Parliament

• a) Level of participation of its members in discussions;

• b) Level of the population’s awareness of approved legislation.

Public Administration

• a) Level of progress in the design of the organic structures of government and of each of its ministries;

• b) Level of establishment of departments, with the necessary legal and regulatory frameworks;

• c) Enactment of the regulation of the public service, including the formulation of standardised professional career terms of reference, duties and rights, together with a code of conduct and a disciplinary process;

• d) Progress in the areas of recruitment and training in order to meet the public sector’s needs for professionalism and for financial sustainability;

• e) Progress in the conducting of studies concerning the reorganisation of sub-national government, with a decentralization of services, promoting effective and competent service provision and an increase of local participation in decision-making.

Security and Defence Forces

• a) Level of progress in recruitment and training of the police forces, armed forces and information services.

Foreign Affairs

• a) Level of progress in recruitment and training of skilled staff;

• b) Progress in the constitution of the first six diplomatic representations and obtaining other forms of representation for the country through the good offices of friendly Embassies.

Public Prosecution and Defence

• a) Progress in recruitment of prosecutors and public defenders and respective supporting skilled staff.

Ombudsman’s Office

• a) Progress in the definition of the legal framework for the Office and in the creation of accessible procedures that facilitate the reporting of injustices and human rights violations;

• b) Progress in the recruitment and training of skilled staff;

• c) Progress in the level of awareness, by the East Timorese citizens, of their human rights and their right to good public administration;

• d) Progress in the level of awareness of the existence of services of the Ombudsman as an effective avenue of appeal from the actions or omissions of public administration;

• e) Level of acceptance of the recommendations of the Ombudsman by the respective branches of the public service.

Promotion of Gender Equality

• a) Existence of legislation to protect women from violence;

• b) Accomplishment of targets for the participation of women in the public service, parliament, rural councils, defence and security forces and diplomatic service;

• c) Creation of mechanisms to help decrease school dropout rates for girls.

Media

• a) Progress in the creation of public media;

• b) Approval of press legislation enabling the creation of private means of communication and regulating professional media activities;

• c) Creation of an independent organ that guarantees disciplinary management and observance of ethical behaviour by the media and its professional.

Civil Society

• a) Progress in the constitution of unions and private associations under the law.

General constraints:

• a) Human resources;

• b) Financial resources (budget);

• c) Infrastructure (buildings, vehicles, office furniture and supplies, communications and Information Technology (IT);

• d) Problems with multiplicity of languages;

• e) Time pressures;

• f) Limitations in institutional capacity;

• g) Gaps in the body of laws, regulations, procedures and codes.

More specific constraints:

• a) Absence of adequate representation on COM (i.e. Armed Forces);

• b) Unrealistic expectations (e.g. subsidies for producers and consumers, university degrees and Public Sector employment for all students);

• c) Lack of basic social infrastructure (to accommodate spontaneous relocation of population);

• d) Bad habits from previous period (e.g. corruption, nepotism);

• e) Reconciliation problems;

• f) Difficulties with reintegration of ex-FALINTIL and former members of the clandestine resistance network and with assistance to widows and orphans of resistance fighters.

General Policies

• a) Creation of incentives to reward effort and excellence in education and in the civil service (i.e. create a merit based public service).

• b) Seek external assistance for buildings and infrastructure.

• c) Selection of bursaries to study abroad in countries where the risk of “brain drain” is minimized.

• d) Development of practical skills training courses (e.g. secretarial, filing, protocol, mechanics, electricians, hospitality services).

• e) Reduction of places in general university courses with limited career prospects.

• f) Provision of translation and interpretation services.

• g) Accelerated training of translators and interpreters.

• h) Provision of language courses in Portuguese and English.

• i) Utilisation of existing facilities and partnerships with non-government entities to provide practical courses in languages, accounting, secretarial, etc. for adults.

• j) Selective utilisation of assistance from donor countries and NGOs.

• k) Development of a policy for payment of university fees and other forms of user charges.

Public Administration and Democratisation Policies

• a) Clear definition and proclamation (broadcasting) of rights and obligations of citizens and of public servants.

• b) Continued search for more efficient ways of organizing the public administration.

• c) Improve quality and cost effectiveness of service provision (i.e. a lean and efficient public administration).

• d) Decentralization and empowerment of communities to manage their local affairs (grass roots democracy).

• e) Gender equality in all aspects of public administration.

• f) Reintroduce Portuguese and introduce Tetun as effective working languages of Parliament and public administration.

• g) Enhance the knowledge of members of Parliament.

Security and Defence Forces

• a) Prioritise needs and requirements of the Armed Forces.

• b) Establish technical and military cooperation agreements with defence branches of CPLP member countries.

• c) Extend support to the veterans of the Resistance.

• d) Establish a Defence Ministry or other liaison office at the COM level.

• e) Elaborate mandate of the Naval Force, including inter-sectoral coordination, and define its development program.

• f) Develop specialized police forces (criminal investigation, immigration/frontier service, rapid response).

• g) Establish selection criteria for the security forces, including factors of reliability and social suitability.

• h) Outsource provision of goods and services to the security services and prisons.

External Relations

• a) Initiate and gradually expand the nation’s diplomatic representation in a systematic and planned way.

• b) Transform previous networks of solidarity and support for Timorese resistance in the diaspora into a permanent network of allies for the defence of national interests.

• c) Pursue and strengthen south–south cooperation.

• d) Pursue regional cooperation.

• e) Foster special relationship and cooperation with Portuguese speaking countries.

Justice, Human Rights and Gender Equality

• a) Create an Ombudsman’s office to raise the level of awareness of citizens’ rights and respect for the law, to defend citizens from any abuse of power by public administration entities and to safeguard against practices of corruption, nepotism and other abuses of power.

• b) Draft the legal framework for the nation.

• c) Reintroduce Portuguese and introduce Tetun as effective working languages for the administration of justice.

• d) Develop the necessary legal capacity to serve the Government by establishing the institutions that are essential for the proper functioning of the legal and judicial system.

• e) Promote reconciliation.

• f) Facilitate access to justice for women and develop the legal means to fight violence and other crimes perpetrated against women.

• g) Ensure equal opportunities for women in recruitment and promotion and provide training in technical and leadership skills.

• h) Promote a free press.

Public Administration and Governance

9.26 The core programs in this sector will focus on developing transparent governance, institutional and human resources development, decentralization, and development of a lean efficient and merit based civil service.

Media Development

9.27 Create public enterprises in radio and TV broadcasting, in accordance with the Constitution, and train media professionals.

Security and Defence Forces

9.28 In the area of defence and security the formation and consolidation of a model professional army to defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the nation and, similarly, a police force to maintain internal law and order are the major programs.

External Relations

9.29 Diplomacy and external solidarity was one of the most effective pillars of the Resistance. At this new chapter in East Timor’s history, the medium term diplomatic programs and external work will be directed at building on this experience, and our extensive solidarity network, to maintain the strong international support and empathy to address our long term national needs and interests. Programs will, therefore, focus on developing the necessary institutional and human resource capacity to chart and implement the policies and programs that will enable us to marshal their extensive external assets and to deal with the ever-evolving global and regional developments.

Capacity Building Program

9.30 The main components of this program are as follows.

• a) Recruitment and training, in country and abroad, to staff Headquarters and Missions.

• b) Construction of a Headquarters building.

• c) Development and implementation of a plan to utilize previous networks of support to Timorese resistance and diaspora organizations, transforming them into a permanent network of allies abroad in defence of Timorese interests.

• d) Elaboration and implementation of a plan to gradually and systematically expand diplomatic representation abroad. Utilisation of various options and modalities to achieve wider representation.

Justice, Human Rights and Gender Equality

9.31 The justice system, both in its legal framework and its administration, is of critical importance to society at large and the development process in particular. In this unique situation, where the legal framework is defined by its practical non-existence and where the capacity for the formulation and administration of the body of laws is in its embryonic stage, the issue of prioritization and sequencing becomes of extreme importance. It thus becomes necessary to, on the one hand, seek a longer time frame to develop the body of laws and the capacity, and, on the other, to put interim arrangements or solutions in place. The elaboration of the following programs of the Ministry of Justice will require extensive time and effort.

Poverty Reduction

10.3 Poverty is multidimensional and is experienced in different ways by different people. The usual measure of poverty is the headcount ratio, which is the proportion of people living below the national poverty line. Adapting the methodology used in other countries, the poverty line for East Timor is estimated to be US$0.55 per person per day in September 2001. It incorporates a food component (2,100 kilocalories) and a non-food component covering, among others, expenditures on education, health, clothing and housing. The data show that more than two-in-five (41 %) East Timorese are below the poverty line.

10.4 Other dimensions of poverty include education, health, water supply, sanitation, infrastructure including roads and electricity, communications, security and empowerment. On education, for example, the adult illiteracy rate in East Timor is high with more than half the East Timorese population unable to read and write. Health indicators show a high mortality for infants and children below five years of age. Death of mothers in childbirth (maternal mortality) is also high. Further dimensions relate to security and empowerment. Security includes security of person, property, food and livelihood (including jobs and vulnerability). Empowerment involves a lack of “voice” and a limited participation of the poor in decision-making on their future and the affairs of their communities on economic, social, cultural and political issues, or a lack of involvement in institutions of society and state. It also involves a lack of freedom to exercise and enjoy basic human rights, essential economic and social rights–to be productive and creative, enjoying self-respect, and contributing to the well being of the community and the nation.

10.5 The incidence of poverty is higher among households headed by those with no schooling (around one-in-two or 49 %), fishers (47 %) and farmers (46 %). Poor households in East Timor are more likely to be large with a low proportion of earners (or a large proportion of children and old people leading to a higher dependency ratio), and have very little land. A large majority (85 %) of the 341,000 poor people live in the rural areas of country.

Rural Development

10.6 More than three-quarters (76 %) of East Timor’s population lives in the rural areas. Poverty incidence in the rural areas (46 %) is significantly higher than that in the urban centres (26 %), with Dili and Baucau having the lowest (14 %). The bulk of the country’s poor are located in rural areas. Land holdings are small for the majority of the population, with about 24% of households owning less than 0.5 ha each, and a further 60 % between 0.5 and 1.5 ha each. The productivity of land is relatively limited, due to low-input, low-output technologies that emphasise risk minimisation, since crop failure may jeopardise survival of the family. Access to markets is difficult. Buyers may be scarce, and unwilling to pay prices that include profits due to high costs for transport, storage, and processing.

