I. Overall Assessment

1. Niger has participated in the General Data Dissemination System (GDDS) since February 26, 2002 and posts its metadata on the IMF’s Data Dissemination Standards Bulletin Board (DSBB). Appendix I provides an overview of Niger’s dissemination practices compared to the GDDS.

2. This ROSC data module contains the following main observations. Niger’s overall macroeconomic statistics is a picture of contrasts. On one hand, the harmonized consumer price index (HCPI), monetary, and balance of payments statistics, which have been developed for the most part within a regional framework, are collected and compiled under relatively favorable conditions. They reflect in part the substantial means at the disposal of the BCEAO. On the other hand, the national accounts and government finance statistics suffer from a chronic lack of resources in the compiling agencies, which also lack a clear strategic vision. The 2004 legislation that, among other things, establishes the National Statistical Institute (INS) and gives it a clear and precise mandate is a step in the right direction, and this legislation should be fully implemented and emulated in the case of fiscal sector data. Other benefits of the legislation should include an improved identification of responsibilities between statistics-producing agencies, a strengthening of resources, and enhanced coordination. These improvements would allow compilers to better respond to users’ needs by enhancing the serviceability of real sector statistics and other statistical products. Generally speaking, resource constraints hamper the development and implementation of work programs, with the possible exception of monetary statistics. Statistical coordination is not always effective because the former National Committee on Statistics was not operational and the new National Council on Statistics (CNS) is not yet operational and not in a position to promote real cooperation among the various agencies that produce macroeconomic statistics. While underlying concepts and definitions usually conform to international standards, the scopes of price and government finance statistics and the classification of national accounts and monetary statistics are weak. Accuracy and reliability suffer from the weakness of data sources, notably in national accounts and price statistics. Each data-producing agency should pay greater attention to improving the serviceability of its statistical products. Dissemination practices across all data-producing agencies focus primarily on a limited circle of known users, neglecting the public at large, with the possible exception of price statistics. For most published data, Niger meets the GDDS periodicity recommendations but falls below these recommendations for the timeliness of dissemination. Section II provides a summary assessment by agency and dataset based on a four-part scale, followed by mission recommendations in Section III. The authorities’ response to this report and a volume of detailed assessments are presented in separate documents.

3. The remainder of this section presents the mission’s main conclusions. The presentation is undertaken at the level of the DQAF’s quality dimensions, by agency for the first two dimensions and across datasets for the remaining four dimensions.

4. Prerequisites of quality and assurances of integrity:

• The statistical legislation adopted in 2004 is scheduled to be fully implemented in 2005. The legal framework regulating Niger’s statistical system is thus in a transitional period, and the following ordinance and decree remain the main legal points of reference: the 1993 Ordinance creating the National Committee on Statistics and regulating coordination, reporting obligations, and secrecy in statistical surveys, and the 1994 Decree on the powers and organization of the MEF’s Statistical and National Accounts Directorate (DSCN).³ The 1994 Decree gives the DSCN the mandate to collect, compile, organize, and disseminate the official statistics of Niger and organize its activities. The 2004 texts are more precise in defining these responsibilities. Within the 1993 legal framework, the DSCN has primary responsibility for a wide range of statistics and takes a leading role in compiling the national accounts and prices statistics. The CNS is not operational, and coordination between agencies is therefore at best informal. Relevance could be improved by systematically assessing users’ needs. Resource constraints, which impose trade-offs between quality dimensions, will need to be addressed before a complete statistics program can be considered. Quality improvement processes need to be introduced along with a culture that emphasizes professionalism. Quality objectives focus on taking steps to eliminate weaknesses only at the time they are identified. The DSCN’s status and its financial dependence on the government budget limits its autonomy, though statistics seem to be produced impartially. Ethical standards are covered by general civil service regulations, but no specific code of conduct exists other than statistical secrecy rules. A public announcement of privileged access to statistics by government officials would enhance transparency. Overall, the DSCN has only a partial view of quality, with insufficient attention being paid to the serviceability and accessibility dimensions.

• Except for public debt statistics, the responsibility of the Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) for compiling government finance statistics (GFS) is not formally defined by law but is rather derived from various texts regulating public accounting and the budget. The MEF’s General Directorate for the Economy (DGE) compiles data on Government Financial Operations (TOFE), broadly according to regional standards laid out in a WAEMU statistical directive, using source data from various MEF units and the BCEAO National Directorate for Niger (DNN). No legal document requires transmission of source data to the DGE, and reporting delays can thus be significant. Severe staffing and material constraints in the DGE impede preparation of the TOFE. Debt data are prepared by the Public Debt Directorate under a MEF instruction (Arrêté). TOFE and debt data are produced for a very limited circle of users and are not disseminated by the MEF. Users other than official users are not consulted on ways to improve the relevance of statistics. The nature of the source data (accounting and other administrative records) and the public accountant’s professional standards contribute to data integrity. The civil service code of conduct establishes clear guidelines for professional behavior. The fact that MEF officials have advance access to the data for their internal needs is not publicized.

• The BCEAO is responsible for monetary and balance of payments statistics. Its legal mandate derives from the Treaty establishing the West African Monetary Union (WAEMU), the BCEAO statutes and banking legislation, together with a WAEMU regulation regarding balance of payments statistics. However, as they relate to the monetary survey, these provisions apply only at the regional level and not to individual Member States. Responsibilities are distributed between Headquarters, in charge of methodology and data collection at the regional level, and the DNN for compilation at the country level. The improvement of statistical quality is a steady priority of the BCEAO, as evidenced by efforts to adhere to international standards, such as migration to the IMF’s Balance of Payments Statistics Manual, 5^th edition (BPM5), the holding of seminars, and the recent allocation of additional resources for monetary statistics. However, the BCEAO’s statistical resources could be distributed in a more balanced way; in 2004 a new staff member for monetary statistics was added, but staffing for the balance of payments statistics is still inadequate. The integrity of statistics appears to be firmly established by the BCEAO statutes, which give it legal independence from government, particularly in recruitment and promotion matters. Transparency would be enhanced, however, by public notification of privileged access to statistics. Staff are informed of the importance of ethical standards, mainly through the 2003 Personnel Charter, which was accompanied by a letter on the subject from the Governor.

5. Methodological soundness. As already mentioned, Niger is a member of the WAEMU, which has a Commission as its executive body and the BCEAO as its common central bank. The concepts and methods of member countries’ macroeconomic statistics are increasingly being determined by these regional bodies, with a view to promoting and monitoring economic convergence. Thus, in addition to the long-standing harmonized approach to monetary and balance of payments statistics practiced by the BCEAO, the WAEMU Commission has issued directives over the past several years aimed at harmonizing statistics for the national accounts (1998), government finance (1997–99), and the harmonized consumer price index (HCPI), (1997). These statistics are broadly in conformity with international guidelines. The national accounts follow the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA), but have not adopted all of its recommendations. The Harmonized Consumer Price Index (HCPI) methodology is broadly consistent with internationally accepted practices but its geographical scope is limited to the city of Niamey. Government finance statistics compiled in the TOFE are broadly consistent with A Government Finance Statistics Manual, 1986 (GFSM 1986) but their institutional coverage falls short of the manual’s recommendations and of the WAEMU directive. No migration path to the Manual on Government Finance Statistics 2001 (GFSM 2001) is in place. The monetary statistics are generally based on the Guide to Money and Banking Statistics in IFS (1984 Guide) but uses an incomplete sectorization of assets and liabilities. Implementation of the Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual (MFSM) has started, but without a precise timetable. The balance of payments statistics are compiled in conformity with the BPM5.

6. Accuracy and reliability. All data sets are affected in various degrees by limitations and inadequacies in their respective source data. National accounts data originate essentially from administrative sources, with many shortcomings, and the household and informal sector surveys are not up-to-date. The unavailability of certain data sources forces the DSCN to use some questionable statistical techniques for the treatment of some national accounts operations. Gross domestic product (GDP) is estimated from the production and expenditure approach but is based on largely obsolete ratios for many line items. Deflators are mostly derived from the HCPI, in the absence of more appropriate price indices. The accuracy of the HCPI is adversely affected by an outdated household expenditure survey that covers only three months of consumption and is thus subject to a seasonal bias. Data for the TOFE, although based on disparate sources, appear to be broadly accurate and reliable. They could be further improved by archiving of preliminary data and by conducting revision studies. The source data for monetary statistics are generally reliable, though they may be reported late. However, the free circulation of banknotes within countries of the zone complicates the estimation of currency in circulation. Although the survey response rate is low, the source data for the balance of payments are adequate. The above-mentioned difficulties owing to banknote circulation among WAEMU countries can complicate the estimation of gross external assets. GDP validation possibilities are limited because the same calculation method is used for estimates and final data. No revision studies are conducted for national accounts statistics and poor archiving practices preclude the conduct of such studies for GFS. Monetary statistics are generally not subject to revisions. While balance of payments data are revised. preliminary data and revisions studies are provided to official users only.

7. Serviceability of the disseminated data is generally inadequate. Except for GFS, the periodicity of dissemination conforms to GDDS recommendations, but the timeliness of the national accounts, GFS, balance of payments, and monetary statistics falls short of GDDS recommendations. Consistency standards are met by the datasets other than the national accounts and government finance. There is a need to introduce, institutionalize, and publicize revision policy and practice for all datasets. Macroeconomic statistics are for the most part designed for a restricted circle of official users and the needs of the general public are not monitored or inadequately so. All these statistics are available in the form of long time series. Revision studies, if any, are not published.

8. Accessibility. The DSCN’s dissemination efforts are impeded by a lack of resources. National accounts are not accessible to all on an equal basis. Most GFS are available on request only, but the public is not so notified. Apart from the HCPI, the balance of payments, and to a lesser extent national accounts, macroeconomic statistics are disseminated without commentary. Metadata are generally not accessible in French. Contact information is limited to the IMF’s DSBB. No link exists between official websites (DSCN, BCEAO, and IZF) and the DSBB. The DSCN and the BCEAO publish a catalog of their publications. Assistance to users is insufficient for all datasets other than prices.

