St. Lucia
2008 Article IV Consultation: Staff Report; Staff Supplement, and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion.
Author:
International Monetary Fund
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Publication Date:
06 Oct 2008
eISBN:
9781451823271
ISBN:
9781451823271
Language:
English
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; bottom; deficit; private sector; terms of trade; factor cost; fund staff estimate; macroeconomic performance; investment company; Caribbean
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St. Lucia’s 2008 Article IV Consultation underlies that progress has been made in reducing fiscal imbalances, yet public debt and debt servicing payments continue to rise. Tourism accounts for more than three-fourths of exports, and the import content of both consumption and foreign direct investment is high. Although the share of value added from the traditionally dominant agriculture sector has declined sharply in recent decades, crop exports support the incomes of much of the country’s large rural population.

Abstract

St. Lucia’s 2008 Article IV Consultation underlies that progress has been made in reducing fiscal imbalances, yet public debt and debt servicing payments continue to rise. Tourism accounts for more than three-fourths of exports, and the import content of both consumption and foreign direct investment is high. Although the share of value added from the traditionally dominant agriculture sector has declined sharply in recent decades, crop exports support the incomes of much of the country’s large rural population.

I. Background and Recent Economic Developments 1

1. St. Lucia is a small, open, tourism-based economy that is vulnerable to exogenous shocks. Tourism accounts for over three-quarters of exports, and the import content of both consumption and foreign direct investment is high. While the share of value added from the traditionally-dominant agriculture sector has declined sharply in recent decades, crop exports (particularly bananas) support the incomes of much of the country’s large rural population (Figure 1).

Figure 1
Figure 1

St. Lucia: Macroeconomic Developments, 1985–2007

(In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Sources: St. Lucia authorities; and Fund staff estimates.
uA01fig01

Sectoral Contribution to GDP Growth

(In percent)

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Sources: St. Lucia authorities; Eastern Caribbean Central Bank.1/ Tourism includes wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants, air transport and half of local transport.

2. St. Lucia’s macroeconomic performance has been mixed in recent years. While real GDP growth averaged about 4 percent during 2003–06, it has slowed to 1¾ percent in 2007, reflecting contraction in hurricane-affected agriculture (mainly banana exports), and slowdowns in construction activity and stayover tourist arrivals.2 Inflation increased sharply to 6.8 percent at end-December 2007 (Figure 2), due to higher imported fuel and food prices and the ongoing depreciation of the U.S. dollar (to which the Eastern Caribbean (EC) dollar is pegged). Unemployment has declined from 22 percent in 2003 to 14 percent in 2007.

Figure 2
Figure 2

St. Lucia. Inflation Developments, 2000–07

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Sources: ECCB; International Financial Statistics; ECCU national authorities; and Fund staff estimates.Note: ATG stands for Antigua and Barbuda, BRB stands for Barbados, DMA stands for Dominica, GRD stands for Grenada, JAM stands for Jamaica, KNA stands for St. Kitts and Nevis, LCA stands for St. Lucia, TTO stands for Trinidad and Tobago and VCT stands for St. Vincent and the Grenadines.1/ Mean Caribbean posting prices.

3. Progress has been made in reducing fiscal imbalances, yet public debt and debt servicing payments continue to rise. The government achieved a primary surplus in FY 2007/08 of 0.8 percent of GDP, reflecting an increase in current revenue and a marked reduction in capital expenditures following the spike in Cricket World Cup-related spending. The authorities explained that unexpected developments—mainly the lack of donor funding and inadequate capacity to appraise investment projects—had complicated budgetary execution in FY 2007/08. However, public debt increased to 70½ percent of GDP (due to rising public enterprise debt), still the lowest in the ECCU (Figure 3 and 4). The approved budget for FY 2008/09, if fully implemented, would widen fiscal imbalances through increased capital spending, yet this is unlikely given implementation constraints (Box 1).

Figure 3
Figure 3

St. Lucia: Fiscal Developments, 1990/91–2007/08

(In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Sources: St. Lucia authorities; and Fund staff estimates.
Figure 4
Figure 4

St. Lucia: Evolution of Public Debt, 2002–07

(In percent of GDP)

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Sources: ECCB; St. Lucia authorities; and Fund staff estimates.

4. The external current account deficit remained elevated in 2007, accompanied by strong capital inflows. The large deficit (29 percent of GDP) was driven primarily by a continued deterioration of the terms of trade and decline in tourist arrivals, and higher imports related to hotel construction and energy demand (Box 2). The deficit continues to be almost entirely financed by foreign direct investment, mainly in tourism-related construction. Nonetheless, St. Lucia remains vulnerable to external shocks, given its dependence on imported oil, volatile tourism receipts, exposure to natural disasters, and rising food and energy prices.

5. Indicators present a mixed picture of St. Lucia’s external competitiveness. St. Lucia’s real effective exchange (REER) is at its lowest level in 20 years, reflecting the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against major currencies. However, real wages have increased, the terms of trade has deteriorated since 2000, and in recent years St. Lucia experienced a decline in its share of stayover visitors to the Caribbean. Analysis undertaken by staff finds that the REER was close to its estimated equilibrium level, suggesting that the exchange rate regime, if supported by fiscal and wage policies, will remain competitive.

6. Private sector credit grew substantially in 2007. Despite a softening in economic activity, demand for credit by firms and households has continued to rise (Figure 5). As a result, commercial banks have accelerated their drawdown of foreign assets to expand their loan portfolio. The increase in demand for credit, combined with renewed targeting by private sector banks of small- and medium-sized enterprises, has heightened competition, triggering a narrowing of lending spreads.

Figure 5
Figure 5

St. Lucia: Monetary Developments, 2002–07

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Sources: ECCB; and Fund staff calculations.1/ Includes interbank float, reserves held with the ECCB, and other unclassified assets.2/ Includes tourism, entertainment, and half of transport, distributive trade and professional services.

7. The health of the financial sector continues to strengthen. Provisioning, asset quality and capital adequacy all improved in 2007 (Figure 6). Nonperforming loans (NPLs) of local banks continue to decline, and are close to the ECCB’s prudential target of 5 percent. However, the decline in the NPL ratio reflects in part the continued growth in bank lending, which could engender future problem loans, especially in the event of any large macroeconomic shock (such as a sustained downturn in tourist arrivals reflecting a slowing world economy). Nonbank financial intermediaries remain under-regulated, despite holding about one fifth of financial sector assets.