10.7 Access to basic social services in rural areas is significantly lower than that in urban centres. For example, access to both primary and secondary schools in rural areas is far less favourable than in urban centres. A number of the rural sucos do not have a health post and some are not even served by mobile clinics.¹ Most of the qualified medical personnel are concentrated in urban centres, and access to qualified doctors and nurses is virtually non-existent in most rural areas. Access to safe water, sanitation and electricity, while limited overall, is very low in the rural areas. Access to roads and communications is also a major constraint facing rural residents. As a result, many of the income, education and health indicators show a considerable gap between rural and the urban areas.

Regional Development

10.8 The nation is divided into three regions, Eastern, Central and Western,² and 13 districts. Prior to 1999, a Governor headed the East Timor Province, with each of the three regions administered by an Assistant Governor. Bupati administered districts, with Sub-districts led by Camats. After 1999, the Government provided for District Administrators and sub-district Coordinators. However, the roles and responsibilities of these functionaries, as well as the Suco and Aldeia chiefs, are still evolving. The necessary legislation and regulations are expected to be in place in the next two to three years.

10.9 There are significant disparities between the regions and districts in economic and social indicators. For example, poverty incidence is high in the rural areas of the Central and Western regions as compared to the rural Eastern region. Access to public facilities (e.g. schools and health centres) is more difficult in the upland areas/districts, as is access to roads and markets. Although the topography is difficult, the agro-climatic conditions in some areas (e.g. in the Central region) may be favourable for higher value crops (e.g. coffee, fruits and vegetables) and have good proximity to markets.

10.10 The Ambeno (Oecussi), Bobonaro and Suai districts face unique problems. Ambeno is surrounded by Indonesia, and access to the rest of East Timor is either by sea or through Indonesian territory. Given the current state of infrastructure, the costs of linking Ambeno with the rest of East Timor may be prohibitive in the short and medium term. It will require specific economic, trade and social (including language) policies for the district. Similarly, the border districts of Bobonaro and Suai face distinct opportunities and constraints in their relations with the other districts in East Timor and across the border in West Timor.

10.11 Poverty reduction is a crosscutting issue, addressed in the overall development strategy and in each of the sector strategies, programs and projects. As a result, responsibility for poverty reduction is distributed among a wide range of institutions. Similarly, rural and regional development is addressed mainly through macro and sector programs, and several Ministries and Departments are involved in these efforts. For example, the local government functions are under the purview of the Ministry of Internal Administration, while the Secretary of State for Labour and Solidarity is expected to facilitate the delivery of assistance to vulnerable groups, depending on resource availability.

Resource Constraints

• a) Shortage of animals.

• b) No means to lift and/or pump water for irrigation.

• c) Inadequate agro-processing facilities.

• d) Lack of capital.

• e) Lack of, or limited markets.

• f) Lack of economic opportunities.

• g) Limited economic support services.

• h) Lack of growth centres.

• i) Lack of opportunities for remunerative work.

• j) Shortage of labour during critical periods.

• k) Discrimination in access to work opportunities.

• l) Lack of information on employment and unemployment, and on labour issues such as workplace safety.

Social Aspects

• a) Lack of social accountability.

• b) Informal institutions weakened during the occupation and violence, with no formal social institutions set up during the transition period.

• c) Lack of awareness of rights and responsibilities (civic education).

• d) Lack of willingness to take initiatives and break the cycle of dependence.

• e) Political and social divisions.

• f) Political disturbances.

• g) Social turmoil.

• h) Lack of, or weak social cohesion and solidarity.

Gender aspects

• a) Discrimination against girls and women.

• b) High unemployment rate, especially among women.

• c) Low wages especially for women.

• d) Lack of professional skills among women, especially young women.

• e) Lack of training facilities for women.

Capacity

• a) Lack of teachers and trainers.

• b) Limited capacity within Government, private sector and civil society organisations including NGOs.

• c) Limited capabilities or skills among people in general, and poor people in particular (e.g. literacy) in the villages.

• d) Lack of knowledge of industry.

• e) Lack of skills to start and operate businesses.

• f) Illiteracy, including inability to manage money.

• g) Inadequate number of personnel.

• h) Limited capacity of existing personnel.

• i) Traditional low-input, low-output technologies.

Infrastructure

• a) Lack of appropriate and essential facilities, equipment and supplies, including medicines.

• b) Inadequate number of public facilities, such as schools and health centres.

• c) Inadequate, and limited access to infrastructure.

• d) Poor maintenance of existing infrastructure.

• e) Access to other parts of the country difficult and/or costly.

Rural-urban and regional disparities

• a) Limited access to relatively lower quality social services (including education, health, water supply, sanitation, and housing in rural areas, as compared with urban centres.

• b) Regional disparities in educational achievement and opportunities (e.g. Baucau has the largest number of schools in the country whilst some of the other districts have very few schools).

• c) Civil service with very limited presence in regional areas.

• d) Lack of articulation of values and principles on the “service” role of civil service.

• e) Limited capacity within civil service.

• f) Limited number of civil servants.

Private sector

• a) Lack of policies and programs to develop entrepreneurship and support for private enterprise development.

• b) Lack of competition in the private sector.

• c) Legal framework

• d) Lack of legislation and regulations in areas such as immigration and labour.

• e) Lack of national support and advocacy on behalf of susceptible groups in legal difficulties. Outmoded laws.

• f) Inadequate capacity (number of personnel, skills, institutions, facilities and equipment) in the judiciary, legal professions and the police force.

• g) High cost (financially and in time) of justice.

• h) Lack of well-defined property rights, especially for land.

Governance

• a) Lack of coordination and cooperation between government and non-government institutions.

• b) Vested interests aiming to grab much of the public resources.

• c) Uncertainty regarding security and the nature of government and/or governance among the population.

• d) Crime.

• e) Lack of institutional mechanisms for coordination in different districts and/or regions.

• f) Lack of targeted support to meet the needs of children and the disabled.

• g) Lack of plans for district development, based on comparative advantages.

• h) Lack of criteria for allocation of resources to districts.

• i) Lack of capacity at district level to account for funds allocated.

• j) Lack of transparency.

• k) Inadequate accountability mechanisms.

• l) Long colonial past with highly centralised decision-making in government.

• m) Lack of understanding of the Portuguese language among many administrators.

• n) Legacy of bribery and corruption

• o) Political favouritism in civil service recruitment.

• p) Political influence in allocation of funds.

• q) Corruption.

Creating Economic Opportunities

10.18 The strategies for creating economic opportunities are included mostly in the sector chapters, especially on Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry and Industry, Trade and the Private Sector. The specific strategies formulated by the Poverty Reduction and Rural and Regional Development Working Group include the following:

• a) Transformation of the non-farm subsistence economy through small-scale, home and cottage industries and other business activities that generate income for the poor.

• b) Provision of skills training and guidance to increase the ability of the poor in managing small businesses so that they become self-reliant.

• c) Increased production in the rural areas through the application of appropriate farming techniques and promotion of agro-industries.

• d) Identification and development of potential markets for products inside and outside the country

10.19 The policies that are conducive to promoting the above include those on micro finance, and policy or guidelines on small-scale, cottage and village industries. For example, the latter may include exemption from licensing, taxes and other restrictions; while enforcing the observation of hygiene, health and environmental regulations. The types of programs and projects visualised are listed in the following:

• a) small-scale industries promotion program

• b) household and cottage industries promotion program

• c) hawkers and vendors (petty trade) program

• d) micro credit or micro finance programs and projects

• e) training programs for small-scale, home and cottage industries

• f) project to strengthen technical and vocational education.

• g) bee keeping and honey production (apiculture) project

• h) production of tais, bags and baskets project

• i) production of small tools including agricultural implements project

• j) production of packaged food such as peanuts and shrimp/fish crackers project

10.20 The performance indicators are:

• a) number of new small and micro enterprises established and operating by gender of owner/operator

• b) increase in non-farm income of poor and low-income households

• c) number of borrowers under micro credit schemes by gender

• d) average amount of loan per borrower in micro credit schemes total and by gender

• e) number of training programs conducted

• f) number of trainees by gender

• g) number of trainees graduating from technical and vocational education training programs and number employed by gender

10.21 In addition, the Working Group proposed other training for farmers and fishers in such areas as improved crop husbandry, irrigation management, livestock raising and veterinary care and fishing and aquaculture. The policies, programs and projects overlap with those in other sectors. In operational terms, most of the activities are covered in other sectors including Industry, Trade and the Private Sector and Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.

Providing Social Services

10.22 The strategies, programs and projects on provision of education and health services proposed by the Poverty Reduction and Rural and Regional Development mirror those presented in Chapter 10 on Social and Human Development: Education and Health, while those on water supply and sanitation and housing are covered in the relevant sections of Chapter 15 on Infrastructure.³ The specific additions proposed include programs to increase the skills of the people in general and the poor in particular; and to create networks between the Government and non-government institutions that are active in the delivery of education and training services to society.

Enhancing Security Including Disaster Preparedness and Safety Nets

Immigration Service

10.46 Create an Immigration Service, which is professional and efficient, providing a quality service for citizens and visitors.

• a) program for recruitment of additional staff

• b) training programs, including (English) language training

• c) program to provide office facilities (including buildings), and equipment

• d) program of technical advice and services

• e) program to monitor visitors and immigrants

• f) program to establish a database on visitors and immigrants

• g) policy on immigration, including visa and other entry requirements

• h) policy on immigrants’ rights to work, start businesses, and engage in other activities

National Archives

10.47 The objective is to access, preserve and make available cultural, popular (folkloric) and historic artefacts and government records/materials for present and future generations of East Timorese. The National Archive will acquire, preserve and make available to the public oral, written, film, tape, photographic and other materials through the its facilities.

10.48 Many of the artefacts have been lost or destroyed during the 1975-1999 occupation and during the 1999 paramilitary violence. There are no records or knowledge of East Timorese materials taken to other countries including Portugal, other Portuguese-speaking countries and Indonesia. Further, the information on what is available in East Timor is limited. The programs and projects include the following:

• a) cultural and historical materials collection program

• b) cultural and historical materials and heritage buildings/architecture preservation program

• c) cultural and historical display and dissemination programs

• d) research programs (library and field projects, including archaeological projects)

• e) training programs

• f) buildings/facilities and equipment supply projects

• g) program for accession and preservation of government records

• h) policy on culture and heritage

• i) policy on the retrieval and repatriation of East Timorese cultural, historic and heritage materials from other countries

• j) policy on accession and preservation of government records

10.49 The National Archive under the Ministry of Internal Administration will implement the activities, subject to availability of adequate resources.