II. Assessment by Agency and Dataset

9. Assessment of the quality of the five macroeconomic datasets (national accounts, consumer price index, government finance, monetary, and external sector statistics) were conducted in accordance with the DQAF. In this section, the results are presented at the level of the DQAF elements, using a four-point rating scale (Table 1). Assessments of the prerequisites of data quality and the assurances of integrity (Dimensions “0” and “1” of the DQAF) are presented in Tables 2a–c. For each statistical dataset, the assessment of methodological soundness, accuracy and reliability, serviceability, and accessibility (Dimensions “2” to “5” of the DQAF) is shown in Tables 3a–e.

Table 1.

Niger: Data Quality Assessment Framework July 2003—Summary Results

Practice observed: current practices generally in observance meet or achieve the objectives of DQAF internationally accepted statistical practices without any significant deficiencies. Practice largely observed: some departures, but these are not seen as sufficient to raise doubts about the authorities’ ability to observe the DQAF practices. Practice largely not observed: significant departures and the authorities will need to take significant action to achieve observance. Practice not observed: most DQAF practices are not met. Not applicable: used only exceptionally when statistical practices do not apply to a country’s circumstances.

Table 1.

Niger: Data Quality Assessment Framework July 2003—Summary Results

Key to symbols: O = Practice Observed; LO = Practice Largely Observed; LNO =Practice Largely Not Observed; NO = Practice Not Observed; NA = Not Applicable
Datasets	National Accounts	Consumer Price Index	Government Finance Statistics	Monetary Statistics	Balance of Payments Statistics
Dimensions/Elements
0. Prerequisites of quality
0.1 Legal and institutional environment	LO	LO	LNO	LO	O
0.2 Resources	LNO	LO	NO	O	LO
0.3 Relevance	LO	O	LO	LO	LO
0.4 Other quality management	LO	LO	LO	O	LO
1. Assurances of integrity
1.1 Professionalism	LO	LO	O	O	O
1.2 Transparency	LO	LO	LO	LO	LO
1.3 Ethical standards	LO	LO	O	O	O
2. Methodological soundness
2.1 Concepts and definitions	LO	O	LO	LO	O
2.2 Scope	LO	LNO	LNO	LO	O
2.3 Classification/sectorization	LNO	O	O	LNO	O
2.4 Basis for recording	LO	O	LO	LO	LO
3. Accuracy and reliability
3.1 Source data	LNO	LNO	LO	LO	LO
3.2 Assessment of source data	LO	O	O	O	LO
3.3 Statistical techniques	LNO	O	O	O	LO
3.4 Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs	LO	LO	O	O	O
3.5 Revision studies	NO	NA	NO	NA	LO
4. Serviceability
4.1 Periodicity and timeliness	LNO	O	LNO	LNO	LNO
4.2 Consistency	LO	O	LO	O	O
4.3 Revision policy and practice	LO	LNO	LNO	LNO	LO
5. Accessibility
5.1 Data accessibility	LO	O	LNO	LO	LO
5.2 Metadata accessibility	LNO	LO	LNO	LNO	LNO
5.3 Assistance to users	LO	O	LNO	LO	LO

Practice observed: current practices generally in observance meet or achieve the objectives of DQAF internationally accepted statistical practices without any significant deficiencies. Practice largely observed: some departures, but these are not seen as sufficient to raise doubts about the authorities’ ability to observe the DQAF practices. Practice largely not observed: significant departures and the authorities will need to take significant action to achieve observance. Practice not observed: most DQAF practices are not met. Not applicable: used only exceptionally when statistical practices do not apply to a country’s circumstances.

View Table

Table 1.

Niger: Data Quality Assessment Framework July 2003—Summary Results

Key to symbols: O = Practice Observed; LO = Practice Largely Observed; LNO =Practice Largely Not Observed; NO = Practice Not Observed; NA = Not Applicable
Datasets	National Accounts	Consumer Price Index	Government Finance Statistics	Monetary Statistics	Balance of Payments Statistics
Dimensions/Elements
0. Prerequisites of quality
0.1 Legal and institutional environment	LO	LO	LNO	LO	O
0.2 Resources	LNO	LO	NO	O	LO
0.3 Relevance	LO	O	LO	LO	LO
0.4 Other quality management	LO	LO	LO	O	LO
1. Assurances of integrity
1.1 Professionalism	LO	LO	O	O	O
1.2 Transparency	LO	LO	LO	LO	LO
1.3 Ethical standards	LO	LO	O	O	O
2. Methodological soundness
2.1 Concepts and definitions	LO	O	LO	LO	O
2.2 Scope	LO	LNO	LNO	LO	O
2.3 Classification/sectorization	LNO	O	O	LNO	O
2.4 Basis for recording	LO	O	LO	LO	LO
3. Accuracy and reliability
3.1 Source data	LNO	LNO	LO	LO	LO
3.2 Assessment of source data	LO	O	O	O	LO
3.3 Statistical techniques	LNO	O	O	O	LO
3.4 Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs	LO	LO	O	O	O
3.5 Revision studies	NO	NA	NO	NA	LO
4. Serviceability
4.1 Periodicity and timeliness	LNO	O	LNO	LNO	LNO
4.2 Consistency	LO	O	LO	O	O
4.3 Revision policy and practice	LO	LNO	LNO	LNO	LO
5. Accessibility
5.1 Data accessibility	LO	O	LNO	LO	LO
5.2 Metadata accessibility	LNO	LO	LNO	LNO	LNO
5.3 Assistance to users	LO	O	LNO	LO	LO

Practice observed: current practices generally in observance meet or achieve the objectives of DQAF internationally accepted statistical practices without any significant deficiencies. Practice largely observed: some departures, but these are not seen as sufficient to raise doubts about the authorities’ ability to observe the DQAF practices. Practice largely not observed: significant departures and the authorities will need to take significant action to achieve observance. Practice not observed: most DQAF practices are not met. Not applicable: used only exceptionally when statistical practices do not apply to a country’s circumstances.

Table 2a.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—Directorate of Statistics and National Accounts

Table 2a.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—Directorate of Statistics and National Accounts

0. Prerequisites of quality

1. Assurances of integrity

Legal and institutional environment: The legal and institutional environment for statistical production and dissemination in Niger is undergoing a transition. The 1993 ordinance still regulates the National Statistical System, and the new statistical legislation adopted in 2004 is expected to become fully effective in 2005. The 1993 ordinance assigns the primary responsibility for policy formulation and coordination to the National Committee for Statistics. The decree of the Ministry of Finance and Planning of July 28, 1994 assigns the collection, compilation and dissemination of official statistics to the DSCN, including national accounts and prices. The confidentiality of statistical information and the obligatory character of statistical declarations are governed by the March 30, 1993 ordinance as well as by the new legislation. Because of a lack of resources and, above all, a lack of political will, the National Committee on Statistics was not operational. As a result, coordination between statistical producing agencies has been ad hoc, informal, and lacking in transparency. Resources: Financial resources are inadequate for the proper conduct of statistical activities. The major surveys needed for the national accounts are overly dependent on external financing. The HCPI, which has a specific budgetary allocation for price surveys, constitutes an exception. The DSCN plans its activities in light of available resources and seeks ways to use them rationally. Limited career prospects and modest pay scales have affected the retention rate of qualified staff. Computer resources are broadly adequate, but there is no proper backup system to safeguard databases in case of a natural disaster, except for the HCPI. The DSCN’s access to the Internet and e-mail is occasionally suspended. Relevance: There are no framework and surveys for dialogue between the DSCN and statistics users. There are however some mechanisms in place for soliciting users’ opinions. In publications of the national accounts, users are invited to send their observations to the DSCN. The documentation center keeps a record of such opinions, and users have an opportunity to express their needs during follow-up contacts with the national accounts department for supplementary data. Other quality management: The managers of the DSCN strive to ensure the quality of their statistical products by making improvements whenever problems are identified. The DSCN is also working with other countries of the WAEMU and through Sub-Saharan African Economic and Statistical Observatory (AFRISTAT) to improve and harmonize its statistical products and bring them up to international standards. However, the DSCN must make tradeoffs between quality dimensions. It emphasizes reliability and accuracy at the expense of timely dissemination and data accessibility.

Professionalism: Until it is replaced by the National Statistical Institute under the legislation adopted in 2004, the DSCN’s statute gives it limited independence or and authority in the conduct of its activities. Nevertheless, the statistics seem to be compiled on an impartial basis. The choices of data sources, statistical techniques, and decisions relating to data dissemination are made solely on the basis of statistical considerations but must take account of resource constraints. Measures are taken to improve underlying statistical methodologies, consistent with international standards. The work is done by statisticians trained in the 1993 SNA or in the HCPI methodology, who are not sufficiently encouraged to produce methodological descriptions and analytical notes. The DSCN is entitled to comment on the misuse or misinterpretation of its statistical products. Transparency: All laws and decrees are published in the Journal Officiel. References to the DSCN’s mandate to request data and disseminate statistics are included in letters sent out with surveys and data collection initiatives. Senior officials of the MEF have access to the national accounts data prior to their release, although this practice is not publicized. The DSCN clearly identifies its statistical products but does not request attribution when its statistics are reproduced by others. Users are not given advance notice of major changes in methodology or statistical technique for the national accounts. Ethical standards: Ethical standards are those that apply to the civil service as a whole. There are no specific ethical rules other than the legal provisions on statistical secrecy and the obligation to respond. These texts are provided to new employees upon request only. At best, new employees are made aware of these rules informally by the staff responsible for their training.