Figure 6
Figure 6

St. Lucia: Banking System Developments, 2002–08

(In percent; end of period unless noted otherwise)

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Sources: ECCB; and Fund staff calculations.

8. St. Lucia has favorable social indicators, but poverty and crime remain concerns. The country has near-universal adult literacy, strong health outcomes, and good access to social services. However, unemployment has remained high, particularly among the young and women. One fourth of the population lives in poverty, and crime is a growing problem.

II. Policy Discussions 3

9. Policy discussions focused on four issues: broadening the bases of economic growth; enhancing fiscal consolidation and debt sustainability; maintaining financial sector and external stability; and reducing other vulnerabilities. Policy discussions took place against the backdrop of deteriorating prospects for global growth and continued high import prices.

A. Broadening the Bases of Economic Growth

10. Near-term growth prospects are favorable. Stayover tourist arrivals grew by about 9 percent during the first four months of 2008 and private investment should remain healthy, reflecting the construction of several new upscale resorts. The staff forecasts growth of 2⅓ percent in 2008, as signs of accelerating activity are still tentative. Despite deteriorating global prospects, high energy prices, and only modest recovery in agriculture, growth is projected to rise further in 2009. The authorities were in broad agreement with this assessment, and were particularly concerned about the impact of high oil prices, any sudden unwinding of global external imbalances, and associated risks for tourism demand. They were also apprehensive about the level and volatility of the U.S. dollar. Inflation is expected to remain elevated, amid record high energy and food import prices.

11. Medium-term growth will be determined by the rate of growth of potential output. On current policies, staff projects output growth to increase to about 4½ percent by 2013. Additional hotel capacity, combined with vigorous marketing and more frequent airlift, is expected to boost growth. This outlook does not foresee a prolonged period of adverse headwinds from the current global economic downturn. The mission believes that there is a need to build on the 2007 National Development Plan, by improving the investment climate and fostering higher labor utilization, which would also ease the strain on public finances. Additional measures that the government could take to enhance productivity and efficiency include:

• Basing tourism development on a long-term plan that considers related policies and needs for infrastructure and services. The authorities recognized that the ongoing expansion in stayover capacity presents a number of challenges if it is to be utilized fully and yield a wider economic return. These include the capacity to supply water, power, roads, skills training, security, airlift, and other services. The authorities argued that the proposed public investment projects were key to escaping from St. Lucia’s rising public debt and low-growth dynamics, by promoting private sector investment as key engine of economic growth.

uA01fig02

Travel Receipts for Tourism-Dependent States, Average 1980–2005

(In percent of exports of goods and services)

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics.

• Improving the investment climate. While St. Lucia continues to be ranked first among Caribbean countries in the World Bank’s Doing Business Indicators, improvements in several areas are needed, particularly cross-border trade, property registration, contract enforcement, foreclosure laws, and the availability of credit information (Figure 7). The mission supported the authorities’ plan to work closely with the business sector and USAID in overcoming weaknesses in the investment climate.

Figure 7
Figure 7

St. Lucia: Macroeconomic Developments, 2007 1/

(In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Source: World Bank, 2008 Doing Business Indicators (2007).Note: ATG stands for Antigua and Barbuda, DMA stands for Dominica, GRD stands for Grenada, JAM stands for Jamaica, KNA stands for St. Kitts and Nevis, LCA stands for St. Lucia, TTO stands for Trinidad and Tobago and VCT stands for St. Vincent and the Grenadines.1/ Smaller numbers represent greater ease in doing business. The indicators are comparable across 175 countries.2/ This is an overall indicator that captures the regulatory costs of doing business; it can be used to analyze specific regulations that enhance or constrain investment, productivity, and growth.3/ This topic identifies the bureaucratic and legal hurdles an entrepreneur must overcome to incorporate and register a new firm. It examines the procedures, time, and cost involved in launching a commercial or industrial firm with up to 50 employees and start-up capital of 10 times the economy’s per-capita gross national income.4/ This topic explores two sets of issues—credit information registries and the effectiveness of collateral and bankruptcy laws in facilitating lending.5/ This topic looks at the efficiency of contract enforcement by following the evolution of a sale of goods dispute and tracking the time, cost, and number of procedures involved from the moment the plaintiff files the lawsuit until actual payment.

• Developing regional trade in goods and services. The mission welcomed the authorities’ progress in implementing the Caribbean Single Market Economy (CSME) requirements and in preparing for the OECS Economic Union. Staff recommended that the authorities enhance regional cooperation in providing government services and rationalizing tax concessions, and continue to support regional efforts to facilitate the movement of goods, labor and capital across OECS and CARICOM countries. The mission also reviewed progress in the implementation of St. Lucia’s 2006 National Export Strategy.

• Diversifying exports. The hurricane-affected downturn in banana exports in 2007 has negative implications for employment creation, income levels, and the general standard of living in the island’s rural communities. The mission welcomed the authorities’ intention to develop a five-year strategic management plan, announced in the 2008/09 Budget, to promote diversification in the agriculture sector. Staff agreed with the authorities that in the medium term, the expansion in hotel room capacity and the upturn in tourist arrivals will likely stimulate local demand for agricultural production.

• Strengthening underdeveloped social safety nets. In St. Lucia a series of social programs has evolved over time in a piecemeal fashion, which is both expensive and inefficient in targeting the needs of the most vulnerable. Poverty has increased in recent years, due to the slowdown in economic activity and the downturn in banana exports. The mission noted that the authorities plan to expand social safety nets through the introduction of a St. Lucian version of the Chilean Puente program, promote the use of food stamps in local stores, and raise the level of public assistance payments. Nonetheless, the mission stressed the need to sharpen the focus and coherence of poverty reduction initiatives and ensure that they are linked to the social development programs in the budget, consistent with overall macroeconomic and fiscal objectives. The mission also welcomed the authorities’ plans to develop a National Poverty Reduction Strategy, with a view to improving the coherence of social protection programs.

B. Fiscal Consolidation and Debt Sustainability

12. St. Lucia’s fiscal deficits are mainly structural, reflecting adverse trends in the tax base and a lack of adequate project appraisal. Tax competition has led to a steady erosion of the fiscal revenue base, particularly for corporate taxes.4 At the same time, the inability of the authorities to adequately appraise public sector investment projects has led to an increase in investment expenditure. Despite recent welcome efforts at fiscal consolidation, these adverse trends are set to intensify in the period ahead, making corrective action urgent. In particular, debt service is consuming a large share of current revenues, and the debt burden needs to be reduced further.

uA01fig03

St. Lucia: Public Sector Debt Dynamics 1/

(In percent of GDP)

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Sources: St. Lucia authorities; and Fund staff estimates and projections.1/ Data are for fiscal years beginning April 1.