Labour

10.50 The objectives include the improvement in the utilization of labour with equitable reward (wage) system and workplace safety; establishing and maintaining a labour market database, introduction of manpower planning, and dissemination of the information to all interested parties. The strategies include improving the functioning of the labour market through employment exchanges, business (employer) consultation forums, and the media, establishing and maintaining a labour market database, introducing manpower planning, and disseminating the information to all interested parties;

• a) program for promotion of formation of labour groups/unions to protect workers’ rights

• b) program for promotion of occupational safety and environmental health

• c) project for promotion of job security

• d) program for promotion of retirement pension schemes

• e) program for promotion of disability insurance

• f) program for promotion of mediation/arbitration in labour disputes.

• g) minimum wage policy

• h) working hours policy

• i) policies on leave and other workers’ rights

• j) labour law that incorporates internationally accepted (ILO) labour standards and practices.

• k) program to establish labour market database

• l) manpower planning program

• m) program to strengthen staff capacities

• n) program to set up labour market monitoring and information collection offices in districts

• o) program of dissemination of labour market information and manpower plan

• p) policy requiring employers to provide information on employment, wages, working hours, etc., by occupation (skill level)

• q) program to establish and operate employment exchanges to match jobseekers with potential employers

• r) program to establish business (employer) consultation forums

• s) policy on advertisement of vacancies in the media

• t) regulation on supply of information on job vacancies to employment exchanges

10.51 The above activities will be implemented by the Secretary of State for Labour and Solidarity in cooperation with other Ministries. The activities will be prioritised and implemented in phases to respond to emerging needs and demands, subject to availability of resources.

Education

11.3 East Timor has an illiteracy rate of 50-60%. 46% of the current population have never attended school. Almost two-thirds of the female population is illiterate. The primary enrolment rate is low, as are school retention rates. Approximately 20% of children enrolled in primary schools rarely attend classes. There is a substantial shortage of trained teachers, and teaching quality is low. In the 2000-01 school year, for example, of the 2,091 secondary school teachers, only 106 had formal secondary school training. The curriculum introduced during the Indonesian occupation is viewed by East Timorese students and teachers as outmoded and irrelevant.

11.4 During the UNTAET period, some increases have occurred in primary school enrolment, particularly for girls, but there have been declines in secondary school attendance. Tertiary provision and skills training remain grossly inadequate. The current teacher-student ration in the primary sector is 1:62.

11.5 During the period before oil revenues begin to have an impact, key challenges to be addressed are:

• a) A rapid expansion in primary school enrolment, particularly for children from poor households.

• b) A reduction in the high drop-out rate at primary level.

• c) An improvement in teaching quality through the provision of appropriate training.

• d) The design and introduction of literacy manuals, and the implementation of campaigns to address the low literacy level within the population.

• e) A specification of the respective roles to be played by the government, church, NGOs and local communities in the management of education.

• f) The development of strategies for the furtherance of the Portuguese language at all education levels, and amongst the adult population.

Health

11.6 The heavy burden of disease in East Timor is due largely to the prevalence of communicable diseases such as malaria, tuberculosis, respiratory tract and childhood infections. The current TB rate is 900 per 100,000. Life expectancy ranges from 50-58, and is combined with high infant mortality rates of 78-149 per 1,000 live births, and under 5 mortality rates of 124-201 per 1,000 live births. Women bear an unacceptable burden of maternal mortality and morbidity, with maternal mortality rates at 350-800 per 100,000 live births. Only 30% of births have any skilled birth attendance. Approximately 3-4% of children aged 6 months to 5 years are acutely malnourished, whilst one in five is chronically malnourished. 45% of children under 5 are underweight.

11.7 During the Indonesian occupation, the health system delivered poor quality services, and was widely mistrusted by the population. During the paramilitary rampage, most health facilities were destroyed, and there was a total collapse of the health system.

11.8 During the UNTAET period, access to basic services has been restored, a TB program has been implemented, immunisation services have been developed for women and children, and basic health packages have been designed. Health centres have been rehabilitated and reequipped. A plan has been devised for human resource development, capacity-building, and health training.

11.9 The main challenges to be addressed by the health sector are to design and implement policies, programs and projects addressing:

• g) high rates of maternal and infant mortality

• h) a high proportion of illness and death due to preventable communicable diseases

• i) the prevalence of malnutrition, iodine and vitamin A deficiency

• j) the lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitary facilities for a majority of the population

• k) poor reproductive health

• l) the prevalence throughout the country of post-conflict mental health problems and trauma

• m) poor and inequitable access to health services

• n) inadequate management support systems

• o) an inadequate referral system

• p) poor knowledge of HIV/AIDS among the population.

11.10 In both the health and education sectors, a major challenge is to set clearly-defined, specific priorities in line with available expenditure. A medium term framework has been developed, selecting priority areas that can ensure most successfully the delivery of services to a population with continuing high levels of poverty.

Gender

11.11 Women play a vital role in East Timorese society. They manage community resources, households, and constitute a crucial part of the labour force, particularly in agriculture. Yet they are not adequately represented in positions of power throughout the country. Gender inequalities are addressed in many of the objectives, strategies and policies in the national plan. There are particular gender concerns in human development–notably in relation to women’s levels of literacy, training, and health needs. These issues are covered in the particular projects and programs outlined for the health and education sectors.

Education

• a) Literacy rate

• b) Net enrolment ratio in primary and secondary schools

• c) Primary education completion rate

• d) School attendance

• e) School participation by age

• f) School participation rates of richest and poorest quintiles of the population

• g) Household expenditure on education at primary and secondary levels

• h) Levels of educational attainment

Health

• a) Life expectancy at birth

• b) Infant mortality rate

• c) Under 5 mortality rate

• d) Maternal mortality rate

Labour

• a) Labour force participation rate

• b) Unemployment rate

Economic, Social and Culture

• a) GDPper capita

• b) % of households below the poverty line

• c) Income distribution index

• d) % of displaced families with access to education and health services

• e) % of orphans and widows with access to education and health services

• f) % of disabled with access to education and health services

• g) % of families with access to radio/television/telephone

• h) Number of cultural and civic society associations

• i) Voter participation rate

• j) Number of street children

• k) Number of orphanages

• l) Crime rate

• m) Suicide rate

• n) Number of libraries/Number of people visiting libraries

• o) Number of people in receipt of social security

• p) Rate of youth participation in social/cultural organizations

Gender Equality

• a) Ratio of boys/girls at all education levels

• b) Ratio of literate females, urban/rural

• c) Percentage of women employed on completion of studies

• d) Incidence of domestic violence

• e) Female access to health services

• f) Proportion of females holding decision-making positions, in both public and private sectors.

Problems and Constraints Common to Both Sectors

11.15 Both the education and health sectors face a number of difficulties, some of which are common to both sectors, and some of which apply to each sector separately. The common problems and constraints are as follows:

Education

• a) Increase the population’s awareness and understanding of basic educational needs, and particularly:

  • Reduce the number of illiterate people within the adult population, with an emphasis particularly on women;

  • Encourage community and NGO participation, particularly in relation to the implementation of pre-school education;

  • Strengthen the community ownership of education through inclusion of parent, community, student and teacher groups, involving them in the development of appropriate quality educational provision in local areas.

• b) Increase access to education and develop means for ensuring the retention of children within the school system, at all levels; improve the drop-out rate.

• c) Rationalize educational provision in relation to the varying needs of different areas.

• d) Improve educational provision, particularly through the provision of professional training, notably for girls and women, adults, and groups with special needs.

• e) Increase the efficiency of school organization and management.

• f) Encourage sports education in schools.

• g) Develop a curriculum appropriate to East Timor’s contemporary needs, encouraging the development of cultural identity, and stressing the importance of the values of democracy, self-sufficiency, national unity and non-discrimination. Develop programs for unemployed youth, and for school drop-outs, providing qualifications enabling them to re-enter the labour market.

• h) Develop extra-curricular occupational programs.

• i) Develop forms of culture and art, emphasizing the national identity of East Timor.

• j) Re-introduce and develop Portuguese and Tetun as the official languages of East Timor.

Health

• a) Reduce levels of maternal and infant mortality.

• b) Reduce the incidence of illness and death due to preventable communicable and noncommunicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS.

• c) Improve the nutritional status of mothers and children.

• d) Improve reproductive health in East Timor.

• e) Ensure that all people have access to health services.

• f) Ensure the delivery of a minimum health care package at all levels of service.

• g) Collaborate with all stakeholders in the health sector to achieve national goals for health.

• h) Ensure that sufficient and adequate health professional training is undertaken to meet national requirements.

• i) Regulate the employment of all health professionals to ensure minimum standards of professional practice.

• j) Provide sufficient referral and tertiary health care services, including laboratory support services, to ensure that referral cases are treated effectively.

• k) Improve the organization and management systems in the health sector.

• l) Increase women’s access both to health information, and to quality health services.

• m) Increase the availability of mental and dental health services.

• n) Contribute to the improvement of occupational and environmental health in East Timor.

Education

• a) Promote mandatory education for all children of school age.

• b) Develop primary education for all as the main goal and priority in allocation of government resources.

• c) Create incentive partnerships with the private sector, NGOs, parents’ associations and the community, to support education at all levels, in pre-school, secondary school, vocational training and non formal education, as well as in university education.

• d) Establish a minimum qualification for teachers, such as a university degree. Develop additional relevant specialisations for secondary school, vocational training, as well as for university teachers and assistants;

• e) Mainstream gender concerns in all educational programs and monitor the impact of these programs on women’s education, through the development and use of gender-sensitive indicators.

• f) Work with relevant sectors/organisations to advocate an improved status for women, promoting equal rights for men and women in access to education.

• g) Have as a key policy objective to increase women’s access to information on educational provision.

Health

• a) Emphasise preventive and promotive health care, provided closest to the community, with the additional aim of limiting expenditure on hospital care.

• b) Adopt primary health care policies enabling increased accessibility and coverage of health care.