View Table

Table 2a.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—Directorate of Statistics and National Accounts

0. Prerequisites of quality

1. Assurances of integrity

Legal and institutional environment: The legal and institutional environment for statistical production and dissemination in Niger is undergoing a transition. The 1993 ordinance still regulates the National Statistical System, and the new statistical legislation adopted in 2004 is expected to become fully effective in 2005. The 1993 ordinance assigns the primary responsibility for policy formulation and coordination to the National Committee for Statistics. The decree of the Ministry of Finance and Planning of July 28, 1994 assigns the collection, compilation and dissemination of official statistics to the DSCN, including national accounts and prices. The confidentiality of statistical information and the obligatory character of statistical declarations are governed by the March 30, 1993 ordinance as well as by the new legislation. Because of a lack of resources and, above all, a lack of political will, the National Committee on Statistics was not operational. As a result, coordination between statistical producing agencies has been ad hoc, informal, and lacking in transparency. Resources: Financial resources are inadequate for the proper conduct of statistical activities. The major surveys needed for the national accounts are overly dependent on external financing. The HCPI, which has a specific budgetary allocation for price surveys, constitutes an exception. The DSCN plans its activities in light of available resources and seeks ways to use them rationally. Limited career prospects and modest pay scales have affected the retention rate of qualified staff. Computer resources are broadly adequate, but there is no proper backup system to safeguard databases in case of a natural disaster, except for the HCPI. The DSCN’s access to the Internet and e-mail is occasionally suspended. Relevance: There are no framework and surveys for dialogue between the DSCN and statistics users. There are however some mechanisms in place for soliciting users’ opinions. In publications of the national accounts, users are invited to send their observations to the DSCN. The documentation center keeps a record of such opinions, and users have an opportunity to express their needs during follow-up contacts with the national accounts department for supplementary data. Other quality management: The managers of the DSCN strive to ensure the quality of their statistical products by making improvements whenever problems are identified. The DSCN is also working with other countries of the WAEMU and through Sub-Saharan African Economic and Statistical Observatory (AFRISTAT) to improve and harmonize its statistical products and bring them up to international standards. However, the DSCN must make tradeoffs between quality dimensions. It emphasizes reliability and accuracy at the expense of timely dissemination and data accessibility.

Professionalism: Until it is replaced by the National Statistical Institute under the legislation adopted in 2004, the DSCN’s statute gives it limited independence or and authority in the conduct of its activities. Nevertheless, the statistics seem to be compiled on an impartial basis. The choices of data sources, statistical techniques, and decisions relating to data dissemination are made solely on the basis of statistical considerations but must take account of resource constraints. Measures are taken to improve underlying statistical methodologies, consistent with international standards. The work is done by statisticians trained in the 1993 SNA or in the HCPI methodology, who are not sufficiently encouraged to produce methodological descriptions and analytical notes. The DSCN is entitled to comment on the misuse or misinterpretation of its statistical products. Transparency: All laws and decrees are published in the Journal Officiel. References to the DSCN’s mandate to request data and disseminate statistics are included in letters sent out with surveys and data collection initiatives. Senior officials of the MEF have access to the national accounts data prior to their release, although this practice is not publicized. The DSCN clearly identifies its statistical products but does not request attribution when its statistics are reproduced by others. Users are not given advance notice of major changes in methodology or statistical technique for the national accounts. Ethical standards: Ethical standards are those that apply to the civil service as a whole. There are no specific ethical rules other than the legal provisions on statistical secrecy and the obligation to respond. These texts are provided to new employees upon request only. At best, new employees are made aware of these rules informally by the staff responsible for their training.

Table 2b.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—BCEAO

Table 2b.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—BCEAO

0. Prerequisites of quality

1. Assurances of integrity

Legal and institutional environment: The BCEAO’s responsibilities for monetary statistics are mentioned in the section of its statutes on monthly bulletins and its annual report (Title IV, Section 5). Article 70 requires preparation of a report on monetary developments within the WAEMU, but only at the regional level. These provisions make no reference to a monetary survey for each member state. The BCEAO’s balance of payments responsibilities derive from a WAEMU regulation (Article 1, Annex III to Regulation R09/98/CM/WAEMU of December 20, 1998). Data sharing and coordination among data-producing agencies are adequate (thanks to the CBP for balance of payments statistics), and there are sufficient safeguards over the confidentiality of data. Reporting by banks to the BCEAO is based on rules and procedures that are the same throughout the WAEMU. Under the terms of the banking law, commercial banks must report to the BCEAO using a common WAEMU chart of accounts (PCB). Resources: Generally speaking, the resources allocated to the production of monetary statistics are adequate. However, there is a shortage, equivalent to 2.5 full-time staff members, in the balance of payments and foreign exchange control unit. Material resources, including computer equipment and software, were recently upgraded for both units and are now adequate. Relevance: Statistical output is directed mostly to official policy makers and analysts. In practice, the only users whose needs are monitored are official users who can for example express their needs at meetings of the Balance of Payments Committee (CBP). The general public is not usually asked for comments on the relevance and serviceability of statistical products, and there is no formal survey to solicit outside users’ feedback. There is no user advisory committee or other periodic consultation process to review existing data practices and emerging data needs. Other quality management: Procedures are in place to verify information at each stage of data collection, processing, and dissemination. The main thrust of improvements of monetary statistics concerns the adoption of the MFSM methodology. With respect to the balance of payments, the views of users other than the members of the CBP are not monitored.

Professionalism: The statutory provisions under which the BCEAO headquarters and the DNN compile monetary and balance of payments statistics are adequate to support its impartiality. BCEAO staff are tenured and can be dismissed only for serious misconduct. Professional qualifications play a key role in the recruitment and promotion policy of statistics-producing departments, both in Dakar and in Niamey. The staff who compile these statistics enjoy adequate professional independence and are given opportunities to enhance their professional skills through participation in external courses and in-house training. The choice of data sources and statistical methods is determined solely by the need to produce analytically meaningful data. While the BCEAO is entitled to comment on the erroneous use of monetary statistics, it seldom does so. In general, the BCEAO provides little in the way of explanatory material and briefings to prevent misinterpretation of the data. Transparency: The statute of the BCEAO and other relevant texts are publicly available and are posted on the BCEAO website (www.bceao.int). Statistics are disseminated to all users simultaneously. While there is no government access prior to the release of monetary statistics, members of the Balance of payments Committee are aware of the data before publication, as indicated on the GDDS metadata posted on the DSBB. BCEAO statistical publications are clearly identified as products of the BCEAO, but the producing department is not mentioned. Introduction of a new survey or a new statistical technique is not announced in advance, but statistics users are notified of any new survey results or statistical technique that has been used to prepare the data, as was the case with the introduction of statistics based on the BPM5. Ethical standards: At the time of recruitment, BCEAO staff are made aware of the applicable ethical standards, which were reinforced in 2002 upon revision of the staff regulations. These standards address issues of transparency, accountability, confidentiality, and conflict of interest. In January 2003, each BCEAO employee received a copy of the Personnel Charter, which stresses professionalism, the sense of responsibility, loyalty, and integrity.

View Table

Table 2b.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—BCEAO

0. Prerequisites of quality

1. Assurances of integrity

Legal and institutional environment: The BCEAO’s responsibilities for monetary statistics are mentioned in the section of its statutes on monthly bulletins and its annual report (Title IV, Section 5). Article 70 requires preparation of a report on monetary developments within the WAEMU, but only at the regional level. These provisions make no reference to a monetary survey for each member state. The BCEAO’s balance of payments responsibilities derive from a WAEMU regulation (Article 1, Annex III to Regulation R09/98/CM/WAEMU of December 20, 1998). Data sharing and coordination among data-producing agencies are adequate (thanks to the CBP for balance of payments statistics), and there are sufficient safeguards over the confidentiality of data. Reporting by banks to the BCEAO is based on rules and procedures that are the same throughout the WAEMU. Under the terms of the banking law, commercial banks must report to the BCEAO using a common WAEMU chart of accounts (PCB). Resources: Generally speaking, the resources allocated to the production of monetary statistics are adequate. However, there is a shortage, equivalent to 2.5 full-time staff members, in the balance of payments and foreign exchange control unit. Material resources, including computer equipment and software, were recently upgraded for both units and are now adequate. Relevance: Statistical output is directed mostly to official policy makers and analysts. In practice, the only users whose needs are monitored are official users who can for example express their needs at meetings of the Balance of Payments Committee (CBP). The general public is not usually asked for comments on the relevance and serviceability of statistical products, and there is no formal survey to solicit outside users’ feedback. There is no user advisory committee or other periodic consultation process to review existing data practices and emerging data needs. Other quality management: Procedures are in place to verify information at each stage of data collection, processing, and dissemination. The main thrust of improvements of monetary statistics concerns the adoption of the MFSM methodology. With respect to the balance of payments, the views of users other than the members of the CBP are not monitored.

Professionalism: The statutory provisions under which the BCEAO headquarters and the DNN compile monetary and balance of payments statistics are adequate to support its impartiality. BCEAO staff are tenured and can be dismissed only for serious misconduct. Professional qualifications play a key role in the recruitment and promotion policy of statistics-producing departments, both in Dakar and in Niamey. The staff who compile these statistics enjoy adequate professional independence and are given opportunities to enhance their professional skills through participation in external courses and in-house training. The choice of data sources and statistical methods is determined solely by the need to produce analytically meaningful data. While the BCEAO is entitled to comment on the erroneous use of monetary statistics, it seldom does so. In general, the BCEAO provides little in the way of explanatory material and briefings to prevent misinterpretation of the data. Transparency: The statute of the BCEAO and other relevant texts are publicly available and are posted on the BCEAO website (www.bceao.int). Statistics are disseminated to all users simultaneously. While there is no government access prior to the release of monetary statistics, members of the Balance of payments Committee are aware of the data before publication, as indicated on the GDDS metadata posted on the DSBB. BCEAO statistical publications are clearly identified as products of the BCEAO, but the producing department is not mentioned. Introduction of a new survey or a new statistical technique is not announced in advance, but statistics users are notified of any new survey results or statistical technique that has been used to prepare the data, as was the case with the introduction of statistics based on the BPM5. Ethical standards: At the time of recruitment, BCEAO staff are made aware of the applicable ethical standards, which were reinforced in 2002 upon revision of the staff regulations. These standards address issues of transparency, accountability, confidentiality, and conflict of interest. In January 2003, each BCEAO employee received a copy of the Personnel Charter, which stresses professionalism, the sense of responsibility, loyalty, and integrity.