13. The authorities agreed that deficit pressures are a serious concern. Although St. Lucia’s debt-to-GDP ratio is the lowest in the ECCU, the mission was concerned that expenditures will grow rapidly once the government begins to implement its investment plans, without significantly increasing the buoyancy of revenues. On current policies, staff projections show a widening of the primary deficit into the medium term, chiefly due to the government’s proposed acceleration in investment spending. In this scenario, public debt would reach 73 percent of GDP by FY 2013/14. Staff’s projections also show that even in an alternative scenario with higher growth, it is necessary to take additional revenue and expenditure measures to bring public finances in line with long-run debt sustainability (Annex I).

14. The challenge is to contain the fiscal deficit while accommodating a modest increase in social and capital spending. On the basis of the alternative scenario, the mission recommended a primary surplus of about 2 percent of GDP over the medium term. This adjustment requires implementing tax policy and administrative reforms to broaden the tax base. However, as the scope for immediate revenue measures appears small, most of the adjustment during FY 2008/09 would come from greater prioritization of capital expenditures (about 4 percent of GDP lower than the 2008/09 budget). This scenario will also allow for higher social spending, while reducing the deficit. Grants from the European Union and Taiwan, Province of China, are expected to increase, yet disbursements are not expected to reach the level envisaged in the budget. Under this alternative scenario and with annual GDP growth of about 5 percent, staff projections show that debt could fall to below 60 percent of GDP by 2012, eight years earlier than required under the ECCB Monetary Council’s benchmark (see Annex I). While the authorities broadly supported the need for fiscal consolidation, they viewed increased near-term capital spending as necessary to expand tourism infrastructure, attract FDI and private investment, and continue the transformation of the economy away from agriculture toward tourism-based services.

St. Lucia: Yield from Additional Fiscal Measures, FY 2008/09–2013/14

(Average yield per year)

article image
Source: Fund staff estimates.

Revenue positive VAT is introduced in FY 2009/10.

Property tax reform takes effect in FY 2009/10.

More flexible domestic retail pricing takes effect in mid-2008.

15. Over the medium term, there is scope to raise revenues by broadening the tax base. Major aspects include:

• Taxation of petroleum products. Staff welcomed the adjustment of retail prices of petroleum products in early 2008 and the authorities’ commitment to pursue a flexible oil pricing mechanism, as announced in the Budget Speech of April 2008. However, world oil prices have since risen further and are projected to remain high over the medium term. At present, retail prices of petroleum products are the lowest in the region and the effective tax rate has declined dramatically. The mission recommended a flexible pricing mechanism, so as to ensure that the revenue authorities garner the full amount of the legislated consumption tax as world (and landed) petroleum prices change.

• Property taxation. Although the real estate sector continues to perform well, property tax collections have remained flat. The mission urged the authorities to accelerate plans to move to a market valuation-based property tax system (preferably during FY 2009/10) once the required cadastral surveys are completed, with minimal exemptions permitted. Staff supports the authorities’ intention to model the proposed enabling legislation on that of St. Kitts and Nevis, which will facilitate harmonization of legislation in the region.

• Introduction of the VAT. The mission recommended that the authorities step up their efforts to introduce a VAT in FY 2009/10, including by strengthening domestic tax and customs operations, and continuing to seek relevant technical assistance from CARTAC and the Fund. The authorities will soon establish the VAT Implementation Unit, and plan to seek assistance from CARTAC and the Fund in drafting relevant legislation. Staff reiterated its caution against having a large number of zero-rated and exempt products and services, as this will weaken the VAT regime by increasing the administrative burden, eroding the tax base, distorting incentives in the tax regime, and complicating compliance. In particular, the mission underscored the need to resist pressures to exempt the tourism sector and to avoid multiple VAT rates. The authorities were also encouraged to announce a specific date for VAT implementation and begin to educate the public on the attributes of the VAT.

• Strengthening tax administration. Currently, taxpayer registration is undertaken on a voluntary basis. The mission emphasized the need to strengthen the administrative capacity to identify and register taxpayers, and to clean up the outdated register, which will also be important for the introduction of the VAT. The mission also welcomed steps taken in both the Customs and Inland Revenue Departments to strengthen the auditing process.

16. Expenditures will need to be curtailed and management of public debt enhanced:

• Prioritization of capital expenditure. The 2008/09 budget affirmed the government’s commitment to undertake a large number of high-profile projects announced in the National Development Plan of 2007. While the mission supports improvements in transportation and tourism-related infrastructure, it is critical that infrastructure projects be prioritized and properly phased. Staff welcomed the authorities’ commitment to introduce a formal public sector investment program (PSIP) mechanism to ensure the effectiveness of capital expenditures, which would involve the implementation of multi-year rolling PSIPs, and urged the government to seek technical assistance from CARTAC and the CDB.

• Debt management. The mission supports the authorities’ efforts to strengthen technical capacity in its debt management unit, following technical assistance from the Fund’s Monetary and Capital Markets Department (received in May 2008).5 It is hoped that the enhanced debt management will allow the authorities to more accurately monitor existing debt, inform as to the timing of future debt payments, advise on the least-cost source of managing cash flows, and formulate a strategy for retiring high-cost debt. It is also important that potential contingent liabilities resulting from expected public private partnership (PPP) projects be closely monitored.

• Civil service wages. Civil service wage negotiations for the 2008–10 triennium will commence later in 2008, and the mission expressed concern regarding the effects on competitiveness of excessive wage increases. The mission and the authorities agreed on the importance of limiting wage increases, to facilitate fiscal consolidation and dampen second-round increases in inflation, particularly as the authorities do not have an independent monetary policy that can be used to achieve these goals. In addition, civil service reforms should be undertaken, which would offer some scope for savings while providing greater differentiation in the pay scale between higher- and lower-skilled workers.

C. External Stability

17. St. Lucia’s real exchange rate appears to be in line with fundamentals. Staff analyses indicate that St. Lucia’s actual real effective exchange rate (REER) is close to its equilibrium level, reflecting the depreciation of the U.S. dollar against major currencies (Figure 8).6 Since 2000, the equilibrium REER has also depreciated, due to the ongoing decline in both the terms of trade and relative tourist arrivals, and the accumulation of net foreign liabilities.