• c) Adopt a policy of integrating the health care system with other sectors.

• d) Target groups to achieve the greatest health impact (e.g. emphasizing mother and child health care).

• e) Develop health staffing policies appropriate to the needs of the country.

• f) Promote access and utilization of basic health services by vulnerable groups.

• g) Adopt Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI).

• h) Mainstream gender health concerns in all programs and monitor their impact on women’s health, through gender-sensitive indicators.

• i) Work with relevant sectors/organisations to advocate an improved status for women, promoting equal rights for men and women in access to health.

• j) Have as a key objective to increase women’s access to health information and quality health services.

OVERALL STRATEGIES

Specific Strategies

Education

11.26 Based on the objectives, policies and strategies, and addressing the problems and constraints outlined above, the following programs and projects will be implemented by the Ministry of Education over the five-year NDP period.

Program Priorities

11.35 In its expenditure for the financial year, 2002/03, the Ministry of Education has prioritised funding on programs 1 and 2, on improving the quality of education, expanding access, and improving internal efficiency. The focus within these funding areas will be on primary education, followed by junior and senior secondary education, respectively. Following these, the next priority areas for funding are from program area 4, for continuing and non-formal education, with the emphasis on improving levels of adult literacy. Details are provided in the Summary of Expenditures for the Education Ministry, contained in the 2002/03 Budget Submission, accompanying the Plan.

Health

11.36 The Ministry of Health will implement the following programs and projects.

The Second Health Sector Rehabilitation and Development Project

11.37 Within the program areas listed above, the Ministry of Health currently is focusing on the Second Health Sector Rehabilitation and Development Project, that is, on the project as set up in the second phase of TFET. The objectives of this project are to assist the Ministry of Health in rehabilitating and developing a cost-effective and financially sustainable health system in East Timor, responsive to the immediate basic health needs of the population and, within a well integrated and sustainable health policy framework, to prepare the health system to meet future needs.

11.38 The project has three main components and sixteen sub-projects, for which the Ministry is requesting funding. These components are as follows.

Component 1: Support to ongoing Health Service Delivery

11.39 This component will support the delivery of health services, including selected high priority activities (immunization, tuberculosis treatment, nutrition, and health promotion) and basic services (including maternal and child health), in accordance with district health plans, medical supply systems, logistical systems, and essential hospital care, through the provision of technical assistance to the Ministry of Health. The project will also support the provision of pharmaceuticals to health facilities, including hospitals.

Component 2: Improvement of the Range and Quality of Health Services, and the Development and implementation of Health Support Systems

11.40 This component will support the improvement of the quality of basic health services provided at the district level, including the enhancement of health promotion activities, environmental health, communicable diseases surveillance and reproductive health, through the provision of technical assistance to the Ministry of Health and the provision of training to health services staff. It will also include the rehabilitation, construction and equipping of hospitals, and the improvement of communication systems and transport between health facilities and hospitals. The project will further support the establishment of an autonomous medical supply entity, and the provision of technical assistance for management.

Component 3: Development and implementation of Health Sector Policy and Management Systems

11.41 This component will support the development of health sector policy, health management systems and capacity building through technical assistance for health studies, the development of a strategic plan for human resources, the provision of fellowships, and the development of administrative and financial systems.

11.42 Details of the funding required for financing the development of these projects in 2002-3 are provided in the summary of expenditures for the Ministry of Health, contained in the Budget Submission accompanying the Plan.

Gender Mainstreaming

The indicators presented in the table below will be used to monitor gender mainstreaming on education and health policies, programs and projects as well as assist in the measuring of gender needs assessment. These indicators are complementary to those presented by the Health and Education sectors.

Table 11.3:

Gender Mainstreaming Performance Indicators in Education

Table 11.3:

Gender Mainstreaming Performance Indicators in Education

Objectives	Performance indicator
1. To raise the population’s interest in, and knowledge of basic educational needs a) Reduce the number of illiterate people within the adult population, with the emphasis on women; b) Enforce community and NGO’s participation, particularly in the implementation of preschool education;	Targeted community information promoting the benefits of female education % of women participants in educational campaigns Ratio of literate females to males Frequency of use of local role models and women’s groups advocating female education
2. a) Increase educational access for all school-age children, b) Improve retention rates at all educational levels, for girls and boys, and in all social groups	Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education Sex disaggregated data on participation and retention rates
3. Rationalise the school network	% of female teachers Distance from facilities
4. Improve the educational process at all levels from pre-school to university, focusing also on professional training for all, including girls and women, adults, and groups with special needs.	Level of enrolment at all grades by gender Sex disaggregated data on levels of educational attainment in subject areas Frequency of school attendance and retention at all grades by sex
5. Increase the efficiency of schools and the educational system.	Type and number of education schedules Relationship between school and first employment disaggregated data by sex
6. Compulsory sports education in schools.	Separate and adequate dressing rooms and toilet facilities for girls and boys Types of sports
7. Develop a curriculum appropriate to contemporary needs, reflecting indigenous culture, democracy, self-sufficiency, nationalism and non-discrimination.	Extent of gender stereotyping (in curricula and education material) Number of workshops for teachers on nondiscrimination
8. Improve youth qualifications, particularly for those who have left school early, and for the unemployed, through professional training	Sex disaggregated employment profile Number and type of enrolment profile on non-formal education courses

View Table

Table 11.3:

Gender Mainstreaming Performance Indicators in Education

Objectives	Performance indicator
1. To raise the population’s interest in, and knowledge of basic educational needs a) Reduce the number of illiterate people within the adult population, with the emphasis on women; b) Enforce community and NGO’s participation, particularly in the implementation of preschool education;	Targeted community information promoting the benefits of female education % of women participants in educational campaigns Ratio of literate females to males Frequency of use of local role models and women’s groups advocating female education
2. a) Increase educational access for all school-age children, b) Improve retention rates at all educational levels, for girls and boys, and in all social groups	Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary education Sex disaggregated data on participation and retention rates
3. Rationalise the school network	% of female teachers Distance from facilities
4. Improve the educational process at all levels from pre-school to university, focusing also on professional training for all, including girls and women, adults, and groups with special needs.	Level of enrolment at all grades by gender Sex disaggregated data on levels of educational attainment in subject areas Frequency of school attendance and retention at all grades by sex
5. Increase the efficiency of schools and the educational system.	Type and number of education schedules Relationship between school and first employment disaggregated data by sex
6. Compulsory sports education in schools.	Separate and adequate dressing rooms and toilet facilities for girls and boys Types of sports
7. Develop a curriculum appropriate to contemporary needs, reflecting indigenous culture, democracy, self-sufficiency, nationalism and non-discrimination.	Extent of gender stereotyping (in curricula and education material) Number of workshops for teachers on nondiscrimination
8. Improve youth qualifications, particularly for those who have left school early, and for the unemployed, through professional training	Sex disaggregated employment profile Number and type of enrolment profile on non-formal education courses

Table 11.4:

Gender Mainstreaming Performance Indicators in Health

Table 11.4:

Gender Mainstreaming Performance Indicators in Health

Objectives	Performance indicator
1. To reduce maternal and infant mortality	HIV prevalence rate in 15-35 year old pregnant women % of reported cases of domestic violence against pregnant women
4. To improve reproductive health in East Timor	Inclusion of men in health education activities, in particular reproductive health % of male beneficiaries of reproductive health care
8. To ensure that sufficient health professional training is undertaken to meet national requirements, and regulate the employment of all health professionals to ensure minimum standards of professional practice.	Sex disaggregated data on the numbers and training levels of male and female health workers
11. To increase women’s access to information, and to quality health services	% of women with access to information and quality health services (IEC Programs) % of female health workers available for consultation with women. Number of women utilising services
12. To increase the availability of mental and dental health services	Number of female health workers specifically trained in mental health, particularly on gender based violence

View Table

Table 11.4:

Gender Mainstreaming Performance Indicators in Health

Objectives	Performance indicator
1. To reduce maternal and infant mortality	HIV prevalence rate in 15-35 year old pregnant women % of reported cases of domestic violence against pregnant women
4. To improve reproductive health in East Timor	Inclusion of men in health education activities, in particular reproductive health % of male beneficiaries of reproductive health care
8. To ensure that sufficient health professional training is undertaken to meet national requirements, and regulate the employment of all health professionals to ensure minimum standards of professional practice.	Sex disaggregated data on the numbers and training levels of male and female health workers
11. To increase women’s access to information, and to quality health services	% of women with access to information and quality health services (IEC Programs) % of female health workers available for consultation with women. Number of women utilising services
12. To increase the availability of mental and dental health services	Number of female health workers specifically trained in mental health, particularly on gender based violence

Poverty and the Agriculture Sector

12.6 Data from the poverty assessment undertaken in 2001 showed that agriculture is the main source of income in 94% of sucos, that 97% of sucos have farms, and that 57% have some irrigation. It was also found that the crops produced were predominantly used for self-consumption (subsistence), with less than 20% of sucos selling most of their rice or maize. Consequently, it appears that there is little surplus agricultural production in the nation. The cash income of farm families in 2002 is generated mainly by the sale of chickens, pigs, eggs and some vegetables.

12.7 Analyses of poverty data indicate that food insecurity is faced by 18.6% of the population, or more than 154,000 people in East Timor. Furthermore, preliminary results from the Countrywide Consultation point to concern about food shortages and the need to increase both the quantity and quality of food crops.

12.8 The PA also serves to indicate that 41% of the population suffers from poverty, with those in rural areas more likely to be experiencing poverty. Agricultural policy and strategies, therefore, need to recognise the likelihood of seasonal food shortages and accord suitable priority to programs to overcome those shortages. Based on concern about food shortages, the medium-term development policy could focus on a goal of reducing poverty and food insecurity. The policy instruments to do so, however, require careful consideration. Strategies such as education and training, complemented with applied research and field demonstrations will improve farmer knowledge of adaptive technology. These are key platforms in the MAF’s development programs. In addition, better access to inputs, along with improved access to markets via improved infrastructure will increase productivity in the medium to long term. Ultimately, economic growth provides the best solution to poverty, so that sustainable productivity improvements in agriculture, supporting increased employment and incomes, provides the best way forward.