Table 2c.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—Ministry of Economy and Finance

Table 2c.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—Ministry of Economy and Finance

0. Prerequisites of quality

1. Assurances of integrity

Legal and institutional environment: The MEF’s responsibility for GFS is not defined in any particular text but flows from its public accounting, budget, and debt functions, as defined by Decree No. 2004-078 of March 9, 2004. The Council of Ministers has not yet adopted a decree giving the MEF’s Commissariat in Charge of the Economy the responsibility for producing the table on government statistics (TOFE). The various aspects (methodology, frequency, etc.) of compiling the TOFE are harmonized at the regional level by WAEMU Directive 06/98/CM. The BCEAO National Directorate participates in the compilation of TOFE data by supplying data on net credit to the government by the banking system, and budgetary grants and loans. Although no formal data sharing arrangements exist between the MEF and the BCEAO, these institutions coordinate closely in exchanging data. The compilation of direct government debt, and on-lent and government-guaranteed debt statistics, is the responsibility of the Directorate of Public Debt (DDP) as part of its public debt management responsibilities, pursuant to Decree 326 of September 29, 1995. Resources: The unit responsible for compiling the TOFE, the General Directorate of Economy (DGE) of the CCE, is severely understaffed. Only one person, assisted by a volunteer, is in charge of compiling the TOFE. Data entry must be done with one PC, with outdated technology and software. Twelve DGE positions have been vacant since its creation. Lack of personnel translates into long overtime. Basic source data suppliers also suffer, to a lesser extent, from the MEF’s general lack of resources. The DDP also suffers from a lack of personnel, with fewer than 10 staff members, including volunteers. Relevance: TOFE data are prepared primarily for use by a small circle of official users, including international and regional institutions (IMF, World Bank, BCEAO, WAEMU) for monthly monitoring of fiscal and policy. There are no specific provisions for consulting users for their opinions on ways to improve the TOFE. The MEF does not publish the TOFE, but the DGE provides it upon request. Other quality management: The DGE meets monthly with BCEAO and MEF source data suppliers to validate and ensure the consistency of the TOFE data. However, there are no specific plans for statistical quality improvement.

Professionalism: TOFE data originate mainly from accounting and other administrative data, and are subject to public accountants’ professional standards. Despite the absence of laws or other formal provisions guaranteeing the professional independence of the DGE, the prevailing culture ensures a large measure of independence in the GFS matters. DGE staff indicated that they are free from political interference in the compilation of the TOFE. The DGE follows internationally recognized methodologies. Employment and promotion policy follows objective and impartial criteria based on professional qualification and skills. Transparency: All decrees related to public accounting, budget, and debt matters are published in the Journal Officiel. MEF officials have access to the TOFE before publication, since they are used as a working tool, but this fact is not made public. A header to the published TOFE clearly identifies the DGE as the source. Ethical standards: The Code of Conduct of the civil service in Niger establishes clear guidelines for professional behavior, including guidance on handling conflict of interest. New recruits are made aware of these regulations. There are no specific ethical rules pertaining to statistics.

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Table 2c.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 0 and 1—Ministry of Economy and Finance

0. Prerequisites of quality

1. Assurances of integrity

Legal and institutional environment: The MEF’s responsibility for GFS is not defined in any particular text but flows from its public accounting, budget, and debt functions, as defined by Decree No. 2004-078 of March 9, 2004. The Council of Ministers has not yet adopted a decree giving the MEF’s Commissariat in Charge of the Economy the responsibility for producing the table on government statistics (TOFE). The various aspects (methodology, frequency, etc.) of compiling the TOFE are harmonized at the regional level by WAEMU Directive 06/98/CM. The BCEAO National Directorate participates in the compilation of TOFE data by supplying data on net credit to the government by the banking system, and budgetary grants and loans. Although no formal data sharing arrangements exist between the MEF and the BCEAO, these institutions coordinate closely in exchanging data. The compilation of direct government debt, and on-lent and government-guaranteed debt statistics, is the responsibility of the Directorate of Public Debt (DDP) as part of its public debt management responsibilities, pursuant to Decree 326 of September 29, 1995. Resources: The unit responsible for compiling the TOFE, the General Directorate of Economy (DGE) of the CCE, is severely understaffed. Only one person, assisted by a volunteer, is in charge of compiling the TOFE. Data entry must be done with one PC, with outdated technology and software. Twelve DGE positions have been vacant since its creation. Lack of personnel translates into long overtime. Basic source data suppliers also suffer, to a lesser extent, from the MEF’s general lack of resources. The DDP also suffers from a lack of personnel, with fewer than 10 staff members, including volunteers. Relevance: TOFE data are prepared primarily for use by a small circle of official users, including international and regional institutions (IMF, World Bank, BCEAO, WAEMU) for monthly monitoring of fiscal and policy. There are no specific provisions for consulting users for their opinions on ways to improve the TOFE. The MEF does not publish the TOFE, but the DGE provides it upon request. Other quality management: The DGE meets monthly with BCEAO and MEF source data suppliers to validate and ensure the consistency of the TOFE data. However, there are no specific plans for statistical quality improvement.

Professionalism: TOFE data originate mainly from accounting and other administrative data, and are subject to public accountants’ professional standards. Despite the absence of laws or other formal provisions guaranteeing the professional independence of the DGE, the prevailing culture ensures a large measure of independence in the GFS matters. DGE staff indicated that they are free from political interference in the compilation of the TOFE. The DGE follows internationally recognized methodologies. Employment and promotion policy follows objective and impartial criteria based on professional qualification and skills. Transparency: All decrees related to public accounting, budget, and debt matters are published in the Journal Officiel. MEF officials have access to the TOFE before publication, since they are used as a working tool, but this fact is not made public. A header to the published TOFE clearly identifies the DGE as the source. Ethical standards: The Code of Conduct of the civil service in Niger establishes clear guidelines for professional behavior, including guidance on handling conflict of interest. New recruits are made aware of these regulations. There are no specific ethical rules pertaining to statistics.

Table 3a.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—National Accounts

Table 3a.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—National Accounts

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions: AFRISTAT’s methodological guide to prepare national accounts in member states constitutes the main analytical framework. It broadly follows the concepts and definitions of the 1993 SNA. Some recommendations of the guide are not fully applied, in part because of source data limitations. Scope: The GDP covers almost all resident units and a great part of the informal sector. Certain regional institutional units are excluded. The same is true for illegal activities. Apart from the capital account for the Rest of the World, the tables and accounts of the 1993 SNA identified as recommended “minimum requirements” by the Inter-Secretariat Working Group on National Accounts are covered, but on an annual basis only. Classification/sectorization: The GDP is calculated annually using the production and the expenditure approaches. However, the classification of institutional units differs slightly from the 1993 SNA. Private nonprofit institutions serving households (NPISH) are included in general government rather than the household sector. The nomenclature used is derived from the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities, Third Revision, but at an insufficient level of detail. The Central Product Classification and the classification of functions by government are not used, because the uses of GDP are not detailed. Basis for recording: Market output is valued at producer prices, all taxes included, including value added tax (VAT), because the available source data do not allow for a separate determination of VAT and estimation of basic prices. Flow data for the government sector are not always on an accrual basis, as is the case in many countries.	Source data: The source data are taken primarily from administrative data, which have many shortcomings and are very late, and from often-obsolete household budget and consumption surveys and surveys of the informal sector. Assessment of source data: The DSCN assesses and sometimes corrects data from different sources before they are used. Unrecorded trade source data from the BCEAO are used without adjustments, despite well-known deficiencies. Statistical techniques: Estimate of missing data use only fixed extrapolation coefficients. Transaction accounts with the rest of the world are provided by the balance of payments compiled by the BCEAO. The statistical methods used to deal with some particular issues related to GDP estimates are deficient (e.g., imputed rents). A difference in the assessment of Niger’s economic situation between the DSCN and the IMF following the 1994 devaluation of the CFAF has led to differing estimates of GDP since that date; this requires a coordination framework between the MEF Economic Commission (on which the IMF relies) and other statistics-producing agencies. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs: GDP estimated by the production and the expenditure approaches are reconciled, and, for any gap, a stocks-based residual is estimated. However, at present, there is no appropriate framework, such as supply and use tables, to check the internal consistency of the data. Discrepancies are identified and corrected to the extent of the available information. Revision studies: Revisions of the preliminary and semi-final accounts are not accompanied by any studies of their direction and scope. Methodological revisions are publicized only at the time the revised data are published, and they are not the subject of any studies.	Periodicity and timeliness: Niger meets GDDS requirements for periodicity but not for the timeliness of national accounts. The latest accounts, published in December 2004, cover the provisional accounts for 2003 and the definitive accounts for 2000. Consistency: GDP estimations using the two approaches (production and expenditure) provide a consistency check. Because the balance of payments and TOFE data are used as source data for the national accounts, these different databases are consistent with each other. Intertemporal consistency is not always observed, partly because of the ad hoc introduction of revised databases without retrospective adjustment of the whole series. Revision policy and practice: Revised statistics are identified as such. There is no specific data revision schedule.	Data accessibility: The national accounts are mainly disseminated in hard copy. A 2–3 page analytical note accompanies the national accounts tables. Charts illustrate GDP components and uses. A list of 90 users receiving the national accounts free of charge is provided in the publication. Other users must purchase them from the DSCN. Additional data can be obtained upon request. An advance release schedule is not prepared. No database is publicly available. Data found on the website are not up-to-date. Metadata accessibility: The DSCN has written a highly summarized note of 20 pages, titled Synthèses des Méthodes d’élaboration des comptes nationaux (“Methodological summary of national accounts preparation”) but it is not published. Niger’s GDDS metadata are posted on the DSBB (in English only). Assistance to users: The DSCN website contains contact information (the director’s name, address, email, and phone number, but no specific contact to the national accounts compilers), a list of publications and their prices, but adequate user assistance is not assured. For more information on the national accounts, the public must apply directly at the DSCN.

