either direction or size over time, suggesting no systematic errors. There are gaps in the coverage of the data for financial assets issued by nonresidents and held by the private nonfinancial sector. Assessment of source data Source data are regularly checked for internal consistency both at the unit record and analytical level. Statistical techniques Statistical sound adjustments are made for coverage, timing, valuation, and classifications, in particular to travel, transportation, transfers, workers’ remittances and compensations of employees. The c.i.f./f.o.b. adjustment is outdated. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs There are regular consistency checks between various sources and items. Stocks and flows are reconciled for financial account items. Revision studies There are no strict systematic revision studies, but statistical processes are informed and improved based on revisions feedback. | Periodicity and timeliness Balance of payments data are available quarterly, within one quarter of the end of the reference period. Annual data are available after two quarters of the reference period. Periodicity and timeliness of the balance of payments data follow the Special Data Dissemination Standard. Consistency Statistical series are sufficiently detailed to enable checking that data are internally consistent. Inter-temporal series are consistent. Balance of payments are consistent with other data sets, notable trade statistics, government finance, and monetary statistics. Revision policy and practice The quarterly data for the preceding year are revised in connection with the publication of the annual data. Preliminary and/or revised data are clearly identified, and the revision policy is available to the public. Only a brief explanation of the major revision implemented in 2007 for the period 2004-2006 was published. | Data accessibility Data are disseminated in hardcopy publications and on the National Statistical Service’s (NSS) website at the same time and are free of charge. An advance release calendar is available. There is limited text and few graphs to facilitate interpretation of balance of payments/international investment position data. Metadata accessibility Metadata are available in hardcopy publications and on the IMF’s Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board. Detailed documentation of methods and sources are not available. Assistance to users CBA answers users’ queries and information requests. Contact information is provided in publication and on the NSS’s website. A listing of publications and other available materials is posted on the website. |
Table 3f.
Armenia: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Balance of Payments Statistics
| 2. Methodological soundness | 3. Accuracy and reliability | 4. Serviceability | 5. Accessibility |
|---|---|---|---|
| Concepts and definitions The concepts and definitions used for the balance of payments statistics are generally in line with the methodology set out in the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual, fifth edition (BPM5). Scope All transactions between residents and nonresidents are, in principle, covered. The data for the banking sector includes a bank headquartered in Karabagh and branches of Armenian banks located in Karabagh. Classification/sectorization Balance of payments operations are classified in accordance with the requirements of the BPM5. Basis for recording In general, transactions are valued at market prices and converted at exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Stocks are generally recorded at market value or nominal value, where appropriate. Foreign direct investment is recorded at book value. For the banking sector debt securities liabilities are valued at amortized value. Transactions related to investment income, both interest income and dividend, are recorded on a cash basis (at the time of actual payment), except interest income on assets and liabilities for the banking sector. | Source data The main sources are customs, direct reporting, both for the nonfinancial and financial sectors, ministries, the central bank, and household surveys complemented with reports by the banks concerning transfers made/received by the household sector. Net errors and omissions are not systematic in either direction or size over time, suggesting no systematic errors. There are gaps in the coverage of the data for financial assets issued by nonresidents and held by the private nonfinancial sector. Assessment of source data Source data are regularly checked for internal consistency both at the unit record and analytical level. Statistical techniques Statistical sound adjustments are made for coverage, timing, valuation, and classifications, in particular to travel, transportation, transfers, workers’ remittances and compensations of employees. The c.i.f./f.o.b. adjustment is outdated. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs There are regular consistency checks between various sources and items. Stocks and flows are reconciled for financial account items. Revision studies There are no strict systematic revision studies, but statistical processes are informed and improved based on revisions feedback. | Periodicity and timeliness Balance of payments data are available quarterly, within one quarter of the end of the reference period. Annual data are available after two quarters of the reference period. Periodicity and timeliness of the balance of payments data follow the Special Data Dissemination Standard. Consistency Statistical series are sufficiently detailed to enable checking that data are internally consistent. Inter-temporal series are consistent. Balance of payments are consistent with other data sets, notable trade statistics, government finance, and monetary statistics. Revision policy and practice The quarterly data for the preceding year are revised in connection with the publication of the annual data. Preliminary and/or revised data are clearly identified, and the revision policy is available to the public. Only a brief explanation of the major revision implemented in 2007 for the period 2004-2006 was published. | Data accessibility Data are disseminated in hardcopy publications and on the National Statistical Service’s (NSS) website at the same time and are free of charge. An advance release calendar is available. There is limited text and few graphs to facilitate interpretation of balance of payments/international investment position data. Metadata accessibility Metadata are available in hardcopy publications and on the IMF’s Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board. Detailed documentation of methods and sources are not available. Assistance to users CBA answers users’ queries and information requests. Contact information is provided in publication and on the NSS’s website. A listing of publications and other available materials is posted on the website. |
III. Staff’s Recommendations
11. Based on the review of Armenia’s statistical practices, discussions with the data producing agencies, and responses from data users (see Appendix III of the Detailed Assessments volume), the mission has developed a set of recommendations. They are designed to increase further Armenia’s adherence to internationally accepted statistical practices and would, in the mission’s view, enhance the analytical usefulness of Armenia’s statistics. Some additional technical suggestions are included in the Detailed Assessments volume.