12.9 Agriculture, particularly coffee, was responsible for more than 90% of export income during the Indonesian administration. Since 1999, however, the world price of coffee has slumped to historic lows, while inadequate quality control and poor crop husbandry typify the local industry. This serves also to highlight the narrow base of agricultural production for exports, although domestic production of food crops is well diversified. At present, East Timor has little or no comparative advantage in relation to the export of agricultural commodities. Current wage levels and the use of the US dollar as the medium of exchange render East Timor internationally uncompetitive on price alone. While MAF has an important role in this respect, so too do other arms of Government, such as the MoF.

12.10 The private sector has a vital role to play in the development of agriculture–including fisheries and forestry–in areas such as infrastructure development, transport, storage, manufacturing and processing, marketing, contract services, and the supply of inputs.

12.11 The production of agricultural produce in East Timor is indicated by reference to Table 12.1. As shown in the table, there appear to be inconsistencies in the data reported. The Poverty Assessment was, however, based on an extremely robust sample that provided data considered to be very reliable. It is these data that are considered to be most credible.

Table 12.1:

Crop Production in 1997 and 2001

Sources: Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, Livestock Service of East Timor, UNTAET, MAF’s estimates. The 2001 TLSS.

Table 12.1:

Crop Production in 1997 and 2001

Commodity	Production (tons 1997) Indonesia	Yield (tons/ha 1997)	Production (tons 2001) MAF	Yield (tons/ha 2001)	Production (tons 2001) TLSS	Yield (tons/ha 2001)
Food Crops
Rice	40,286	2.7	38,340	2.9	54,302	1.54
Maize	106,600	1.8	113,527	2.0	68,959	0.57
Peanuts	3,200	1.0	3,301	1.1	1,677	0.51
Soybeans	1,200	0.8			821	0.39
Cassava	66,500	4.0	68,237	4.2	55,349	0.61
Sweet Potato	16,200	3.9	43,976	4.1	31,663	0.47
Tree Crops
Coffee dry bean	9,700	0.2	9,491	0.405	14,984	0.52
Coconuts	9,900	0.2	8,040	0.702	2,137	1.01
Candlenut	690	0.2	1,063	0.472	n.a.	n.a.
Cocoa	42	0.08			n.a.	n.a.
Cloves	12	0.05			n.a.	n.a.

Sources: Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, Livestock Service of East Timor, UNTAET, MAF’s estimates. The 2001 TLSS.

View Table

Table 12.1:

Crop Production in 1997 and 2001

Commodity	Production (tons 1997) Indonesia	Yield (tons/ha 1997)	Production (tons 2001) MAF	Yield (tons/ha 2001)	Production (tons 2001) TLSS	Yield (tons/ha 2001)
Food Crops
Rice	40,286	2.7	38,340	2.9	54,302	1.54
Maize	106,600	1.8	113,527	2.0	68,959	0.57
Peanuts	3,200	1.0	3,301	1.1	1,677	0.51
Soybeans	1,200	0.8			821	0.39
Cassava	66,500	4.0	68,237	4.2	55,349	0.61
Sweet Potato	16,200	3.9	43,976	4.1	31,663	0.47
Tree Crops
Coffee dry bean	9,700	0.2	9,491	0.405	14,984	0.52
Coconuts	9,900	0.2	8,040	0.702	2,137	1.01
Candlenut	690	0.2	1,063	0.472	n.a.	n.a.
Cocoa	42	0.08			n.a.	n.a.
Cloves	12	0.05			n.a.	n.a.

Sources: Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, Livestock Service of East Timor, UNTAET, MAF’s estimates. The 2001 TLSS.

Sustainability

Agricultural, fisheries and forestry production activities will use natural, social and financial resources in a sustainable manner. This will be based on the well-known definition of sustainability from the 1983 World Conservation and Environmental Development Conference, which states:

“sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

Efficiency

Agricultural, fisheries and forestry resources will be used in a manner that prevents waste, ensures they are employed in a cost-effective way, and maximises community benefits from their use⁴.

Equity

All farmers and fishers will have the same access to the services provided by MAF and other Government agencies, while the benefits of development will be distributed fairly across the nation and between generations.

Self-reliance

Government will encourage private sector initiatives and provide a conducive policy environment and support services to make agriculture and fisheries profitable and globally competitive.

Values

The values of East Timorese will be considered in development programs, which will take account of, and respect, cultural values and traditional practices such as farmers working together in crop production (serbisu hamutuk).

Participatory Development

Decision-making by MAF will be undertaken in consultation with major stakeholders in the sector.

Capacity

MAF currently faces a lack of institutional and personnel capacity to undertake the wide range of tasks with which they are confronted, including the implementation, management and monitoring of donor-funded activities. The planned increase in staff numbers in 2002/03, along with capacity building for staff will address these issues to a partial extent.

Management and Entrepreneurial Skills

Farmers and fishers in East Timor are typified by low levels of management skills and entrepreneurial ability. This is a capacity constraint in the private sector component of the sector.

Data and Information

As stated in the Introduction, doubts remain about the veracity of the data which MAF has at its disposal. This imposes a constraint on planning and development in the sector. Results of the 2001 Poverty Assessment will be helpful in this context, but further, regular data collection will be important to policy and program development.

Financial Resources

MAF, like other Ministries, faces severe budgetary constraints for staffing, other recurrent costs and capital equipment. Therefore, it will continue to rely on donor support in the medium term to establish both a stock of needed capital equipment and a cadré of suitably trained staff.

Poor Transport, Communication, Marketing and Processing Infrastructure

Many sucos and aldeias cannot be reached by vehicles, and the majority have little or no communication facilities other than transistor radio. This imposes constraints both on development programs and extension activities, while also hindering the marketing of produce by isolated communities. Furthermore, value-adding is constrained by a lack of processing facilities.

Low Productivity

Agriculture in East Timor is typified by low productivity with, for example, average rice yields around 1.5 tons per hectare (compared, say, to the Philippines where average yields are around 4 tons per hectare). Low productivity results from farmers’ shortage of cash, low input systems, inadequate knowledge of alternative production systems the continued use of traditional cultivation techniques, zero or minimal fertiliser use, and high seeding rates to guard against losses. Farm practices are also typified by risk-averse behaviour as farmers attempt to guarantee food for their families, which is rational under existing farming circumstances. Increasing productivity through introducing appropriate changes to production systems comprises one of the biggest challenges for MAF and its Department of Agriculture and Livestock.

Poor Quality Produce

The quality of agricultural commodities produced in East Timor is generally quite poor. This reduces farm incomes and competitiveness in both domestic and international markets.

State of Irrigation Schemes

Irrigation schemes were extensively damaged in 1999, although many were already in a poor state, due to lack of maintenance and weak structure. Water shortages and poor management are typical and, amongst other things, result in irrigated rice normally grown only as one crop per year.

Land Tenure

Lack of clarity about land tenure presents a constraint on commercial agricultural development, as well as on various support services that require access to land to become established. The current situation relating to land tenure remains to be ascertained in accordance with the Constitution of the country, but is currently typified by great uncertainty. There is no proper land registry, no recording or verification of land transactions, no transparent system for allocating or governing foreign interests in land use, and no framework in which to determine competing claims to land.

Comparative Advantage and Diversity

The principal export in past years from East Timor has been coffee. The current state of the international coffee market means, however, that the industry is currently non-viable. East Timor coffee formerly had a reputation as a quality product, but this reputation has been damaged in recent years by poor post-harvest handling and processing and the subsequent placement of an inferior product onto the international market. Furthermore, husbandry of the crop, in general, is poor to non-existent, leading to reduced productivity and quality. The present use of the US$ means also that East Timorese exports are expensive on world markets–the nation has virtually no comparative advantages in international trade at the present time. Finally, the parlous state of the coffee industry shows the need to diversify the export base; reliance on only one or a small number of exports brings with it both price and production risks.

Fisheries Legislation and Management

East Timor is yet to develop and implement a Fisheries Act and to formulate the approaches to the management of various fisheries through fisheries management plans. A precautionary approach has been taken to the allocation of fishing rights because fish stocks are poorly understood. There is an urgent need to address these matters so that the nation can develop its fisheries in a manner that is economically, biologically and socially sustainable.

Forest Degradation

The forests of East Timor are in a very poor state, with previous logging activity, firewood collection, shifting agriculture and defoliation by the Indonesian military each contributing to the current status of forests. There is much to be done in terms of reforestation, the declaration and management of protected areas, and watershed protection. Reforestation is both long-term and expensive with domestic funding unlikely to be able to make a significant contribution to needed efforts.

Forestry Legislation

There is currently no forestry legislation, although UNTAET Regulation #2000/19 is designed to protect various natural areas, while UNTAET Regulation #2000/17 deals with the prohibition of logging and timber exports. There is, however, a need to develop appropriate legislation and further regulations as soon as practicable.

Quarantine

There is currently a lack of regulation and services for quarantine in East Timor. This is important to the whole nation, but of particular importance as it develops new agricultural industries, particularly those with an export focus.

Mission Statement

The mission of the Department of Agriculture and Livestock (DAL) is to improve the well-being of farm families through encouraging them to adopt profitable, productive and sustainable farming practices in relation to both crops and livestock.

12.19 The overarching goal of the DAL is a highly developed crops and livestock industry within farming communities typified by progressive and self-reliant farmers who are adopting profitable, productive, and sustainable farming systems practices. DAL will undertake a farming systems development approach that strongly recognises existing resource limitations, knowledge, skill and indigenous technologies. It will undertake its development activities in a manner that is specific to each agricultural ecosystem (upland, irrigated lowland, rain fed lowland, sloping lands, and cool-elevated lands). The focus will be on integrating crops and livestock production, along with adaptation and promotion of proven, profitable and sustainable farming systems technologies featuring efficient use of soil and irrigation water.

12.20 DAL consists of four divisions: Crop Production Division, Division of Horticulture, Livestock Division; and Division of Irrigation and Water Management.

Problems, Goals and Policies

12.21 The key problems confronted by the DAL are the following.

• a) Low productivity, production and value of food crops, cash crops and livestock.

• b) Poor animal husbandry and animal health.

• c) Irrigation schemes are, overall, in a state of disrepair and road access in rural areas is deficient.

• d) Transport and marketing infrastructure to serve post-harvest distribution is limited or non-existent.

• e) The coffee industry is in urgent need of revitalisation.

• f) Lack of know-how about improved agricultural techniques and best practices.