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Table 3a.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—National Accounts

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions: AFRISTAT’s methodological guide to prepare national accounts in member states constitutes the main analytical framework. It broadly follows the concepts and definitions of the 1993 SNA. Some recommendations of the guide are not fully applied, in part because of source data limitations. Scope: The GDP covers almost all resident units and a great part of the informal sector. Certain regional institutional units are excluded. The same is true for illegal activities. Apart from the capital account for the Rest of the World, the tables and accounts of the 1993 SNA identified as recommended “minimum requirements” by the Inter-Secretariat Working Group on National Accounts are covered, but on an annual basis only. Classification/sectorization: The GDP is calculated annually using the production and the expenditure approaches. However, the classification of institutional units differs slightly from the 1993 SNA. Private nonprofit institutions serving households (NPISH) are included in general government rather than the household sector. The nomenclature used is derived from the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities, Third Revision, but at an insufficient level of detail. The Central Product Classification and the classification of functions by government are not used, because the uses of GDP are not detailed. Basis for recording: Market output is valued at producer prices, all taxes included, including value added tax (VAT), because the available source data do not allow for a separate determination of VAT and estimation of basic prices. Flow data for the government sector are not always on an accrual basis, as is the case in many countries.	Source data: The source data are taken primarily from administrative data, which have many shortcomings and are very late, and from often-obsolete household budget and consumption surveys and surveys of the informal sector. Assessment of source data: The DSCN assesses and sometimes corrects data from different sources before they are used. Unrecorded trade source data from the BCEAO are used without adjustments, despite well-known deficiencies. Statistical techniques: Estimate of missing data use only fixed extrapolation coefficients. Transaction accounts with the rest of the world are provided by the balance of payments compiled by the BCEAO. The statistical methods used to deal with some particular issues related to GDP estimates are deficient (e.g., imputed rents). A difference in the assessment of Niger’s economic situation between the DSCN and the IMF following the 1994 devaluation of the CFAF has led to differing estimates of GDP since that date; this requires a coordination framework between the MEF Economic Commission (on which the IMF relies) and other statistics-producing agencies. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs: GDP estimated by the production and the expenditure approaches are reconciled, and, for any gap, a stocks-based residual is estimated. However, at present, there is no appropriate framework, such as supply and use tables, to check the internal consistency of the data. Discrepancies are identified and corrected to the extent of the available information. Revision studies: Revisions of the preliminary and semi-final accounts are not accompanied by any studies of their direction and scope. Methodological revisions are publicized only at the time the revised data are published, and they are not the subject of any studies.	Periodicity and timeliness: Niger meets GDDS requirements for periodicity but not for the timeliness of national accounts. The latest accounts, published in December 2004, cover the provisional accounts for 2003 and the definitive accounts for 2000. Consistency: GDP estimations using the two approaches (production and expenditure) provide a consistency check. Because the balance of payments and TOFE data are used as source data for the national accounts, these different databases are consistent with each other. Intertemporal consistency is not always observed, partly because of the ad hoc introduction of revised databases without retrospective adjustment of the whole series. Revision policy and practice: Revised statistics are identified as such. There is no specific data revision schedule.	Data accessibility: The national accounts are mainly disseminated in hard copy. A 2–3 page analytical note accompanies the national accounts tables. Charts illustrate GDP components and uses. A list of 90 users receiving the national accounts free of charge is provided in the publication. Other users must purchase them from the DSCN. Additional data can be obtained upon request. An advance release schedule is not prepared. No database is publicly available. Data found on the website are not up-to-date. Metadata accessibility: The DSCN has written a highly summarized note of 20 pages, titled Synthèses des Méthodes d’élaboration des comptes nationaux (“Methodological summary of national accounts preparation”) but it is not published. Niger’s GDDS metadata are posted on the DSBB (in English only). Assistance to users: The DSCN website contains contact information (the director’s name, address, email, and phone number, but no specific contact to the national accounts compilers), a list of publications and their prices, but adequate user assistance is not assured. For more information on the national accounts, the public must apply directly at the DSCN.

Table 3b.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Consumer Price Index

Table 3b.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Consumer Price Index

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions: The methodology, concepts, and definitions of the HCPI are those of the harmonized consumer price index of the WAEMU member countries, which are broadly consistent with the guidelines of the International Labor Organization. Scope: The HCPI covers household consumption according to the 1993 SNA. Certain types of expenditures are excluded because of international conventions or because of their small weights. The coverage of the HCPI is limited to resident African households in the capital city of Niamey, which represents only 6 percent of the total population of Niger. Classification/sectorization: The HCPI classification is the Nomenclature de la Consommation Ouest-Africaine (NCOA) which is common to all WAEMU countries and derived from the Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose of the 1993 SNA. In Niger, the NCOA is subdivided into 12 functions, 32 groups, 73 subgroups, 105 items, and 346 varieties. Basis for recording: In accordance with the 1993 SNA, final consumption expenditures are valued at the acquisition price, which includes relevant mark-ups and taxes.	Source data: The estimates of the HCPI budgetary coefficients are obtained from an outdated household expenditure survey limited to the Niamey metropolitan area, affecting the accuracy of the HICP, which also suffers from a seasonal bias because the survey was limited to April-June 1996. A planned light survey to generate the weights for seasonal products was precluded by budgetary constraints. Assessment of source data: Price data are first checked manually by the collector. They are then verified with the Computerized Calculation of Harmonized Prices software to detect atypical data. These checks deal with the exhaustiveness of prices, weights, and reasonableness. Statistical techniques: The HCPI is a standard Laspeyres-type index that is internationally accepted. The treatment of missing data is based on sound practices. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs: Since no producer price or any other monthly indices are produced, it is not possible to compare the primary results of the HCPI with other sources for validation purposes. All prices outside the relevant ranges are automatically displayed and verified, and potential problems are analyzed. Revision studies: The HCPI weights have not been revised since they were introduced, and revision studies have thus not been relevant or necessary.	Periodicity and timeliness: The monthly periodicity of the HIPC and its timeliness are in accordance with GDDS recommendations. Consistency: The data are internally consistent, and the results obtained after aggregation of classes of goods or services are the same, regardless of the method of aggregation used. Consistent and continuous series are available from January 1998. There is no price index from other sources to which the HCPI could be compared. The BCEAO does not provide the DSCN with its price index, which is prepared for its own internal use. Revision policy and practice: In principle, the base year of the HCPI must be revised every five years, but this schedule has not been adopted.	Data accessibility: The DSCN disseminates the HCPI monthly in its publication Indice Harmonisé des Prix à la Consommation. Each table is followed by comments on changes in the index and a few charts showing its movements in order to assist users. The level of published detail is adequate. The index appears before the 10th day of each month Newspapers also publish the HCPI. Metadata accessibility: Two methodological guides published by EUROCOST and the WAEMU Commission constitute the main reference tools. The first issues of the HCPI bulletin contained summary methodological notes on the index. The metadata prepared for the GDDS are posted on the DSBB (in English). Assistance to users: The contact information of the producers of the HCPI is mentioned in the monthly note and at the DSCN and AFRISTAT websites. HCPI publications are sold but can also be consulted at the DSCN documentation office. Additional information can also be obtained from the DSCN Indices Division. A list of the DSCN publications is posted on its website.

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Table 3b.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Consumer Price Index

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions: The methodology, concepts, and definitions of the HCPI are those of the harmonized consumer price index of the WAEMU member countries, which are broadly consistent with the guidelines of the International Labor Organization. Scope: The HCPI covers household consumption according to the 1993 SNA. Certain types of expenditures are excluded because of international conventions or because of their small weights. The coverage of the HCPI is limited to resident African households in the capital city of Niamey, which represents only 6 percent of the total population of Niger. Classification/sectorization: The HCPI classification is the Nomenclature de la Consommation Ouest-Africaine (NCOA) which is common to all WAEMU countries and derived from the Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose of the 1993 SNA. In Niger, the NCOA is subdivided into 12 functions, 32 groups, 73 subgroups, 105 items, and 346 varieties. Basis for recording: In accordance with the 1993 SNA, final consumption expenditures are valued at the acquisition price, which includes relevant mark-ups and taxes.	Source data: The estimates of the HCPI budgetary coefficients are obtained from an outdated household expenditure survey limited to the Niamey metropolitan area, affecting the accuracy of the HICP, which also suffers from a seasonal bias because the survey was limited to April-June 1996. A planned light survey to generate the weights for seasonal products was precluded by budgetary constraints. Assessment of source data: Price data are first checked manually by the collector. They are then verified with the Computerized Calculation of Harmonized Prices software to detect atypical data. These checks deal with the exhaustiveness of prices, weights, and reasonableness. Statistical techniques: The HCPI is a standard Laspeyres-type index that is internationally accepted. The treatment of missing data is based on sound practices. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs: Since no producer price or any other monthly indices are produced, it is not possible to compare the primary results of the HCPI with other sources for validation purposes. All prices outside the relevant ranges are automatically displayed and verified, and potential problems are analyzed. Revision studies: The HCPI weights have not been revised since they were introduced, and revision studies have thus not been relevant or necessary.	Periodicity and timeliness: The monthly periodicity of the HIPC and its timeliness are in accordance with GDDS recommendations. Consistency: The data are internally consistent, and the results obtained after aggregation of classes of goods or services are the same, regardless of the method of aggregation used. Consistent and continuous series are available from January 1998. There is no price index from other sources to which the HCPI could be compared. The BCEAO does not provide the DSCN with its price index, which is prepared for its own internal use. Revision policy and practice: In principle, the base year of the HCPI must be revised every five years, but this schedule has not been adopted.	Data accessibility: The DSCN disseminates the HCPI monthly in its publication Indice Harmonisé des Prix à la Consommation. Each table is followed by comments on changes in the index and a few charts showing its movements in order to assist users. The level of published detail is adequate. The index appears before the 10th day of each month Newspapers also publish the HCPI. Metadata accessibility: Two methodological guides published by EUROCOST and the WAEMU Commission constitute the main reference tools. The first issues of the HCPI bulletin contained summary methodological notes on the index. The metadata prepared for the GDDS are posted on the DSBB (in English). Assistance to users: The contact information of the producers of the HCPI is mentioned in the monthly note and at the DSCN and AFRISTAT websites. HCPI publications are sold but can also be consulted at the DSCN documentation office. Additional information can also be obtained from the DSCN Indices Division. A list of the DSCN publications is posted on its website.