Figure 8
Figure 8

St. Lucia: External Competitiveness, 1991–2007

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Sources: ECCB; Caribbean Tourism Organization; St. Lucia authorities; and Fund staff calculations.1/ An increase (decrease) indicates an appreciation (depreciation).2/ The sharp movements in the competitor-based real exchange rate in 2002–04 were largely driven by the Dominican Republic’s peso.
uA01fig04

St. Lucia: Actual and Equilibrium REER, 1979–2007 1/

(Index 2000=100)

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Sources: IMF, Information Notice System; and Pineda and Cashin, “Is the Eastern Caribbean Dollar Overvalued?,” forthcoming IMF Working Paper.1/ The shaded band around the equilibrium exchange rate represents the 90 percent confidence interval.

18. Sustaining competitiveness in the medium term depends on upgrading the capacity of the tourism sector. The depreciation of the actual REER has improved the attractiveness of St. Lucia as a tourist destination, and is expected to lead to a reversal in the recent decline in tourist arrivals. The mission concurred with the authorities’ expectation that ongoing improvements in tourism-related infrastructure, along with increased airlift, more competitive intra-Caribbean airfares, and promotional efforts, will also boost tourism performance, although higher oil prices pose a downside risk.

uA01fig05

St. Lucia: Contributions to Changes in Equilibrium Exchange Rate, 1982–2007

(In percent)

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Source: Pineda and Cashin, “Is the Eastern Caribbean Dollar Overvalued?,” forthcoming IMF Working Paper.

19. St. Lucia’s current account deficits are broadly in line with estimated equilibrium levels. Using the macroeconomic balance approach, staff estimates put the equilibrium current account deficit under current policies (the current account ‘norm’) at around 23 percent of GDP. This is above St. Lucia’s projected medium-term (2013) deficit of about 18 percent of GDP.7 This implies that despite their apparent high levels, medium-term current account imbalances in St. Lucia—financed not by the accumulation of external sovereign debt but largely by private capital flows (particularly FDI)—appear sustainable. While deficits are projected to remain above estimated equilibrium levels for several years, which heightens external vulnerabilities, imbalances are expected to decline over the medium term to a sustainable level. Moreover, public external debt is expected to be roughly constant (as a share of GDP) over the medium term, at a level which appears consistent with stability of the currency union. The authorities agreed with this assessment, noting that the import content of FDI flows is extremely high, so that if FDI falters, then current account imbalances will shrink as well, with only limited dislocation of the domestic economy. Nonetheless, St. Lucia’s large stocks of public and external debt make further fiscal consolidation key to enhancing debt sustainability, maintaining competitiveness, and supporting the region’s currency board arrangement.

uA01fig06

St. Lucia: Current Account Deficit, Actual and Estimated Norms 1/

(In percent of GDP)

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Sources: Pineda and Cashin, “Is the Eastern Caribbean Dollar Overvalued?,” forthcoming IMF Working Paper; Fund staff estimates and projections1/ In computing the norms, medium-term values of the fiscal balance, oil-balance, output growth, and relative income are drawn from staff projections. Band is ±1 standard error of the prediction. CARICOM sample includes ECCU countries and The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, and Jamaica. Full sample includes 21 tourism-dependent economies as defined by Bayoumi and others (2005).2/ Based on Fund staff estimates. Medium-term is 2013.

D. Real and Financial Sector Vulnerabilities

20. St. Lucia remains one of the world’s most disaster-prone countries. Given the experience of St. Lucia in 2007 (Hurricane Dean in August and earthquake in November), the mission welcomed St. Lucia’s continued participation in the CCRIF, and the recent effective reduction in St. Lucia’s premium for disaster insurance charged by the CCRIF.8 The mission supported the authorities’ efforts in: enhancing the National Emergency Management Organization and improving the national emergency response plan; introducing the OECS disaster risk management benchmarking tool; and seeking to alter the modalities of the CCRIF to better reflect the asset structure of CARICOM countries. Staff urged the speedy passage of the 2006 Disaster Management Act, the introduction of strengthened building codes, and greater take-up of insurance of public and private assets.

Worldwide Incidence of Natural Disasters, 1970–2007

article image
Sources: EM-DAT for data on natural disasters; World Bank, World Development Indicators for data on land area and population. Note: The sample contains 190 economies. Simple unweighted averages are used for country groupings. Rankings are in descending order, with “1” indicating the most exposed to natural disaster.

21. While the authorities intend to revitalize the agricultural industry, the banana sector is likely to continue to contract due to competitive pressures and the ongoing erosion of trade preferences in European markets.9 The mission supports the authorities’ efforts to bolster social safety nets for displaced farmers and agricultural workers, and recommends focusing on time-bound measures such as income transfers, retraining programs, noncontributory pensions, and limited subsidies on agricultural inputs (to encourage diversification into nonbanana agriculture). While the European Union continues to fund efforts to alleviate the social impact of the sector’s decline, the mission notes the slow pace of donor support for much-needed investment in health, education and social spending.

22. The collapse in donor assistance has slowed the transition of the economy out of agriculture. The authorities generally agreed with the mission’s recommendations on easing the transition of the economy from agriculture toward tourism, but clearly stated their disappointment at the continued lack of donor support for investment in health, education and social spending.

23. The macroeconomic outlook is subject to considerable risks, notably international financial turbulence and the slowdown in the world economy. While St. Lucia’s domestic credit markets remain largely unaffected by international financial volatility, slower growth and consumption in the U.S. and world economy, accompanied by high energy prices, may dampen the flow of tourists and private capital to the Caribbean.

St. Lucia: EU Banana Support

article image
Sources: St. Lucia authorities; Delegation of the European Commission, Barbados.

24. Strong credit growth, financed by increased foreign borrowing of banks, calls for closer monitoring of financial sector soundness. Very high domestic lending growth, due in part to growing competition between bank and nonbank financial institutions, points to increased credit risks and the potential for the erosion of financial system assets. The sharp slowdown in economic activity in 2007, compounded by St. Lucia’s vulnerability to natural disasters and the likely impact of slower world growth on tourism, poses further risks to the longstanding stability of the banking sector. Although the financial sector as a whole appears well capitalized and profitable, the mission urged the authorities to step up on-site and offsite supervision of banks (particularly local banks) by the ECCB, and recommended that more attention be given to crisis management. While the authorities broadly agreed with the staff’s recommendations, they were sanguine regarding the extent of any deterioration in the quality of banks’ loan portfolios.