12.22 Consideration of these problems means that three goals are of particular importance to the DAL. These are to:

• a) increase the productivity of the crop and livestock sectors, focusing initially on rice, maize, fruit and vegetables, coffee and chickens;

• b) make more intensive use of agricultural land; and

• c) improve the quality of agricultural produce.

12.23 The three principal policy options for achieving these goals are to:

• a) increase information provision and training for farmers;

• b) ensure the availability of better inputs such as seed and livestock medicines; and

• c) rehabilitate irrigation schemes and coffee plantings.

12.24 To put these policies into practice the Department, through its Divisions, will implement the various programs described below. The projects to be implemented under each program, with the actual or proposed sources of funding and the current status of individual projects are as shown in Tables 12.24–12.28.

Crop Production Division

Program 1: Enhancement of Food Crops Production

Program 2: Enhancement of Horticultural Crop Production

Program 3: Enhancement of Industrial Crops Production

Program 4: Support to Farmers’ Associations

Program 5: Crop Protection

Program 1: Enhancement of Food Crops Production

12.25 The goal of this program is to increase the productivity, overall production and quality of important food crops grown in East Timor. The program will be focused on food crops, mainly rice and maize, which are grown by 23% and 81%, respectively, of East Timorese households. The current low yields and productivity of these two crops results from the use of poor seeds and varieties that grow poorly under the existing soil and climatic conditions; and inadequate application of improved practices that are already tested and continue to be used by other farmers in Asia. Program activities will include on-farm demonstrations of certified seed use; improved production practices, cropping systems and crop diversification; and variety testing and seed multiplication of newly selected varieties of rice and maize, as well as Phaseolus, mungbean, soybean, cowpea, sweet potato, peanut, and cassava. The performance targets, after five years of the program, are as shown in Table 12.2.

Table 12.2:

Performance Targets, Enhancement of Food Crops Production: 2002-2007

Table 12.2:

Performance Targets, Enhancement of Food Crops Production: 2002-2007

Performance Targets (at the end of 5 years)	Measurement
50% reduction in number of months with insufficient food supply among rural households	National poverty/nutrition surveys
Stabilisation of deficit in rice supply	National poverty/nutrition surveys and MAF data
Development of 3 model rice villages	MAF monitoring records
Release of new food crop varieties: - 2 varieties of new irrigated lowland rice - 3 new varieties of maize - 1 new variety of mung bean, soybean & cowpea - 3 new varieties of peanut - 3 new varieties of sweet potato and seed pieces distributed to 5,000 households	MAF monitoring records

View Table

Table 12.2:

Performance Targets, Enhancement of Food Crops Production: 2002-2007

Performance Targets (at the end of 5 years)	Measurement
50% reduction in number of months with insufficient food supply among rural households	National poverty/nutrition surveys
Stabilisation of deficit in rice supply	National poverty/nutrition surveys and MAF data
Development of 3 model rice villages	MAF monitoring records
Release of new food crop varieties: - 2 varieties of new irrigated lowland rice - 3 new varieties of maize - 1 new variety of mung bean, soybean & cowpea - 3 new varieties of peanut - 3 new varieties of sweet potato and seed pieces distributed to 5,000 households	MAF monitoring records

Program 2: Enhancement of Horticultural Crop Production

12.26 The goal of this program is to increase the production and quality of fruit crops grown by East Timorese for both food and cash. This program does not include the ‘industrial’ crops such as coffee. A large number of households in East Timor are dependent on the production of horticultural crops, from the relatively dry lowland areas in the north, to the humid and cool elevated lands in the mountainous region, through to the relatively humid lowlands in the south. The recent household poverty assessment showed that richer farmers tend to grow proportionally more fruit trees than poorer farmers, indicating that development of horticultural production might have an impact on poverty alleviation. Initial activities include improvement of the germplasm of suitable fruit crops, training selected farmers in commercial nursery operation, conducting on-farm demonstrations about improved cultural practices, and seed or seedling multiplication of the best performing newly recommended varieties. Performance targets are shown in Table 12.3.

Table 12.3:

Performance Targets, Enhancement of Horticultural Crops Production

Table 12.3:

Performance Targets, Enhancement of Horticultural Crops Production

Performance Targets (for FY02/03)	Measurement
Two plant nurseries (1 in the highlands and 1 in the lowlands) for selected varieties of fruit crops to use as sources of seeds or planting materials for propagation and training of plant nursery operators. Identification of plants.	Crop Production Division records

View Table

Table 12.3:

Performance Targets, Enhancement of Horticultural Crops Production

Performance Targets (for FY02/03)	Measurement
Two plant nurseries (1 in the highlands and 1 in the lowlands) for selected varieties of fruit crops to use as sources of seeds or planting materials for propagation and training of plant nursery operators. Identification of plants.	Crop Production Division records

Program 3: Enhancement of Industrial Crops Production

12.27 The goal of this program is to enhance and develop industrial crops that will contribute to income earning opportunities and employment in rural areas, and to export earnings for the nation. The program will focus on crops that involve value-adding activities and support: (a) the development of industrial crops such as coffee, candlenut, coconut, sugarcane, Manila hemp, and vanilla; (b) germplasm collection, identification, and evaluation; (c) seed or seedling multiplication; (d) on-farm demonstration of best practices in orchard management; (e) processing of value-added products; and (f) training of farmers in nursery and planting operations.

12.28 An estimated 25,000 farm families derive a substantial portion of their income from coffee, while another 15,000 obtain a small portion of their income from the crop. Consequently, about 40,000 families earn at least some cash income from coffee, meaning that around 200,000 people (given that the average family size is five persons) or a quarter of the population rely on the crop for at least a portion of their livelihood. Seasonal off-farm labour is also employed in the transport and processing of coffee. While not the only activity, coffee production will be an important component of the program because the crop is already grown and well understood. Furthermore, coffee is–at least for the present–heavily supported by aid donors and the MAF program will complement donor activities. Donor support includes:

• a) USAID: NCBA Timor Economic Rehabilitation and Development Project (TERADP);

• b) Portugal: Replanting of Coffee Fields and Research on Coffee Production;

• c) Portugal: Integrated Rehabilitation and Construction of Coffee Processing Facilities;

• d) USAID: Abaca Pilot in Liquica (under Economic Recovery Program: Agriculture).

Table 12.4:

Performance Targets, Enhancement of Industrial Crops Production:

Table 12.4:

Performance Targets, Enhancement of Industrial Crops Production:

Performance Targets (for FY02/03)	Measurement
3 batches of farmers trained in the production of high quality processed coffee	Crop Production Division records
5 demonstration sites on proper rehabilitation of coffee orchards	Crop Production Division records
2 nurseries of selected varieties established	Crop Production Division records

View Table

Table 12.4:

Performance Targets, Enhancement of Industrial Crops Production:

Performance Targets (for FY02/03)	Measurement
3 batches of farmers trained in the production of high quality processed coffee	Crop Production Division records
5 demonstration sites on proper rehabilitation of coffee orchards	Crop Production Division records
2 nurseries of selected varieties established	Crop Production Division records

Program 4: Support to Farmers’ Associations

12.29 The goal of this program is to facilitate the marketing of agricultural inputs and products, through private commercial agricultural associations owned by farmers. This program is being supported by the TFET-funded Agricultural Rehabilitation Program I (ARPI) and ARP II projects, and is helping establish three Agriculture Service Centres (ASCs) in Bobonaro, Viqueque, and Aileu, each serving 3,500-4,000 farmers. The total beneficiary population is close to 10,000 farmers. The ASCs will facilitate: (a) marketing and trading of agricultural products (including rice in Bobonaro, candlenuts and copra in Viqueque, and coffee in Aileu); (b) sales of agricultural inputs (such as seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, and farm tools): and (c) transport of agricultural products from farm sites to markets. Apart from staff time, all project costs are met under TFET funding; MAF staff will play a counterpart role and support the in-field activities of the program. Performance targets are shown in Table 12.5.

Table 12.5:

Performance Targets, Support to Farmers’ Associations

Table 12.5:

Performance Targets, Support to Farmers’ Associations

Performance Targets	Measurement
Three Agriculture Service Centres established and operational	ARP II monitoring records
Agriculture inputs and transportation available, and marketing network re-established for nearly 10,000 farmers	ARP II monitoring records

View Table

Table 12.5:

Performance Targets, Support to Farmers’ Associations

Performance Targets	Measurement
Three Agriculture Service Centres established and operational	ARP II monitoring records
Agriculture inputs and transportation available, and marketing network re-established for nearly 10,000 farmers	ARP II monitoring records

Program 5: Crop Protection

12.30 The goal of the Crop Protection Program is to support the improvement of food supply at the household level by controlling common pests and diseases (including weeds) that lead to loss of yields in the field and during storage of crops. Essential functions include monitoring common pests and diseases, and informing farmers about how to act in a timely fashion to control common pests, particularly rats, and reduce their impact. The program will also administer and operate the plant quarantine program that will prevent entry of new pests and diseases into East Timor, and regulate the importation and use of pesticides by farmers. Given that this is an integrated program, no projects are specified.

Table 12.6:

Performance Targets, Crop Protection

Table 12.6:

Performance Targets, Crop Protection

Performance Targets	Measurement
13 groups of farmers trained on proper use of pesticides, preparation of pesticide sprays and proper disposal of pesticide containers.	Crop Production Division records
Regulation on importation and sale of pesticides; plant quarantine regulation drafted	Crop Production Division records
Regular radio program on pest management, proper use of pesticides and information on hazardous and toxic agricultural chemicals produced. Trials on eradication of Siam Weed	Crop Production Division records

View Table

Table 12.6:

Performance Targets, Crop Protection

Performance Targets	Measurement
13 groups of farmers trained on proper use of pesticides, preparation of pesticide sprays and proper disposal of pesticide containers.	Crop Production Division records
Regulation on importation and sale of pesticides; plant quarantine regulation drafted	Crop Production Division records
Regular radio program on pest management, proper use of pesticides and information on hazardous and toxic agricultural chemicals produced. Trials on eradication of Siam Weed	Crop Production Division records

Livestock Division

Program 1: Development of Livestock Production

Program 2: Prevention and Eradication of Livestock Diseases

Program 1: Development of Livestock Production

12.31 The goals of this program are to increase food production, animal protein consumption, and income through provision of support to farmers in establishing small chicken hatcheries, increasing cattle production, and improving the marketing of chickens and cattle. Assistance will be provided to approximately 1,000 chicken owners and 500 livestock owners, with a particular focus on women in the case of chicken production.