Cross-cutting recommendations
Increase the resources of the NSS to retain qualified staff as well as improve office facilities and computing resources to meet increasing statistical demands.
For national accounts, government finance, monetary and financial, and balance of payments statistics, exclude data on bank headquarters and branches located in Karabagh.
International users of statistics would be better served by posting more, and more timely, English content on the NSS and MFE websites.
Time series with a fixed reference period should be part of the standard set of published tables for national accounts.
National accounts
Make adjustments to data on general government outlays, taxes, and subsidies to approximate data on an accrual basis.
Improve the accuracy of the quarterly source data by requesting collection of sub-annual data on a discrete basis for all economic statistics surveys.
Implement sound statistical techniques to be in accordance with the international guidelines for volume measures of imports and exports, for estimating the consumption of fixed capital and owner-occupied dwellings.
Consumer price index
Develop an approach to covering household expenditures on owner-occupied dwellings for either consumption (rental value), capital formation (net acquisition cost), or both.
Producer price index
Continue implementation of the Classification of Products by Activities to classify products in the PPI.
Government finance statistics
Implement a process for users to provide feedback to the MFE compilers of government finance statistics on perceived problems with the quality or usefulness of data.
Align the chart of accounts of municipalities and local governments to GFSM 2001 requirements.
Include the NCO in the government finance statistics data published on the national websites.
Produce a financial balance sheet of the general government.
Follow through on the plan to implement GFSM classifications for recording local government transactions by 2009 and accrual recording for central and local government transactions by 2010.
Use market value, rather than face value, for financial assets other than loans and for nonfinancial assets.
Balance of payments statistics
Produce balance of payments and international investment position (IIP) statistics for the financial corporations sector that exclude the bank headquarters and branches located in Karabagh from the Armenian economic territory.
Update c.i.f./f.o.b. factors for international trade in goods.
Improve source data for financial assets issued by non residents and held by residents both domestically and abroad.
Along with revised data, provide users of statistics with a more detailed analysis of major revisions due to changes in methods, introduction of additional source data, and adjustments.
Provide text and graphs to facilitate interpretation of balance of payments/IIP data disseminated in publications.
Publish more comprehensive metadata on sources, methods, and adjustments.
Appendix I. Armenia: Practices Compared to the SDDS Coverage, Periodicity, and Timeliness of Data
Given that the data are broadly disseminated by private means, the timeliness with which official data are disseminated is not critical.