25. Enhanced regulation and supervision of nonbank financial institutions is also a priority. Additional measures need to be taken to strengthen the effectiveness of financial sector supervision, including through the development of a broad supervisory framework to regulate all nonbank financial institutions. Staff welcomed the enhancement of supervision of nonbanks by the strengthening of the Financial Services Supervision Unit, and the likely end- 2008 passage of the OECS-wide uniform Cooperatives Society Act, uniform Insurance Act, and uniform Money Services Act. While Cabinet has approved an independent Single Regulatory Unit (SRU) for nonbanks, additional steps need to be taken to ensure that the SRU is established as soon as possible. The mission supports the authorities’ intention to establish the SRU as an independent statutory authority, responsible for supervision of the offshore financial sector, domestic insurance sector, credit unions, money transfer institutions, and the soon-to-be established National Development Bank. Staff also supports the authorities’ request for CARTAC technical assistance in the drafting of enabling legislation and acknowledges further progress in improving the AML/CFT regime. The mission noted the completion in February 2008 of mutual evaluation of financial regulation by the Caribbean Financial Action Task Force, and recommended that firm and prompt action be taken to close nontransparent investment schemes (Box 3).

E. Other Issues

26. St. Lucia’s statistical data remains weak, despite ongoing efforts to enhance databases. In particular, improvements in coverage and timeliness are needed to facilitate effective policymaking, surveillance, and inform public debate. Additional resources need to be devoted to strengthening data in the areas of national accounts, private sector external debt, tourism, labor markets, and foreign project aid. The mission welcomed the authorities’ recent initiative to construct and rebase the consumer price index, and its work in rebasing the national accounts to 2005 (in line with other OECS countries).

27. St. Lucia is grappling with the challenges facing the entire ECCU—a slowing of growth and a spike in inflation triggered by external shocks and a weakened external environment. The potential for further increases in already-high world oil and food prices is a major risk to St. Lucia’s economy. Regarding oil prices and supplies, the mission noted that work on the construction of a privately-owned oil refinery has yet to commence, and that St. Lucia continues to abstain from signing the PetroCaribe Agreement with Venezuela. On food prices, the authorities indicated that they are taking steps to encourage local agriculture production (including through subsidies for fertilizer), continuing to subsidize the price of flour, sugar and rice, and have placed an additional 15 basic food and health-related goods under price controls, involving maximum wholesale and retail margins. They have also implemented the CARICOM initiative to temporarily (until March 2010) suspend the common external tariff on several items of imported foodstuffs. The mission advised against additional price controls, due to their inability to effectively target support, and encouraged the authorities to seek the assistance of the CDB and the World Bank in the design of well-functioning social safety nets to deliver assistance to the poor.

III. Staff Appraisal

28. St. Lucia’s macroeconomic performance has been mixed in 2007, while nearterm prospects are favorable. Activity has been flat, reflecting the contraction in hurricane-affected agriculture, construction activity, and stayover tourism arrivals. Inflation increased sharply at end-2007, driven by higher imported food and energy prices. Growth is likely to accelerate in 2008 and 2009, due to a rebound in agriculture, rising tourism-related construction activity and growing tourism flows, while inflation is projected to remain elevated.

29. Both the real effective exchange rate and medium-term current account deficits appear to be broadly in line with fundamentals. While current account deficits are projected to remain high for an extended period, capital flows and current account imbalances will decline over the medium term. In addition, external debt is projected to remain constant over the medium term, and large new private construction investment in tourism points to continuing strong prospects in this key sector of the economy, although persistent high oil prices could dampen these prospects somewhat. Nonetheless, further fiscal consolidation is necessary to bolster external competitiveness, assist in maintaining external stability, and support the quasi-currency board arrangement.

30. Fiscal imbalances and the stock of public debt need to be brought to more sustainable levels. Despite the recent welcome improvement in fiscal balances, projected fiscal trends increase the risk that earlier consolidation gains could be reversed. While the approved budget for 2008/09, if fully implemented, would widen fiscal imbalances, implementation constraints will again likely dampen expenditures. Nonetheless, public debt remains high, constraining the fiscal room for maneuver in the event of shocks, while the burden of debt servicing limits the ability to undertake much needed social and poverty-reduction spending. Key fiscal initiatives include:

  • Revenue reforms. The authorities should move quickly to broaden the tax base through introduction of the VAT and market valuation-based property taxation, and institute more flexible domestic petroleum pricing. To ensure the integrity of consumption taxation, it is vital to avoid weakening the prospective VAT through exemptions and tax concessions.

  • Expenditure restraint. Capital expenditures need to be prioritized and properly evaluated, along with limiting growth in the civil service wage bill.

  • Debt management. Ongoing efforts by the authorities to strengthen the capacity for debt management are well placed.

31. Prompt action is needed to strengthen social safety nets. The ongoing erosion of trade preferences and the high price of imported food and fuel are having important economic and social consequences. Staff supports the authorities’ plans to provide well-targeted safety nets, drawing upon assistance from external donors where possible, and suggests that price controls be phased out once such safety nets are in place.

32. Financial sector vulnerabilities call for close monitoring. The ongoing credit boom amidst an economic slowdown could erode the quality of banking system assets, raising the importance of effective banking supervision. Prompt action is also needed to terminate unregulated financial institutions, in particular the nontransparent investment schemes operating in St. Lucia. Staff urges the authorities to expedite their efforts to consolidate regulation and supervision of nonbank financial intermediaries, and enhance supervision of international financial services.

33. Economic and social statistics need to be enhanced. Data often remain scanty in terms of coverage, timeliness, and reliability. Staff welcomes the authorities’ focus on strengthening data quality and provision, including by seeking technical assistance from CARTAC, the ECCB and the Fund.

34. It is recommended that the next Article IV consultation take place on the standard 12-month cycle.

St. Lucia: The 2008/09 Budget

The budget (introduced in April 2008) is designed to steer a course through tough economic times. Planned projects include: (i) revitalizing the agriculture sector; (ii) investing heavily in training in order to address skills-mismatches in the productive sectors of the economy; (iii) re-establishing a National Development Bank that will offer financial and technical support to farmers and small businesses; and (iv) fighting crime.

If fully implemented, the budget will worsen the fiscal deficit and increase public debt. Absent implementation constraints, the budget implies a significant deterioration in the primary and overall fiscal deficits to 2 percent and 5.3 percent of GDP, respectively. Financing from loans and new bond issues will increase the central government debt to 65 percent of GDP. In addition, the budget envisages grants to the tune of 4 percent of GDP, though the historical average is about 0.1 percent of GDP.