Table 12.7:

Performance Targets, Development of Livestock Production

Table 12.7:

Performance Targets, Development of Livestock Production

Performance Targets	Measurement
30% increase in total meat and egg production from current levels	Consumption and nutrition records
20% increase in cattle population (no. head)	Livestock Division records

View Table

Table 12.7:

Performance Targets, Development of Livestock Production

Performance Targets	Measurement
30% increase in total meat and egg production from current levels	Consumption and nutrition records
20% increase in cattle population (no. head)	Livestock Division records

Program 2: Prevention and Eradication of Livestock Diseases

12.32 The goal of this program is to improve the animal health and productivity of livestock in East Timor, leading to increased farmers’ incomes. MAF will support the TFET-funded ARP II project in the carrying out of: (a) essential vaccination campaigns for cattle, buffaloes, pigs and chickens; and (b) help develop a system of private Village Livestock Workers (VLW) to provide assistance to local farmers in basic veterinary services. The target beneficiaries include all the households owning cattle, buffaloes, pigs and chickens in East Timor, in addition to 200 sucos where VLWs will be trained. Donor support for this program is currently available under the TFET Second Agriculture Rehabilitation Project (ARP II). The continuation of this program is an imperative for livestock production in East Timor and the wider region. Activities such as vaccination for Newcastle Disease in chickens will make a significant contribution to poverty reduction, nutrition and income earning opportunities.

Table 12.8:

Performance Targets, Development of Livestock Production

Table 12.8:

Performance Targets, Development of Livestock Production

Performance Targets	Measurement
80% of target adult population of buffaloes and cattle (approx. 150,000), and 270,000 pigs vaccinated	Livestock Division Records
500,000 doses of Newcastle Disease vaccine distributed to communities	Livestock Division Records

View Table

Table 12.8:

Performance Targets, Development of Livestock Production

Performance Targets	Measurement
80% of target adult population of buffaloes and cattle (approx. 150,000), and 270,000 pigs vaccinated	Livestock Division Records
500,000 doses of Newcastle Disease vaccine distributed to communities	Livestock Division Records

Irrigation Division

Program 1: Rehabilitation of Existing Irrigation Schemes

Program 2: Establishment of Rural Water Harvesting Systems

Program 3: Maintenance and Repair Work

Program 4: Sector Management Recovery and Development

Program 1: Rehabilitation of Existing Irrigation Schemes

12.33 The goal of this program is to increase agricultural production in lowland areas and stimulate off-farm employment through the rehabilitation of community irrigation schemes, agricultural access roads, and selected irrigation schemes that have suffered light-to-medium damaged but have been assessed as viable from an economic, social, and environmental perspective. CFET resources will be used to cover minor operating costs and MAF staff inputs for the supervision of these works, which will be funded by TFET-ARP II and the UNOPS/UNDP Urgent Rehabilitation II Project. The target beneficiaries are estimated at 18,500 rural households. Increased rice production from the rehabilitation of the larger irrigation schemes is estimated to benefit about 2,200 farming families. Donor support includes:

• a) TFET Second Agriculture Rehabilitation Project;

• b) UNDP/UNOPS Urgent Rehabilitation II; and

• c) CIDA–Rehabilitation of Water Irrigation Channel in Iliomar.

Table 12.9:

Performance Targets, Rehabilitation of Existing Irrigation Schemes

Table 12.9:

Performance Targets, Rehabilitation of Existing Irrigation Schemes

Performance Targets	Measurement
Rice yield increasing from 1.5 to 2.0 MT/ha at the end of the first year, 2-4 MT at the end of 3 years, and increasing to more than 4.0 MT/ha after five years	Irrigation Division monitoring records and field surveys

View Table

Table 12.9:

Performance Targets, Rehabilitation of Existing Irrigation Schemes

Performance Targets	Measurement
Rice yield increasing from 1.5 to 2.0 MT/ha at the end of the first year, 2-4 MT at the end of 3 years, and increasing to more than 4.0 MT/ha after five years	Irrigation Division monitoring records and field surveys

Program 2: Establishment of Rural Water Harvesting Systems

12.34 The goal of this proposed new program is to improve the reliability of irrigation water supplies for upland communities, which are particularly vulnerable to water shortages during the dry season. The program will be piloted in two communities during FY02/03, using a limited CFET budget of $5,000 for the construction of vaults and tanks in vegetable areas in the highlands of East Timor. Based on lessons learned from this pilot, the program will be expanded into a specific project in FY03/04.

Table 12.10:

Performance Targets, Establishment of Rural Water Harvesting Systems

Table 12.10:

Performance Targets, Establishment of Rural Water Harvesting Systems

Performance Targets	Measurement
Construction of small irrigation water tanks and vaults in 2 pilot communities	Irrigation Division monitoring records

View Table

Table 12.10:

Performance Targets, Establishment of Rural Water Harvesting Systems

Performance Targets	Measurement
Construction of small irrigation water tanks and vaults in 2 pilot communities	Irrigation Division monitoring records

Program 3: Maintenance and Repair Work

12.35 The goal of this program is to provide essential maintenance and repair for irrigation schemes rehabilitated in previous years under donor-funded projects. The costs of annual operation and maintenance of irrigation schemes are estimated at about 10% of the capital investment. While most of the schemes rehabilitated in the past have been community tertiary canals, meaning that operation and maintenance costs are borne by the community, there is a need to allocate modest CFET funding (US$45,000) to essential maintenance and repair. The targeted beneficiaries would be communities in a 7,700 ha area previously rehabilitated under ARP I.

Table 11.11:

Performance Targets, Maintenance and Repair Work

Table 11.11:

Performance Targets, Maintenance and Repair Work

Performance Targets	Measurement
Maintenance and repair work covering 2,100 hectares	Irrigation Division monitoring records

View Table

Table 11.11:

Performance Targets, Maintenance and Repair Work

Performance Targets	Measurement
Maintenance and repair work covering 2,100 hectares	Irrigation Division monitoring records

Program 4: Sector Management Recovery and Development

12.36 Under this program, the MAF Irrigation Division will complete two essential policy studies, one on Water Users Associations, and a second on broader Water Management Policy. These studies will develop the Government’s policy towards operation and maintenance of irrigation schemes, such as the share of communities’ responsibilities for the schemes, and the incentives and policies influencing the use of water, one of East Timor’s most critical natural resources. MAF staff will contribute to the formulation of these essential policies. Donor support for technical aspects is provided under:

• a) TFET: Second Agriculture Rehabilitation Project

Table 12.12:

Performance Targets, Sector Management Recovery and Development

Table 12.12:

Performance Targets, Sector Management Recovery and Development

Performance Targets	Measurement
Two draft policy documents on Water Users Associations and broader Water Management Policy	Irrigation Division monitoring records

View Table

Table 12.12:

Performance Targets, Sector Management Recovery and Development

Performance Targets	Measurement
Two draft policy documents on Water Users Associations and broader Water Management Policy	Irrigation Division monitoring records

Mission Statement

The mission of the Department of Fisheries and Marine Environment (FME) is to lead sustainable development of the fishing and aquaculture industries in East Timor and ensure they play a significant role in national food security and income generation.

12.37 The overarching goal of the FME is to lead the development of the nation’s aquatic resources in a sustainable fashion, while providing opportunities for coastal communities to benefit from such development. Current and planned development is based on the Strategic Plan for the Fisheries of East Timor. The Strategic Plan addresses major issues facing the fishing industry, including: (1) the declaration of fishing boundaries between East Timor, Australia and Indonesia; (2) the licensing of offshore commercial operations; and (3) the definition of East Timor’s various fisheries. The FME will focus on: (a) training for capacity building; (b) development of appropriate administrative protocols to ensure coordination of all fisheries programs and activities; (c) maximising the value of the catch by improving fish handling, transport, storage, processing and marketing; and (d) upgrading the database of fishing capacity held at FME. The FME will also work with Legal Affairs and other Government departments to ensure that a fishing zone for East Timor is defined, declared and ratified as soon as practicable.

Problems, Goals and Policies

12.38 The key problems confronted by the Department are the following.

• a) No Fisheries Act and legislation

• b) No fisheries management plans

• c) No international maritime boundaries

• d) Lack of staff skills

• e) Lack of fisheries data

• f) Underdeveloped fresh water and marine and brackishwater aquaculture sector

• g) No fisheries monitoring capability or activities at present

• h) Facilities destroyed in September, 1999

• i) Lack of shore-based industry

• j) Under-developed harvest sector

12.39 Based on these problems, the goals of the FME are to:

• a) establish and implement a Fisheries Act and accompanying legislation;

• b) establish a profitable private sector-based fishing industry that maximises sustainable economic returns to East Timor;

• c) establish a viable aquaculture industry;

• d) provide sustainable marine recreational activities for the recreational fishing, charter fishing and dive tour sectors;

• e) assert jurisdiction and control over the living marine resources in the seas of East Timor;

• f) develop the capacity of the staff of the FME;

• g) sustain and enhance the aquatic resources of East Timor and their supporting ecosystems; and

• h) operate an efficient and accountable FME.

12.40 The policy options for achieving these goals include the following:

• a) develop appropriate legislation, regulations and management instruments for sustainable development of fisheries in East Timor;

• b) develop each fishery via a step-wise, precautionary approach;

• c) develop fisheries-specific management and development plans consistent with the principles of ecologically sustainable development (ESD);

• d) establish a responsive extension system that works closely with commercial, private and subsistence fishers;

• e) provide a regulatory system that promotes community-based management for reef and coastal fisheries, including the development of local by-laws that protect the interests and user-rights of the community;

• f) rehabilitate the former government run Ikan Mas hatcheries, and supply assistance, technical advice, and fish fry to local fish farmers on a cost-recovery basis; and

• g) provide staff training across the full spectrum of fisheries-related disciplines, including socio-economics and sustainable fishing practices, thereby upgrading staff skills to meet the needs of a modern fisheries sector.

12.41 To put these policies into practice the FME will implement the programs described below. The projects to be implemented under each program, with the actual or proposed sources of funding and the current status of individual projects are as shown in Table 12.26.