| SDDS Data Category | Coverage (meets SDDS) | Periodicity | Timeliness | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SDDS | Armenia | SDDS | Armenia | ||
| Data Categories and Indicators | |||||
| Real Sector | |||||
| National accounts | Yes | Q | Q | 1 Q | 1 Q |
| Production index | Yes | M | M | 6 W (1M) | 20 D |
| Employment | Yes | Q | Q | 1 Q | 1 M |
| Unemployment | Yes | Q | M | 1 Q | 20 D |
| Wages/earnings | Yes | Q | M | 1 Q | 20 D |
| Price index: Consumer prices | Yes | M | M | 1 M | 1 D |
| Price index: Producer prices | Yes | M | M | 1 M | 20 D |
| Fiscal Sector | |||||
| General government or public sector operations | Yes | A | Q | 2 Q | 2 M |
| Central government operations | Yes | M | M | 1 M | 1 M |
| Central government debt | Yes | Q | Q | 1 Q | 2 M |
| Financial Sector | |||||
| Analytical accounts of the banking sector | Yes | M | M | 1 M | 1 M |
| Analytical accounts of the central bank | Yes | M (W) | M (D) | 2 W (1 W) | 1 D |
| Interest rates | Yes | D | D | 1/ | D |
| Stock market: Share price index | NA | D | 1/ | ||
| External Sector | |||||
| Balance of payments | Yes | Q | Q | 1 Q | 1 Q |
| Official reserve assets | Yes | M (W) | M | 1 W | 1 W |
| Reserves template | Yes | M | M | 1 M (1 W) | 1 M |
| Merchandise trade(exports: f.o.b.; imports: f.o.b.) | Yes | M | W | 8 W (4-6 W) | 3 W |
| International investment position | Yes | A (Q) | Q | 3 Q (1 Q) | 1 Q |
| External debt | Yes | Q | Q | 1 Q | 1 Q |
| Exchange rates | Yes | D | D | 1/ | D |
| Socio-demographic data | |||||
| Population | Yes | A | Q | … | 2 M |
| D = Daily; W = Week(ly); WD = Working days; M = Month(ly); Q = Quarter(ly); A = Annually; NLT = No later than; (…) = not applicable | |||||
Given that the data are broadly disseminated by private means, the timeliness with which official data are disseminated is not critical.
| SDDS Data Category | Coverage (meets SDDS) | Periodicity | Timeliness | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SDDS | Armenia | SDDS | Armenia | ||
| Data Categories and Indicators | |||||
| Real Sector | |||||
| National accounts | Yes | Q | Q | 1 Q | 1 Q |
| Production index | Yes | M | M | 6 W (1M) | 20 D |
| Employment | Yes | Q | Q | 1 Q | 1 M |
| Unemployment | Yes | Q | M | 1 Q | 20 D |
| Wages/earnings | Yes | Q | M | 1 Q | 20 D |
| Price index: Consumer prices | Yes | M | M | 1 M | 1 D |
| Price index: Producer prices | Yes | M | M | 1 M | 20 D |
| Fiscal Sector | |||||
| General government or public sector operations | Yes | A | Q | 2 Q | 2 M |
| Central government operations | Yes | M | M | 1 M | 1 M |
| Central government debt | Yes | Q | Q | 1 Q | 2 M |
| Financial Sector | |||||
| Analytical accounts of the banking sector | Yes | M | M | 1 M | 1 M |
| Analytical accounts of the central bank | Yes | M (W) | M (D) | 2 W (1 W) | 1 D |
| Interest rates | Yes | D | D | 1/ | D |
| Stock market: Share price index | NA | D | 1/ | ||
| External Sector | |||||
| Balance of payments | Yes | Q | Q | 1 Q | 1 Q |
| Official reserve assets | Yes | M (W) | M | 1 W | 1 W |
| Reserves template | Yes | M | M | 1 M (1 W) | 1 M |
| Merchandise trade(exports: f.o.b.; imports: f.o.b.) | Yes | M | W | 8 W (4-6 W) | 3 W |
| International investment position | Yes | A (Q) | Q | 3 Q (1 Q) | 1 Q |
| External debt | Yes | Q | Q | 1 Q | 1 Q |
| Exchange rates | Yes | D | D | 1/ | D |
| Socio-demographic data | |||||
| Population | Yes | A | Q | … | 2 M |
| D = Daily; W = Week(ly); WD = Working days; M = Month(ly); Q = Quarter(ly); A = Annually; NLT = No later than; (…) = not applicable | |||||
Given that the data are broadly disseminated by private means, the timeliness with which official data are disseminated is not critical.