Much of the deterioration in the primary balance stems from an increase in capital spending. The budget scales up capital spending to 14.7 percent of GDP, though the historical implementation rate has yielded capital spending of less than 10 percent of GDP. The government justifies increased spending with additional demands for infrastructure to support the agriculture, information technology, and tourism sectors. Current expenditure is set to increase by about 1.5 percent of GDP, including on social programs.

Revenue projections appear realistic. The increase in current revenue (½ of 1 percent of GDP) will be largely derived from higher receipts from tax arrears. A key measure in the budget is a two-year income tax amnesty, which will make it easier for taxpayers to settle their arrears, which are currently estimated at EC$324 million (about 10½ percent of GDP), inclusive of interest and penalties.

St. Lucia: Operations of the Central Government, FY 2005/06–2008/09

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Sources: St. Lucia authorities; and Fund staff estimates and projections.

St. Lucia: Current Account Deficit

In 2007 the current account deficit remained elevated at 29 percent of GDP and continued to be mostly financed by FDI for tourism-sector investment (24 percent of GDP). The current account deficit in St. Lucia is mostly driven by imports, which represent over 50 percent of GDP, a large portion of which is related to FDI-financed tourism projects. Assuming an import content of 90 percent, the table shows that FDI explains a significant part of current account imbalances. Adjusting for temporary effects such as the shortfall in tourist arrivals, and excluding FDI-financed imports, the current account deficit declines to below 1 percent of GDP.

St. Lucia: The Underlying Current Account Balance

(In percent of GDP)

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Assumes that 90 percent of FDI is spent on imports.

Imports grew by less than 1 percentage point of GDP in 2007. Rising world energy prices led to a sharp increase of fuel imports, but this was largely offset by a decline of construction-related imports as a result of a weakening in public sector construction activities. Despite higher food prices, food imports grew by only 2.3 percent, as stayover tourist arrivals declined in 2007.

Due to a sharp increase in cruise-ship arrivals, tourism receipts grew by a modest 4 percent in 2007, despite a 5 percent decline in stayover tourist arrivals. A variety of factors contributed to the decline in stayover tourists, including: Cricket World Cup-related disruptions during the peak winter tourist season; more stringent rules on Caribbean travel for U.S. nationals; and problems with the availability and cost of intra-regional airlift. The shift toward more cruise-ship arrivals also contributed to a further decline of average visitor expenditure, as stayover tourists tend to spend considerably more than cruise-ship passengers.

For 2008 the current account deficit is expected to remain high, and continue to be financed largely by FDI. Imports as a share of GDP are not expected to fall sharply to pre-2006 levels as several major hotel projects are set to commence in the second half of 2008, and food and energy import prices are projected to rise significantly. Tourism receipts should recover in 2008 as a result of an aggressive marketing campaign in the U.S., and new direct flights from the United States and the United Kingdom.

uA01fig07

Evolution of the Current Account, FDI, and Terms of Trade

(In percent of GDP)

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

uA01fig08

Tourism Receipts and Tourist Arrivals

(Percentage change)

Citation: IMF Staff Country Reports 2008, 329; 10.5089/9781451823271.002.A001

Unregulated Investment Schemes in St. Lucia

In several Caribbean countries, unregulated investment schemes (UIS) appear to be growing quickly. The schemes claim unusually high monthly returns and operate through a system of referrals by existing members, features shared with pyramid schemes which inevitably collapse. Most of the schemes claim to be engaged in foreign exchange trading.

One UIS is known to be operating in St. Lucia. The Wilshaw Forex Club Ltd. appears to have commenced operations in December 2007. It invests through TCI FX Traders Ltd, which describes itself as “an open ended investment company incorporated in the Turks and Caicos Islands (TCI) on August 16, 2006 and subject to the laws of the TCI.” According to the Wilshaw prospectus, TCI FX Traders Ltd. is established for the purpose of investing through OLINT TCI, a FX trading entity with the object of “obtaining constant above average return through a disciplined investment approach.” Overseas Locket International (OLINT) originated in Jamaica and promised extremely high returns of 6–20 percent per month, but the Jamaican authorities issued cease and desist orders against OLINT in 2006. The St. Kitts Government also issued an advisory that OLINT had never been licensed to conduct investment or any other business in St. Kitts.

Prompt policy action against UIS is needed. Country experiences suggest that such schemes can inflict extensive damage to financial and social-political stability. The St. Lucian authorities should provide prominent public warnings of the risks, issue a financial advisory that any such schemes are not licensed, and announce no bailout for participants. Coordinated regulatory action by the Eastern Caribbean Securities Regulatory Commission (ECSRC), the ECCB, and the St. Lucian authorities to shut down such schemes is also urgently needed, including as a first step establishing which agency has the relevant jurisdictional authority.

Table 1

St. Lucia: Selected Social and Economic Indicators, 2004–09

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Sources: St. Lucia authorities; ECCB; and Fund staff estimates and projections.

Changes in relation to liabilities to private sector at beginning of period.

Data are for fiscal years beginning April 1.

Comprises domestic and external interest and amortization.

Comprises external interest and amortization.

Includes liabilities to the National Insurance Corporation.

Total public (including nonguaranteed) debt in percent of GDP.

Based on the baseline scenario.

Table 2

St. Lucia: Operations of the Central Government, 2005–13 (Baseline Scenario) 1/

(In millions of EC dollars)

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Sources: St. Lucia authorities; and Fund staff estimates and projections.

Data are for fiscal years beginning April 1.

In the baseline scenario, a VAT is introduced in 2009 which is revenue positive.

Table 3

St. Lucia: Operations of the Central Government, 2005–13 (Baseline Scenario)1/

(In percent of GDP)

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Sources: St. Lucia authorities; and Fund staff estimates and projections.

Data are for fiscal years beginning April 1.

In the baseline scenario, a VAT is introduced in 2009 which is revenue positive.

Table 4

St. Lucia: Operations of the Central Government, 2005–13 (Alternative Scenario)1/

(In millions of EC dollars)

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Sources: St. Lucia authorities; and Fund staff estimates and projections.

Data are for fiscal years beginning April 1.

In the alternative scenario, a VAT is introduced in 2009 which is revenue positive.

Capital expenditure for 2008/09 is assumed to be in line with the average capital expenditure-to-GDP ratio during 2005–06.

Table 5

St. Lucia: Operations of the Central Government, 2005–13 (Alternative Scenario)1/

(In percent of GDP)

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Sources: St. Lucia authorities; and Fund staff estimates and projections.