Program 1: Fisheries and Marine Environment Management

Program 2: Fisheries Industry Development

Program 3: Aquaculture

Program 1: Fisheries and Marine Environment Management

12.42 The goals of this program are: (a) the creation of a policy and legislative environment, backed up by appropriate stock assessments, monitoring and data that supports sustainable development of East Timor’s fisheries; and (b) co-management of fisheries resources, involving coastal communities, the Department and other stakeholders. CFET funds will be used predominantly for staff inputs, with staff working mostly on programs that are supported by donors. The support from donors is received under:

• a) AusAID: Fisheries Management Planning

• b) AusAID: Survey of Nearshore Fish Stocks–Dili Harbor

• c) TFET: Second Agriculture Rehabilitation Project

Table 12.13:

Performance Targets, Fisheries and Marine Environment Management

Table 12.13:

Performance Targets, Fisheries and Marine Environment Management

Performance Targets (at the end of 5 years)	Measurement
50% overall increase in production	Records of catches at landing sites
25% increase in industry employment	National employment surveys

View Table

Table 12.13:

Performance Targets, Fisheries and Marine Environment Management

Performance Targets (at the end of 5 years)	Measurement
50% overall increase in production	Records of catches at landing sites
25% increase in industry employment	National employment surveys

Program 2: Fisheries Industry Development

12.43 The goal of this program is to facilitate the development of the fisheries sector in East Timor so that it contributes to economic growth, incomes, employment and export earnings. The program builds on the initiatives in Program 1 by supporting the growth of a commercial fishing industry based on the legislation, regulations, management protocols and marine boundaries promulgated under that Program.

Table 12.14:

Performance Targets, Fisheries Industry Development

Table 12.14:

Performance Targets, Fisheries Industry Development

Performance Targets (at the end of 5 years)	Measurement
Quantum of facilities re-established	Monitoring of rehabilitation
Increase in annual revenues from leasing of services at the fishery port	Income realised by the Government from the port & its operations

View Table

Table 12.14:

Performance Targets, Fisheries Industry Development

Performance Targets (at the end of 5 years)	Measurement
Quantum of facilities re-established	Monitoring of rehabilitation
Increase in annual revenues from leasing of services at the fishery port	Income realised by the Government from the port & its operations

Program 3: Aquaculture

12.44 The overarching goal of this program is to develop and expand a local aquaculture industry, both freshwater and marine, to enhance food security and add to local and export incomes. The program is comprised of one project at the current time, with a principal goal to make fish fry available so that the aquaculture industry can redevelop in East Timor and become an important provider of food, incomes and employment. Prior to the 1999 violence five fish hatcheries were owned and managed by the East Timor Fisheries Authority. These hatcheries supplied fish fry to both small and large fish farmers. Without at least one freshwater fish hatchery and one marine/brackishwater hatchery, East Timor runs the risk of losing potential investment and employment opportunities. Revenue from fish farming would not be realised and food security issues heightened. Ultimately, the aim is that the management and operation of such facilities will be taken over by the private sector with FME providing research and other professional inputs, but not taking any commercial risks.

Table 12.15:

Performance Targets, Aquaculture

Table 12.15:

Performance Targets, Aquaculture

Performance Targets	Measurement
Expansion in the aquaculture industry	Annual aquaculture production
Number of privatised hatcheries	Number of hatcheries in the nation

View Table

Table 12.15:

Performance Targets, Aquaculture

Performance Targets	Measurement
Expansion in the aquaculture industry	Annual aquaculture production
Number of privatised hatcheries	Number of hatcheries in the nation

Mission Statement

The mission of the Department of Forestry (DoF) is to ensure the sustainable management of East Timor’s forest resources through effective planning, capacity building, community participation and the formulation of appropriate policies and legislation.

11.45 The overarching goal of the DoF is to develop appropriate policies, legislation and management strategies as the basis for the formulation and implementation of forestry management plans to facilitate the sustainable management of forest resources in East Timor. DoF will work with other stakeholders, including rural communities who are reliant on forest resources, in its management and development programs. The Department will, therefore, encourage the participation of rural communities and other stakeholders in all aspects of sustainable forest resources management in the nation.

Problems, Goals and Policies

12.46 The key problems confronted by DoF are the following.

• a) No forestry legislation and minimal regulation

• b) Inability to police those regulations that do exist

• c) No forestry management strategies yet in place

• d) Lack of staff capacity and skills

• e) Lack of forestry data

• f) Collection of firewood and lack of action on watershed protection

12.47 Consequently, the goals of the DoF are to:

• a) collect and analyse information on forestry resources in East Timor, to be used as the basis of planning and decision making;

• b) develop essential forestry policies, legislation and management strategies;

• c) prepare a Forestry Master Management Plan and develop and implement Action Plans based on that Plan;

• d) build the capacity of the national staff to implement forestry programs;

• e) promote reforestation and sustainable land management practices in East Timor for erosion control, soil rehabilitation, watershed protection and subsistence use;

• f) provide effective and efficient management programs for sustainable forestry, with emphasis on forest lands, their resources, and protected natural areas; and

• g) develop strategies that could encourage the participation of rural communities and other stakeholders in planning and decision making related to forest resources management.

12.48 The policy options for achieving these goals include the following:

• a) develop appropriate legislation, regulations and management instruments for sustainable development of forestry in East Timor;

• b) develop forestry management and development plans consistent with the principles of ecologically sustainable development (ESD);

• c) promote and support community-based management of forest resources and water source areas;

• d) support staff training across the full spectrum of forestry-related activities;

• e) establish the protocols and facilities for the collection, collation and analysis of forestry data; and

• f) support the development of a number of protected natural areas throughout East Timor.

12.49 The Department will implement the various programs described below in response to the needs summarised above. The projects to be implemented under each program, with the actual or proposed sources of funding and the current status of individual projects are as shown in Table 12.24.

Program 1. Reforestation and Forest Rehabilitation

Program 2. Forest Protection and Forest Resources Management

Program 3. Forest Production and Utilisation

Program 1: Reforestation and Forest Rehabilitation

12.50 The aims in this program are to: (a) reforest degraded areas in East Timor with valuable local timber species, in particular sandalwood; (b) restore the ecological balance of degraded areas and arrest the environmental problems resulting from their degraded condition (while promoting the development of forest resources in those areas); and (c) encourage community participation in the rehabilitation of East Timor’s degraded forest areas. Reforestation is an immediate response to widespread upland degradation. An estimated 85% of upland areas are denuded and devastated due to forest fires and non-environmental friendly upland management (including widespread collection of firewood). In line with this, Agro-forestry techniques are considered an alternative to slash and burn cultivation, as farmers are able to produce forest trees, fruit trees, and cash crops, including livestock. Aside from the uplands, mangrove areas have been exploited for fuel wood and other products. Mangroves play a major role as coastal habitats and hence are a priority for rehabilitation. Donor support for this program comprises:

• a) TFET: Second Agriculture Rehabilitation Project (Pilot Participatory Development and Natural Resources Management

• b) Portugal: Reforestation and Alternative Cash Crops

• c) CIDA: Tree Nursery, Reforestation and Agroforestry in Seloi

• d) CIDA/CARE: Community-based Natural Resources Management in Covalima and Dili

Table 12.16:

Performance Targets, Reforestation and Forest Rehabilitation

Table 12.16:

Performance Targets, Reforestation and Forest Rehabilitation

Performance Targets	Measurement
No. of hectares of reforested upland and rehabilitated mangrove areas	Forestry Division monitoring records
No. of partnerships between NGOs and MAF staff	Forestry Division monitoring records
No. of Participatory Action Plans for Natural Resource Management	Forestry Division monitoring records

View Table

Table 12.16:

Performance Targets, Reforestation and Forest Rehabilitation

Performance Targets	Measurement
No. of hectares of reforested upland and rehabilitated mangrove areas	Forestry Division monitoring records
No. of partnerships between NGOs and MAF staff	Forestry Division monitoring records
No. of Participatory Action Plans for Natural Resource Management	Forestry Division monitoring records

12.51 This program is focused on the protection and conservation of the forest resources of East Timor, through: (a) increased public awareness; (b) development of a framework for management of watershed areas; and (c) protection and conservation of the biodiversity and socio-cultural significance of important natural sites. The program will cover projects in the areas of watershed management, protected natural areas (PNA), and public information, building upon the existing watershed management activities started by MAF in FY01/02. Target beneficiaries include the communities within the targeted watershed and protected areas, farmers wishing to use resources of the protected area and East Timor in general through the protection of its biodiversity and cultural heritage. The expected outcomes of the program include a greater understanding amongst communities of regulations on protected areas, involvement in community-based Integrated Management Planning, and raised public awareness. Donor support will be provided under:

• a) AusAID: Agriculture and Fisheries Community Watershed Project

• b) TFET: Second Agriculture Rehabilitation Project (Pilot Participatory Development and NRM component)

Table 12.17:

Performance Information, Forest Protection and Forest Resources Management

Table 12.17:

Performance Information, Forest Protection and Forest Resources Management

Performance Targets	Measurement
No. of Watershed Management Plan Development proposals prepared	Forestry Division monitoring records
No. of PNA boundary maps prepared	Forestry Division monitoring records

View Table

Table 12.17:

Performance Information, Forest Protection and Forest Resources Management

Performance Targets	Measurement
No. of Watershed Management Plan Development proposals prepared	Forestry Division monitoring records
No. of PNA boundary maps prepared	Forestry Division monitoring records

Program 3: Forest Production and Utilisation

12.52 The goal of this program is to develop and promote the sustainable use of timber and non-timber forest products in East Timor. It includes the undertaking of a forestry inventory on key production areas, dissemination and discussion of a revised Forestry Policy and Strategy, public hearings in support of draft directives on tree crops and non-timber forest products, and enforcement of forest laws. The effective conservation of natural resources relies largely on communities’ wise use of those resources and their awareness and participation in resource management. This program will rely heavily on public information and consultation.

Table 12.18:

Performance Information, Forest Production and Utilisation

Table 12.18:

Performance Information, Forest Production and Utilisation

Performance Targets	Measurement
No. of directives and workshop proceedings reflecting issues and solutions proposed by the communities	Forestry Division monitoring records

View Table

Table 12.18:

Performance Information, Forest Production and Utilisation

Performance Targets	Measurement
No. of directives and workshop proceedings reflecting issues and solutions proposed by the communities	Forestry Division monitoring records