Table 3c.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Government Finance Statistics

Table 3c.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Government Finance Statistics

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions: Concepts, definitions, and the analytical framework used for GFS compilation follow in general the WAEMU-wide system, which is derived from the GFSM 1986. There is no program for migration towards the GFSM 2001. Scope: The statistics cover central government only, i.e., the State budget and special accounts. The EPAs (autonomous administrative agencies), the social security fund, and local governments are not included. Some foreign-financed operations are excluded. Statistics on debt cover direct external and domestic debt of the government, as well as government-guaranteed, on-lent, and cross debt. Classification/sectorization: All flows and stocks are classified according to the GFSM 1986 methodology, except privatization receipts and grants that are classified as financing (thereby anticipating the GFSM 2001 methodology in the case of grants). The distinction between foreign and domestic debt is based on the BPM5 residency criterion. Basis for recording: Revenue is generally recorded on a cash basis in accordance with the GFSM 1986, but expenditure on a payment order (ordonnancement) basis. Gross debt is valued at face value. External debt is valued using end-of-period exchange rates. Foreign exchange transactions are converted at rates set by the BCEAO, which are market rates.	Source data: Source data are obtained from numerous directorates (tax, customs, budget, Treasury, and financing directorates), and other agencies (BCEAO). The reporting system works relatively well, despite the lack of a legal basis. The source data are not always received on time, however. This reliance on disparate sources reflects the fact that a fairly complete general Treasury ledger is available with considerable delay only. Assessment of source data: Source data are examined prior to validation, and any inconsistencies within and across sources are checked with the reporting agencies. Statistical techniques: Because data are extracted from accounting and other administrative records, no special statistical techniques are necessary. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs: There are no intermediate results in TOFE compilation. Revision studies: Preliminary and provisional data are not archived, and no revision studies can be conducted.	Periodicity and timeliness: The only TOFE data that are systematically disseminated to the general public are the annual data disseminated by the BCEAO. This periodicity does not conform to the quarterly recommendation of the GDDS. Monthly data are disseminated only to a small circle of official users. The monthly public debt data are not disseminated either. Furthermore, the dissemination timeliness of the data does not conform to the recommendations of the GDDS. Consistency: TOFE statistics are internally consistent; the overall deficit equals overall financing but an adjustment to cash basis contains an element of estimation. The flow-stocks reconciliation is generally satisfactory for financing and external debt, but less so for domestic nonbanking debt. As the BCEAO is the source of bank financing, TOFE is also consistent with monetary data. TOFE data are fed into the national accounts, which ensures consistency with them. Revision policy and practice: TOFE data are not subject to revisions once they are disseminated to the general public. However, the data provided to official users prior to general dissemination are preliminary. These data are not archived. The availability of preliminary data is not publicized.	Data accessibility: The MEF does not disseminate the TOFE outside a narrow circle of official users. While the TOFE is available on request from the general public about two months following the end of the reference month, as indicated by the authorities, this possibility is not publicized (nor is there a release calendar). The BCEAO publishes the annual TOFE statistics, with long lags, in its information and statistical bulletin. Metadata accessibility: No methodological document is published or available, other than the metadata posted in English on the DSBB, which in some cases need updating. On the other hand, the WAEMU directives on the TOFE, where the analytical framework, scope, and definitions are explained, are publicly available at the WAEMU website. Assistance to users: Interested users must go in person or must telephone the MEF for assistance. The MEF does not have a website. There is no catalog of publications.

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Table 3c.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Government Finance Statistics

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions: Concepts, definitions, and the analytical framework used for GFS compilation follow in general the WAEMU-wide system, which is derived from the GFSM 1986. There is no program for migration towards the GFSM 2001. Scope: The statistics cover central government only, i.e., the State budget and special accounts. The EPAs (autonomous administrative agencies), the social security fund, and local governments are not included. Some foreign-financed operations are excluded. Statistics on debt cover direct external and domestic debt of the government, as well as government-guaranteed, on-lent, and cross debt. Classification/sectorization: All flows and stocks are classified according to the GFSM 1986 methodology, except privatization receipts and grants that are classified as financing (thereby anticipating the GFSM 2001 methodology in the case of grants). The distinction between foreign and domestic debt is based on the BPM5 residency criterion. Basis for recording: Revenue is generally recorded on a cash basis in accordance with the GFSM 1986, but expenditure on a payment order (ordonnancement) basis. Gross debt is valued at face value. External debt is valued using end-of-period exchange rates. Foreign exchange transactions are converted at rates set by the BCEAO, which are market rates.	Source data: Source data are obtained from numerous directorates (tax, customs, budget, Treasury, and financing directorates), and other agencies (BCEAO). The reporting system works relatively well, despite the lack of a legal basis. The source data are not always received on time, however. This reliance on disparate sources reflects the fact that a fairly complete general Treasury ledger is available with considerable delay only. Assessment of source data: Source data are examined prior to validation, and any inconsistencies within and across sources are checked with the reporting agencies. Statistical techniques: Because data are extracted from accounting and other administrative records, no special statistical techniques are necessary. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs: There are no intermediate results in TOFE compilation. Revision studies: Preliminary and provisional data are not archived, and no revision studies can be conducted.	Periodicity and timeliness: The only TOFE data that are systematically disseminated to the general public are the annual data disseminated by the BCEAO. This periodicity does not conform to the quarterly recommendation of the GDDS. Monthly data are disseminated only to a small circle of official users. The monthly public debt data are not disseminated either. Furthermore, the dissemination timeliness of the data does not conform to the recommendations of the GDDS. Consistency: TOFE statistics are internally consistent; the overall deficit equals overall financing but an adjustment to cash basis contains an element of estimation. The flow-stocks reconciliation is generally satisfactory for financing and external debt, but less so for domestic nonbanking debt. As the BCEAO is the source of bank financing, TOFE is also consistent with monetary data. TOFE data are fed into the national accounts, which ensures consistency with them. Revision policy and practice: TOFE data are not subject to revisions once they are disseminated to the general public. However, the data provided to official users prior to general dissemination are preliminary. These data are not archived. The availability of preliminary data is not publicized.	Data accessibility: The MEF does not disseminate the TOFE outside a narrow circle of official users. While the TOFE is available on request from the general public about two months following the end of the reference month, as indicated by the authorities, this possibility is not publicized (nor is there a release calendar). The BCEAO publishes the annual TOFE statistics, with long lags, in its information and statistical bulletin. Metadata accessibility: No methodological document is published or available, other than the metadata posted in English on the DSBB, which in some cases need updating. On the other hand, the WAEMU directives on the TOFE, where the analytical framework, scope, and definitions are explained, are publicly available at the WAEMU website. Assistance to users: Interested users must go in person or must telephone the MEF for assistance. The MEF does not have a website. There is no catalog of publications.

Table 3d.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Monetary Statistics

Table 3d.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Monetary Statistics

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions: The analytical framework is broadly consistent with the Guide on Money and Banking in International Financial Statistics 1984 (1984 Guide). The BCEAO has started implementing the MFSM, in particular with respect to sectorization, but there is no timetable for migration to the new methodology. Scope: The coverage recommended by the Guide is incomplete as it does not include the savings accounts of the National Postal and Savings Office. Decentralized financial institutions are excluded. Classification/sectorization: Classification principles are broadly consistent with the Guide. However, as regards sectorization, there is no identification of the nonfinancial public sector other than central government. The distinction between resident and nonresident units is based on the BPM5 methodology. Basis for recording: Valuation principles are generally consistent with the Guide. Data are recorded on an accrual basis with the exception of interest, which is recorded only when due. Impaired assets are declared net of provisions, which does not conform with the MFSM recommendations.	Source data: The accounts of the DNN are compiled from detailed accounting statements. Monthly balance sheets of other depository institutions are derived from a well-documented, WAEMU-wide chart of accounts. The free circulation of banknotes in countries of the zone complicates the estimation of currency in circulation, and these sources must be completed by an elaborate process of banknote sorting. Source data are usually available with a 30-day lag for all the commercial banks but one, which reports with an additional delay of one week to 10 days. The timetable for establishing the balance sheet of the DNN was shortened in December 2004, reducing the publication lag to 60 days. Assessment of source data: Source data, which are drawn almost exclusively from accounting sources, are rigorously checked. Bank report forms are subjected to automatic consistency and accuracy checks before being entered in the BCEAO database. Intertemporal consistency and internal consistency is systematically tested. The same remark applies to the consistency of the corresponding interbank positions. Statistical techniques: As data compilation is fully based on administrative sources, without any resort to sampling, statistical adjustments are not made. Statistical work is automated, and this minimizes processing time and errors. The BCEAO does not publish seasonally adjusted series. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs: By construction, the monetary statistics compilation process does not produce intermediate results. Unexplained fluctuations in monetary aggregates are investigated, mainly through contacts with the respondents. Revision studies: There are no revision studies, because published data are not usually subject to revisions.	Periodicity and timeliness: Periodicity complies with GDDS guidelines, but timeliness, with a lag of three months, does not, despite progress accomplished in compiling the central bank’s balance sheet. Consistency: Internal data consistency is adequate and the intertemporal consistency was recently improved. There is a homogeneous time series back to 1994, and a historic series is available covering the period 1965–1994. The main series breaks are indicated. Consistency with the balance of payments and GFS statistics is ensured by using the same data sources. Differences between the net position of the banking system vis-à-vis the government, if any, are explained by differences of coverage. Revision policy and practice: There is no formal revision policy. Once published, the data are not usually subject to revisions. On the rare occasion when preliminary data are published, this is indicated in the NIS.	Data accessibility: The monetary statistics for Niger are disseminated in the BCEAO monthly statistical publication Notes d’Information et de Statistiques and on its website. The hardcopy tabular and graphical presentation is clear and relevant but is not accompanied by any commentary on SMI trends. The site presentation lacks clarity. No release calendar is announced in advance. Statistics are made available to all users at the same time, and individual requests for supplementary data are met. However, these policies are not publicized. Metadata accessibility: There is no detailed sources and methods documentation available to the public other than a glossary in the Notes d’Information et Statistiques— BCEAO (NIS), the GDDS metadata posted on the DSBB (in English only), and an internal document prepared in 1995 by the Directorate of Research and Forecasting. Assistance to users: Contact information is presented on the DSBB only. No such information appears in the BCEAO’s statistics bulletin or at its website. The existence of the website is not mentioned in the NIS.