Data are for fiscal years beginning April 1.

In the alternative scenario, a VAT is introduced in 2009 which is revenue positive.

Capital expenditure for 2008/09 is assumed to be in line with the average capital expenditure-to-GDP ratio during 2005–06.

Table 6

St. Lucia: Balance of Payments Summary, 2005–13 (Baseline Scenario)

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Sources: St. Lucia authorities; ECCB; and Fund staff estimates and projections.
Table 7

St. Lucia: Monetary Survey, 2003–09

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Sources: St. Lucia authorities; ECCB; and Fund staff estimates and projections.

Including resident foreign currency deposits.

Nominal GDP at market prices divided by liabilities to the private sector.

Table 8

St. Lucia: Medium-Term Projections, 2005–13

(In percent of GDP, unless otherwise specified)

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Sources: St. Lucia authorities; and Fund staff projections.

Data are for fiscal years beginning April 1.

Includes debt guaranteed by the central government.

The consolidated public sector guaranteed and nonguaranteed debt.

Table 9

St. Lucia: Public Sector Debt, 2004–08 1/

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Sources: St. Lucia authorities; and Fund staff estimates and projections.

Net of intra-public sector debt (mainly central government debt to the NIC). The consolidated public sector includes the government, the National Insurance Corporation (NIC), and nonfinancial public enterprises.

Treasury bills purchased by nonresidents on the RGSM since March 2003, are included.

Including foreign currency deposits.

Interest payment as percent of the average debt stock at beginning and end period.

Table 10

St. Lucia: Indicators of External and Financial Vulnerability, 2004–08

(Annual percentage changes, unless otherwise specified)

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Sources: St. Lucia authorities; ECCB; and Fund staff estimates and projections.

Includes errors and omissions.

Composite Index.

Table 11

St. Lucia: Millennium Development Goals Country Profile 1/

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Sources: World Development Indicators database; and Fund staff estimates.

As of June 23, 2008.

Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water

Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system. Address the special needs of the least developed and landlocked countries, and of small island developing states. Deal comprehensively with the problems of developing countries and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth. In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in development countries. In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications.

Annex I. St. Lucia: Medium-Term Outlook Under Alternative Fiscal Scenarios

The risk of current fiscal policies leading to an unsustainable level of public debt remains high, given the pressure for capital and social spending. In the absence of containment of capital spending, and an increase in revenues, current debt dynamics are unfavorable.

Two fiscal scenarios are considered—a baseline scenario and an alternative scenario. Under the baseline scenario, discussed in the text, the debt stock and debt servicing costs continue to rise; under the alternative scenario, the stock of debt declines gradually over the medium term, achieving the ECCB Monetary Council’s debt benchmark (60 percent of GDP by 2020) in FY 2012/13.

Baseline scenario. This scenario assumes that the authorities will continue current policies with overall imbalances that are financed commercially, and also through some grants from Taiwan Province of China. Financing is assumed to continue to be available ad infinitum. In the medium term, growth remains driven by public and private investment, mainly through large-scale infrastructure and tourism sector construction, but is still lower (by about ½ of 1 percent) than under the alternative scenario. On the revenue side, new measures would be limited to the introduction of a revenue-positive VAT in FY 2009/10. On the expenditure side, the wage bill would remain constant (as a share of GDP), and there would be an increase in capital expenditure. Under this scenario, the central government primary deficit (excluding grants) would deteriorate, reaching 2.2 percent of GDP by FY 2009/10, and public debt would rise to about 73 percent of GDP by FY 2013/14 (Table 8, Baseline Scenario).

Alternative scenario. The broad theme of this scenario is fiscal consolidation and additional social spending. This is expected to be achieved through greater revenue mobilization and a reduction in capital expenditure. Revenue initiatives will focus on: (i) increased petroleum product taxes in FY 2008/09 through flexible adjustment of domestic retail prices; (ii) introduction of a market valuation-based property tax in FY 2009/10; and (iii) more vigorous collection of domestic taxes and tax arrears. Additional grants are expected from the European Union and Taiwan Province of China. On the expenditure side, to create room for planned additional social spending, growth in the real wage bill will be curtailed (by holding constant the number of civil servants), while capital expenditure will be cut by the elimination or postponement of low-priority projects.

With the impetus from prioritization of public sector capital projects, the underlying growth is expected to accelerate with greater activity in the private sector, and is estimated at about 5 percent over the medium term. Under this scenario, the central government primary balance (excluding grants) would reach a surplus of 0.2 percent of GDP by FY 2009/10, and public debt would decline to about 60 percent of GDP by FY 2012/13 (Table 8, Alternative Scenario).

Annex II. St. Lucia: Summary of Appendices

Fund Relations

St. Lucia does not have outstanding obligations to the Fund. St. Lucia is a member of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB), which manages monetary policy and the exchange system for its eight members. The common currency, the Eastern Caribbean dollar, has been pegged to the U.S. dollar at the rate of EC$2.70 per U.S. dollar since July 1976. St. Lucia has accepted the obligations of Article VIII, Sections 2, 3, and 4, and maintains an exchange system free of restrictions on the making of payments and transfers for current international transactions. The last Article IV consultation was concluded by the Executive Board on September 26, 2007 (IMF Country Report No. 08/67). CARTAC has provided extensive technical assistance in recent years. In addition, FAD fielded a VAT and tax administration mission in September/October 2007, a PSIA mission on poverty and trade preference erosion in December 2007, and MCM fielded a debt management mission in April/May 2008.

Relations with the World Bank Group 10

In September 2005, the Eastern Caribbean Sub-Region Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) for FY 2006–09 was presented to the Board of the World Bank. The strategy supports the subregion’s development agenda through two main pillars: (i) stimulating growth and improving competitiveness; and (2) reducing vulnerability, by promoting greater social inclusion and strengthening disaster risk management. There are eight active World Bank projects in St. Lucia for a net commitment of approximately US$47.68 million: Telecommunications and ICT Development, Water Supply Infrastructure Improvement, HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control, the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility, the OECS Skills for Inclusive Growth, the OECS E-Government for Regional Integration, St. Lucia Disaster Management, and St. Lucia Education Development.

Relations with the Caribbean Development Bank 11

St. Lucia continued to receive financing from the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) for infrastructure development, human resource development, the formulation and implementation of economic, social and sectoral policies, direct and indirect lending to the productive sectors, environmental protection and poverty reduction. At end-2007, St. Lucia had a total outstanding balance of US$129.9 million. Since 1970, CDB financing for St. Lucia has been distributed mainly in the transportation and communication, education, and manufacturing sectors.