View Table

Table 3d.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Monetary Statistics

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions: The analytical framework is broadly consistent with the Guide on Money and Banking in International Financial Statistics 1984 (1984 Guide). The BCEAO has started implementing the MFSM, in particular with respect to sectorization, but there is no timetable for migration to the new methodology. Scope: The coverage recommended by the Guide is incomplete as it does not include the savings accounts of the National Postal and Savings Office. Decentralized financial institutions are excluded. Classification/sectorization: Classification principles are broadly consistent with the Guide. However, as regards sectorization, there is no identification of the nonfinancial public sector other than central government. The distinction between resident and nonresident units is based on the BPM5 methodology. Basis for recording: Valuation principles are generally consistent with the Guide. Data are recorded on an accrual basis with the exception of interest, which is recorded only when due. Impaired assets are declared net of provisions, which does not conform with the MFSM recommendations.	Source data: The accounts of the DNN are compiled from detailed accounting statements. Monthly balance sheets of other depository institutions are derived from a well-documented, WAEMU-wide chart of accounts. The free circulation of banknotes in countries of the zone complicates the estimation of currency in circulation, and these sources must be completed by an elaborate process of banknote sorting. Source data are usually available with a 30-day lag for all the commercial banks but one, which reports with an additional delay of one week to 10 days. The timetable for establishing the balance sheet of the DNN was shortened in December 2004, reducing the publication lag to 60 days. Assessment of source data: Source data, which are drawn almost exclusively from accounting sources, are rigorously checked. Bank report forms are subjected to automatic consistency and accuracy checks before being entered in the BCEAO database. Intertemporal consistency and internal consistency is systematically tested. The same remark applies to the consistency of the corresponding interbank positions. Statistical techniques: As data compilation is fully based on administrative sources, without any resort to sampling, statistical adjustments are not made. Statistical work is automated, and this minimizes processing time and errors. The BCEAO does not publish seasonally adjusted series. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs: By construction, the monetary statistics compilation process does not produce intermediate results. Unexplained fluctuations in monetary aggregates are investigated, mainly through contacts with the respondents. Revision studies: There are no revision studies, because published data are not usually subject to revisions.	Periodicity and timeliness: Periodicity complies with GDDS guidelines, but timeliness, with a lag of three months, does not, despite progress accomplished in compiling the central bank’s balance sheet. Consistency: Internal data consistency is adequate and the intertemporal consistency was recently improved. There is a homogeneous time series back to 1994, and a historic series is available covering the period 1965–1994. The main series breaks are indicated. Consistency with the balance of payments and GFS statistics is ensured by using the same data sources. Differences between the net position of the banking system vis-à-vis the government, if any, are explained by differences of coverage. Revision policy and practice: There is no formal revision policy. Once published, the data are not usually subject to revisions. On the rare occasion when preliminary data are published, this is indicated in the NIS.	Data accessibility: The monetary statistics for Niger are disseminated in the BCEAO monthly statistical publication Notes d’Information et de Statistiques and on its website. The hardcopy tabular and graphical presentation is clear and relevant but is not accompanied by any commentary on SMI trends. The site presentation lacks clarity. No release calendar is announced in advance. Statistics are made available to all users at the same time, and individual requests for supplementary data are met. However, these policies are not publicized. Metadata accessibility: There is no detailed sources and methods documentation available to the public other than a glossary in the Notes d’Information et Statistiques— BCEAO (NIS), the GDDS metadata posted on the DSBB (in English only), and an internal document prepared in 1995 by the Directorate of Research and Forecasting. Assistance to users: Contact information is presented on the DSBB only. No such information appears in the BCEAO’s statistics bulletin or at its website. The existence of the website is not mentioned in the NIS.

Table 3e.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Balance of Payments Statistics

Table 3e.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Balance of Payments Statistics

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions: Concepts and definitions conform to internationally accepted statistical standards, namely the BPM5. Scope: The balance of payments records all transactions between residents and nonresidents, including transactions by the traditional or informal sector with the rest of the world, and smuggling. It covers the entire national territory. Classification/sectorization: Data compiled by the BCEAO largely meet the BPM5 recommendations for classification and sectorization. Basis for recording: Statistics are generally recorded in conformity with BPM5 recommendations. Balance of payments flows are recorded on an accrual basis, except for some categories of income that are recorded on a cash basis (private sector interest income). Valuation is usually at contractual prices.	Source data: The data collection system is based on diversified sources and appears to be well adapted to the context of Niger. The main shortcoming relates to private sector deposits and loans with nonresident banks, which are generally insufficiently covered by surveys. Problems in sorting bank notes from other WAEMU countries can also complicate the calculation of gross external assets. Source data are generally received in time. Assessment of source data: Most source data are routinely assessed, for example by comparison with the previous year. High-value transactions are checked by direct contact with the respondents. The seemingly low rate of responses to the questionnaires (about 60 percent) does not appear to raise a major statistical coverage issue as the BCEAO ensures that the major transactors provide responses. Statistical techniques: The statistical techniques used to complete or adjust the source data, notably in the case of external trade statistics (e.g., converting data from c.i.f. to f.o.b.), are sound. However, there is no underlying methodology supporting the arbitrary adjustment made for unrecorded trade. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs: Crosschecks and supplementary surveys are conducted to assess intermediate results. Changes are made to correct asymmetries identified in bilateral balances of WAEMU countries. Revision studies: Analyses of revisions to the provisional estimates distributed to official users prior to the dissemination of the final data to the general public are undertaken within the framework of the monetary program. These analyses are contained in an internal report called “Review of the monetary program.”	Periodicity and timeliness: The periodicity is annual and corresponds to the GDDS recommendations. However, the bank settlement reports system should in principle allow for the production of a quarterly balance of payments statement. Balance of payments data are published 14 months after year-end, which does not conform to GDDS recommendations (6 to 9 months). Consistency: Statistical series are sufficiently detailed to check that data are internally consistent overall. Time series are also consistent within the same methodological framework, and with other data sets, notably government finance and monetary statistics, with which they share common data sources. Revision policy and practice: No publicized revision policy exists. Data disseminated to the general public are not subject to revisions. However, preliminary data are distributed to a small circle of official users prior to dissemination of final data to the general public.	Data accessibility: Balance of payments data are presented in a relatively comprehensive report (about 20 pages), published each year by the MEF and the CBP. This document provides comments on the main items of the balance of payments and also a presentation of the international investment position. A very succinct balance of payments table is also published in the BCEAO’s NIS and on its web site. The website presentation contains no graphs, and cannot be downloaded. Hardcopy and website dissemination are not simultaneous. No advance release calendars are published. Statistics are made available to policymakers, notably to the members of the Balance of Payments Committee, before they are publicly released. This practice is not publicized by the BCEAO. Metadata accessibility: There is no detailed sources and methods documentation available to the public other than the GDDS metadata posted on the DSBB (in English only). Contact information is included only with the DSBB metadata. No such information appears in the BCEAO statistical bulletin or its website. The metadata are not prepared with different audiences in mind. Assistance to users: User assistance is available only through contact with the headquarters Research Department.

View Table

Table 3e.

Niger: Assessment of Data Quality—Dimensions 2 to 5—Balance of Payments Statistics

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions: Concepts and definitions conform to internationally accepted statistical standards, namely the BPM5. Scope: The balance of payments records all transactions between residents and nonresidents, including transactions by the traditional or informal sector with the rest of the world, and smuggling. It covers the entire national territory. Classification/sectorization: Data compiled by the BCEAO largely meet the BPM5 recommendations for classification and sectorization. Basis for recording: Statistics are generally recorded in conformity with BPM5 recommendations. Balance of payments flows are recorded on an accrual basis, except for some categories of income that are recorded on a cash basis (private sector interest income). Valuation is usually at contractual prices.	Source data: The data collection system is based on diversified sources and appears to be well adapted to the context of Niger. The main shortcoming relates to private sector deposits and loans with nonresident banks, which are generally insufficiently covered by surveys. Problems in sorting bank notes from other WAEMU countries can also complicate the calculation of gross external assets. Source data are generally received in time. Assessment of source data: Most source data are routinely assessed, for example by comparison with the previous year. High-value transactions are checked by direct contact with the respondents. The seemingly low rate of responses to the questionnaires (about 60 percent) does not appear to raise a major statistical coverage issue as the BCEAO ensures that the major transactors provide responses. Statistical techniques: The statistical techniques used to complete or adjust the source data, notably in the case of external trade statistics (e.g., converting data from c.i.f. to f.o.b.), are sound. However, there is no underlying methodology supporting the arbitrary adjustment made for unrecorded trade. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs: Crosschecks and supplementary surveys are conducted to assess intermediate results. Changes are made to correct asymmetries identified in bilateral balances of WAEMU countries. Revision studies: Analyses of revisions to the provisional estimates distributed to official users prior to the dissemination of the final data to the general public are undertaken within the framework of the monetary program. These analyses are contained in an internal report called “Review of the monetary program.”	Periodicity and timeliness: The periodicity is annual and corresponds to the GDDS recommendations. However, the bank settlement reports system should in principle allow for the production of a quarterly balance of payments statement. Balance of payments data are published 14 months after year-end, which does not conform to GDDS recommendations (6 to 9 months). Consistency: Statistical series are sufficiently detailed to check that data are internally consistent overall. Time series are also consistent within the same methodological framework, and with other data sets, notably government finance and monetary statistics, with which they share common data sources. Revision policy and practice: No publicized revision policy exists. Data disseminated to the general public are not subject to revisions. However, preliminary data are distributed to a small circle of official users prior to dissemination of final data to the general public.	Data accessibility: Balance of payments data are presented in a relatively comprehensive report (about 20 pages), published each year by the MEF and the CBP. This document provides comments on the main items of the balance of payments and also a presentation of the international investment position. A very succinct balance of payments table is also published in the BCEAO’s NIS and on its web site. The website presentation contains no graphs, and cannot be downloaded. Hardcopy and website dissemination are not simultaneous. No advance release calendars are published. Statistics are made available to policymakers, notably to the members of the Balance of Payments Committee, before they are publicly released. This practice is not publicized by the BCEAO. Metadata accessibility: There is no detailed sources and methods documentation available to the public other than the GDDS metadata posted on the DSBB (in English only). Contact information is included only with the DSBB metadata. No such information appears in the BCEAO statistical bulletin or its website. The metadata are not prepared with different audiences in mind. Assistance to users: User assistance is available only through contact with the headquarters Research Department.