Statistical Issues

St. Lucia participates in the Fund’s General Data Dissemination System (GDDS). Although the statistical database compares well with those of its ECCU peers, there are weaknesses in coverage, frequency, quality, and timeliness, in particular: incorporation of tourism in the national accounts, the public sector beyond the central government, and the balance of payments.
1

The Article IV discussions were held in Castries during June 5–18, 2008. The staff team comprised Messrs. Cashin (Head), Nassar, and Ms. Sun (all WHD). The mission met with the Prime Minister (and Minister of Finance), the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Finance, the Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, other senior government officials, opposition parliamentarians, representatives of the financial and business sectors, as well as farmers, trade unions and civil society. Staff of the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) and Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) also participated. Mr. Charleton (OED) joined for the final discussions.

2

St. Lucia was affected by the passage of Hurricane Dean in August 2007, which damaged the agriculture sector and some public infrastructure, and by an earthquake in November 2007. The latter natural disaster triggered a payment of US$0.5 million under the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF).

3

The consultation was complemented by the Executive Board discussion of the Staff Report for the 2007 Eastern Caribbean Currency Union Discussion on Common Policies of Member Countries, the report for which covers common regional issues related to monetary and exchange rate issues and banking system supervision (see IMF Country Report No. 08/94).

4

See Nassar (2008), “Corporate Income Tax Competition in the Caribbean,” IMF Working Paper WP/08/77.

5

Three key recommendations arising from the MCM mission include that: the Ministry of Finance establish a Debt Advisory Committee (chaired by the Permanent Secretary) to ensure the consistency of debt management policy with other macroeconomic policies; the Ministry of Finance’s Debt and Investment Unit enhance its ability to develop its debt management strategy, risk analysis and reporting; and that a general sinking fund be established to mitigate exposure to rollover risk on maturing public debt.

6

See Pineda and Cashin (2008), “Assessing Exchange Rate Competitiveness in the ECCU,” in ECCU: Selected Issues, IMF Country Report No. 08/96.

7

The panel regression (for the period 1979–2007) includes 21 tourism-dependent countries—see Pineda and Cashin (2008), “Is the Eastern Caribbean Dollar Overvalued?,” forthcoming IMF Working Paper.

8

In January 2008 the CCRIF announced a reduction in premium to member states. During 2007 several CARICOM countries experienced significant damage due to hurricanes, which failed to trigger payouts under the parametric-based scheme due to insufficient wind speeds.

9

The medium-term plans for the banana industry entail a smaller number of productive growers, producing high-quality bananas for export to Europe under the higher-priced ‘fair trade’ label. Beginning January 1, 2008, banana exports from St. Lucia have continued to enter the European Union duty-free, under the EU-CARICOM Economic Partnership Agreement.

10

Adapted from text prepared by World Bank staff in June 2008.

11

Adapted from text prepared by Caribbean Development Bank staff in June 2008.

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Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
St. Lucia: 2008 Article IV Consultation: Staff Report; Staff Supplement, and Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion.
Author:
International Monetary Fund
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2008: Issue 329
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
ISBN:
9781451823271
ISSN:
1934-7685
Pages:
66
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5089/9781451823271.002
  • Figure 1
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    Figure 1

    St. Lucia: Macroeconomic Developments, 1985–2007

    (In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)

  • View in gallery

    Sectoral Contribution to GDP Growth

    (In percent)

  • Figure 2
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    Figure 2

    St. Lucia. Inflation Developments, 2000–07

  • Figure 3
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    Figure 3

    St. Lucia: Fiscal Developments, 1990/91–2007/08

    (In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)

  • Figure 4
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    Figure 4

    St. Lucia: Evolution of Public Debt, 2002–07

    (In percent of GDP)

  • Figure 5
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    Figure 5

    St. Lucia: Monetary Developments, 2002–07

  • Figure 6
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    Figure 6

    St. Lucia: Banking System Developments, 2002–08

    (In percent; end of period unless noted otherwise)

  • View in gallery

    Travel Receipts for Tourism-Dependent States, Average 1980–2005

    (In percent of exports of goods and services)

  • Figure 7
    View in gallery
    Figure 7

    St. Lucia: Macroeconomic Developments, 2007 1/

    (In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)

  • View in gallery

    St. Lucia: Public Sector Debt Dynamics 1/

    (In percent of GDP)

  • Figure 8
    View in gallery
    Figure 8

    St. Lucia: External Competitiveness, 1991–2007

  • View in gallery

    St. Lucia: Actual and Equilibrium REER, 1979–2007 1/

    (Index 2000=100)

  • View in gallery

    St. Lucia: Contributions to Changes in Equilibrium Exchange Rate, 1982–2007

    (In percent)

  • View in gallery

    St. Lucia: Current Account Deficit, Actual and Estimated Norms 1/

    (In percent of GDP)

  • View in gallery

    Evolution of the Current Account, FDI, and Terms of Trade

    (In percent of GDP)

  • View in gallery

    Tourism Receipts and Tourist Arrivals

    (Percentage change)

Figure 1

St. Lucia: Macroeconomic Developments, 1985–2007

(In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)

Sectoral Contribution to GDP Growth

(In percent)
Figure 2

St. Lucia. Inflation Developments, 2000–07
Figure 3

St. Lucia: Fiscal Developments, 1990/91–2007/08

(In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)
Figure 4

St. Lucia: Evolution of Public Debt, 2002–07

(In percent of GDP)
Figure 5

St. Lucia: Monetary Developments, 2002–07
Figure 6

St. Lucia: Banking System Developments, 2002–08

(In percent; end of period unless noted otherwise)

Travel Receipts for Tourism-Dependent States, Average 1980–2005

(In percent of exports of goods and services)
Figure 7

St. Lucia: Macroeconomic Developments, 2007 1/

(In percent of GDP, unless otherwise indicated)

St. Lucia: Public Sector Debt Dynamics 1/

(In percent of GDP)
Figure 8

St. Lucia: External Competitiveness, 1991–2007

St. Lucia: Actual and Equilibrium REER, 1979–2007 1/

(Index 2000=100)

St. Lucia: Contributions to Changes in Equilibrium Exchange Rate, 1982–2007

(In percent)

St. Lucia: Current Account Deficit, Actual and Estimated Norms 1/

(In percent of GDP)

Evolution of the Current Account, FDI, and Terms of Trade

(In percent of GDP)

Tourism Receipts and Tourist Arrivals

(Percentage change)