III. Staff Recommendations

10. Based on the review of Niger’s statistical practices, discussions with the data producing agencies, and responses from data users (see Appendix III of the Detailed Assessments volume), the mission made recommendations. They are designed to increase further Niger’s adherence to internationally accepted statistical practices and would, in the mission’s view, enhance the analytical usefulness of Niger’s statistics. Some additional technical suggestions are included in the Detailed Assessments volume.

External Sector Statistics

Short term

• Define a methodology for adjusting official trade data to account for informal trade, and

• Increase the rate of response to questionnaires.

Medium term

• Increase human resources in order to improve the currentness and reliability of the BOP estimates.

• Make bank settlement reporting more timely and reliable so that quarterly balance of payments statistics can be produced and published.

Table 4.

Niger: Overview of Current Practices Regarding Coverage, Periodicity, and Timeliness of Data Compared to the General Data Dissemination System (GDDS)

(Based on GDDS Metadata Posted on DSBB)

Italics indicate encouraged categoriesNote: (D) daily; (W) weekly; (M) monthly; (Q) quarterly; and (A) annual; (DD) Domestic debt; (FD) Foreign debtSource: DSBB, Table II. Metadata last updated January 2003

Table 4.

Niger: Overview of Current Practices Regarding Coverage, Periodicity, and Timeliness of Data Compared to the General Data Dissemination System (GDDS)

(Based on GDDS Metadata Posted on DSBB)

GDDS Data Category		Coverage (meets GDDS)	Periodicity		Timeliness
			GDDS	Niger	GDDS	Niger
Comprehensive Framework
Real sector: National Accounts		No	A	A	10–14 mos.	6–10 mos.
Fiscal sector:	Central govt. operations	No	A	M, diss A	6–9 mos.	7 mos. after end of year
	General govt. operations	NA	A	NA	6–9 mos.	NA
	Central govt. debt	M	A	M	6–9 mos.	7 mos.
Financial sector: Broad money survey		Yes	M	M	2–3 mos.	3 mos.
External sector: Balance of payments		Yes	A	A	6–9 mos.	14 mos.
	International investment position	Yes	A	A	6–9 mos.	14 mos.
Data Categories and Indicators
Real Sector
GDP (nominal and real)		Yes	A (Q)	A	6–9 mos.	Provisional: 6–10 mos.
Gross national income, capital formation, saving		Unknown	A	NA	6–9 mos.	NA
Manufacturing / industrial production index		NA	M	Q	6 wks–3 mos.	NA
Primary commodity		NA	As relevant	NA	6wks–3 mos.	NA
Consumer price index		Yes	M	M	1–2 mos.	10 days
Producer price index		NA	M	NA	1–2 mos.	NA
Employment		Yes	A	A	6–9 mos.	Appr. 10 mos.
Unemployment		No	A	Irregular	6–9 mos.	Irregular
Wages/earnings (all sectors)		Yes	A	A	6–9 mos.	Appr. 10 mos.
Fiscal Sector
Central govt. budgetary aggregates.		Yes	Q	M, diss A	1qtr	25 days
Interest payments		Yes	Q	M, diss A	1 qtr	5–7 mos.
Central govt. debt: domestic and foreign debt, as relevant, with appropriate breakdowns (debt holder, instrument, currency)		Yes	A (Q)	M	1–2 qtrs	5–7 mos.
Government guaranteed debt		No	A	M	1–2 qtrs	NA; Compiled, not diss
Financial Sector
Broad money and credit aggregates		Yes	M	M	1–3 mos.	2–3 mos.
Central bank aggregates		Yes	M	M	1–2 mos.	2 mos.
Short- and long-term govt. security rates, policy variable rate		Yes	M	Varies	In high-frequency publication	Varies
Money or interbank market rates and a range of deposit and lending rates		Yes	M	Varies	In high-frequency publication	Varies
Share price index, as relevant		Yes	M	D	In high-frequency publication	1 day
External Sector
Balance of payments aggregates		Yes	A (Q)	A	6 mos.	14 mos.
Public and publicly guaranteed external debt outstanding, with maturity breakdown		Yes	Q	M, diss A	1–2 qtrs	3 Qts
Public and publicly guaranteed debt service schedule		Yes	Twice Yearly	A	3–6 mos.	7 mos.
Private external debt not publicly guaranteed		No	A	NA	6–9 mos.	NA; compiled, not diss
Gross official reserves in U.S. dollars		Yes	M	M	1–4 wks	2–3 mos.
Reserve-related liabilities		NA	M	NA	1–4 wks	NA
Total exports and total imports		Yes	M	M	8 wks–3 mos.	9–10 mos.
Major commodity breakdowns with longer time lapse		Yes	M	M	8 wks–3 mos.	9–10 mos.
Exchange rates: spot rates		Yes	D	D	In high frequency publication	1–3 D

Italics indicate encouraged categoriesNote: (D) daily; (W) weekly; (M) monthly; (Q) quarterly; and (A) annual; (DD) Domestic debt; (FD) Foreign debtSource: DSBB, Table II. Metadata last updated January 2003

View Table

Table 4.

Niger: Overview of Current Practices Regarding Coverage, Periodicity, and Timeliness of Data Compared to the General Data Dissemination System (GDDS)

(Based on GDDS Metadata Posted on DSBB)

GDDS Data Category		Coverage (meets GDDS)	Periodicity		Timeliness
			GDDS	Niger	GDDS	Niger
Comprehensive Framework
Real sector: National Accounts		No	A	A	10–14 mos.	6–10 mos.
Fiscal sector:	Central govt. operations	No	A	M, diss A	6–9 mos.	7 mos. after end of year
	General govt. operations	NA	A	NA	6–9 mos.	NA
	Central govt. debt	M	A	M	6–9 mos.	7 mos.
Financial sector: Broad money survey		Yes	M	M	2–3 mos.	3 mos.
External sector: Balance of payments		Yes	A	A	6–9 mos.	14 mos.
	International investment position	Yes	A	A	6–9 mos.	14 mos.
Data Categories and Indicators
Real Sector
GDP (nominal and real)		Yes	A (Q)	A	6–9 mos.	Provisional: 6–10 mos.
Gross national income, capital formation, saving		Unknown	A	NA	6–9 mos.	NA
Manufacturing / industrial production index		NA	M	Q	6 wks–3 mos.	NA
Primary commodity		NA	As relevant	NA	6wks–3 mos.	NA
Consumer price index		Yes	M	M	1–2 mos.	10 days
Producer price index		NA	M	NA	1–2 mos.	NA
Employment		Yes	A	A	6–9 mos.	Appr. 10 mos.
Unemployment		No	A	Irregular	6–9 mos.	Irregular
Wages/earnings (all sectors)		Yes	A	A	6–9 mos.	Appr. 10 mos.
Fiscal Sector
Central govt. budgetary aggregates.		Yes	Q	M, diss A	1qtr	25 days
Interest payments		Yes	Q	M, diss A	1 qtr	5–7 mos.
Central govt. debt: domestic and foreign debt, as relevant, with appropriate breakdowns (debt holder, instrument, currency)		Yes	A (Q)	M	1–2 qtrs	5–7 mos.
Government guaranteed debt		No	A	M	1–2 qtrs	NA; Compiled, not diss
Financial Sector
Broad money and credit aggregates		Yes	M	M	1–3 mos.	2–3 mos.
Central bank aggregates		Yes	M	M	1–2 mos.	2 mos.
Short- and long-term govt. security rates, policy variable rate		Yes	M	Varies	In high-frequency publication	Varies
Money or interbank market rates and a range of deposit and lending rates		Yes	M	Varies	In high-frequency publication	Varies
Share price index, as relevant		Yes	M	D	In high-frequency publication	1 day
External Sector
Balance of payments aggregates		Yes	A (Q)	A	6 mos.	14 mos.
Public and publicly guaranteed external debt outstanding, with maturity breakdown		Yes	Q	M, diss A	1–2 qtrs	3 Qts
Public and publicly guaranteed debt service schedule		Yes	Twice Yearly	A	3–6 mos.	7 mos.
Private external debt not publicly guaranteed		No	A	NA	6–9 mos.	NA; compiled, not diss
Gross official reserves in U.S. dollars		Yes	M	M	1–4 wks	2–3 mos.
Reserve-related liabilities		NA	M	NA	1–4 wks	NA
Total exports and total imports		Yes	M	M	8 wks–3 mos.	9–10 mos.
Major commodity breakdowns with longer time lapse		Yes	M	M	8 wks–3 mos.	9–10 mos.
Exchange rates: spot rates		Yes	D	D	In high frequency publication	1–3 D

Italics indicate encouraged categoriesNote: (D) daily; (W) weekly; (M) monthly; (Q) quarterly; and (A) annual; (DD) Domestic debt; (FD) Foreign debtSource: DSBB, Table II. Metadata last updated January 2003