I. Overall Assessment

1. The Republic of Tajikistan has indicated its intention to participate in the General Data Dissemination System (GDDS).¹ Membership can occur once metadata for the statistical series have been established and plans for improvement have been written. The authorities have requested assistance from the IMF’s Statistics Department to complete this task. As documented in the Appendix, the Republic of Tajikistan already meets many of the GDDS recommendations for dissemination of macroeconomic statistics. The main exceptions are the coverage of national accounts, central government operations, and central government debt. All data categories meet or exceed the recommended periodicity and timeliness.

2. The data module of the Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC) for the Republic of Tajikistan describes a statistical system underpinned by a legal framework sufficient to promote the de facto independence of the main statistics-producing agencies. The framework provides the necessary authority for collecting and disseminating statistics. With some exceptions related to national accounts, balance of payments, and producer prices, statistical methodologies mostly follow internationally recognized good practices. Statistical techniques typically are sound, source data are well developed, while statistics broadly meet requirements for accuracy, reliability, and serviceability. The main challenges for the Tajik authorities are to augment the transparency of the statistics-producing process, strengthen metadata accessibility, and bolster public dissemination of statistics. Consistent with the recent history of Tajikistan as a part of the former U.S.S.R. command economy, the production and dissemination of statistics still is intended primarily to serve the needs of the state. The process needs to be refocused to underpin, service, and provide more information to the growing market economy and the public at large.

3. In applying the IMF’s Data Quality Assessment Framework (DQAF July 2003), the remainder of this section presents the mission’s main conclusions. The presentation is done at the level of the DQAF’s quality dimensions, by agency for the first two dimensions and across datasets for the remaining four. Section II provides summary assessment tables of data quality by agency and dataset. This is followed by staff recommendations in Section III. An overview of current practices regarding coverage, periodicity, and timeliness of macroeconomic data compared to the GDDS is provided in Table 4.

4. Prerequisites of quality and assurances of integrity:

• The State Committee on Statistics, or Goskomstat, operates within a legal framework that provides it with adequate de facto independence and a leading role in coordinating the work plans of other statistics-producing agencies but it should provide greater protection to the confidentiality of individual respondents’ data. Resources within the central office are broadly commensurate with current responsibilities but they are inadequate to support developmental work and computing enhancements; regional offices are under-resourced. The relevance of statistical series is promoted, among other things, by seeking feedback from users, although the focus is primarily on government users. Transparency could be enhanced through public notification that the government, in principle, has access to statistics prior to their public release.

• The Ministry of Finance (MOF) operates in a strong legal and institutional environment that provides clear responsibilities. The environment also fosters good arrangements for sharing data among the agencies involved in government finance statistics (GFS) compilation and dissemination. Resources appear to be sufficient. GFS compilers lack a user’s perspective and the relevance of fiscal data could be enhanced. There are no laws or other formal arrangements to support the professional independence of GFS compilers, but MOF officials are objective and impartial, and in recent periods there has been no attempt by the authorities to influence statistical outputs. Transparency could be improved, including by providing public information on the terms and conditions applying to GFS. The government has internal access to statistics prior to their release to the public, but no information concerning this access is made public.

• The National Bank of the Republic of Tajikistan (NBT) operates in a legal framework that provides clear responsibility for balance of payments and monetary statistics but that offers only limited protection to individual data. Computing resources could be strengthened. More attention to the needs of nongovernment users could be given in the case of balance of payments statistics. Additional measures are needed to strengthen the transparency of the data compilation process through greater dissemination of information to the public.

5. Methodological soundness is apparent in the areas of consumer prices, government finance statistics, and monetary statistics. However, an intensified effort is needed to strengthen the scope, classification/sectorization, and basis for recording of the national accounts, and to reconsider the concepts and the basis for recording that underlie the producer price index (PPI). There is need for consistency in applying the residency concept in the balance of payments statistics and for expanding their scope to better cover shuttle trade.

6. Accuracy and reliability dimensions are, for the most part, carefully and appropriately treated. Source data are well developed in all areas of statistics, and suitable processes for assessment and validation of source data are in place. Significant deficiencies in statistical techniques were observed for national accounts, most notably in procedures used to estimate the informal economy and in the exclusion of export prices in the PPI. The NBT needs to give more attention to revision studies in monetary statistics.

7. Serviceability of disseminated macroeconomic statistics is adequate, as the frequency and timeliness of disseminated data already typically meet or exceed GDDS recommendations. Consistency standards are largely met for all datasets. The NBT needs to give more attention to revision policies and practices for monetary and balance of payments statistics.

8. Accessibility of macroeconomic statistics and metadata is generally a weak point in the statistical system, especially in the areas of GFS, monetary, and balance of payments data. As yet, little use has been made of the Internet as a means of disseminating data or providing explanations in English. Assistance to users generally could be improved, including by making the broader public more aware that assistance is available and through broader distribution of publications catalogs.

II. Assessment by Agency and Dataset

9. Assessments of the quality of six macroeconomic datasets—national accounts, consumer price index (CPI), PPI, government finance, monetary, and balance of payments statistics—were conducted using the DQAF. In this section, the results are presented at the level of the DQAF’s elements and using a four-point rating scale (Table 1). Assessments of the prerequisites of data quality and the assurances of integrity (Dimensions “0” and “1” of the DQAF) are presented in Tables 2a–2c. For each dataset, the assessment of methodological soundness, accuracy and reliability, serviceability, and accessibility (Dimensions “2” to “5” of the DQAF) are shown in Tables 3a–f.

Table 1.

Republic of Tajikistan: Data Quality Assessment Framework July 2003–Summary Results

Practice observed: current practices generally in observance meet or achieve the objectives of DQAF internationally accepted statistical practices without any significant deficiencies.Practice largely observed: some departures, but these are not seen as sufficient to raise doubts about the authorities’ ability to observe the DQAF practices. Practice largely not observed: significant departures and the authorities will need to take significant action to achieve observance. Practice not observed: most DQAF practices are not met. Not applicable: used only exceptionally when statistical practices do not apply to a country’s circumstances.

Table 1.

Republic of Tajikistan: Data Quality Assessment Framework July 2003–Summary Results

Key to symbols: O = Practice Observed; LO = Practice Largely Observed; LNO =Practice Largely Not Observed; NO = Practice Not Observed; NA = Not Applicable
Datasets	National Accounts	Consumer Price Index	Producer Price Index	Government Finance Statistics	Monetary Statistics	Balance of Payments Statistics
Dimensions/Elements
0. Prerequisites of quality
0.1 Legal and institutional environment	LO	LO	LO	O	LO	LO
0.2 Resources	LO	LO	LO	LO	LO	LO
0.3 Relevance	O	O	O	LNO	LO	LO
0.4 Other quality management	LO	LO	LO	LNO	O	O
1. Assurances of integrity
1.1 Professionalism	LO	O	O	LO	O	O
1.2 Transparency	LO	LNO	LNO	LNO	LNO	LNO
1.3 Ethical standards	O	O	O	LO	O	O
2. Methodological soundness
2.1 Concepts and definitions	O	LO	LNO	LO	O	LNO
2.2 Scope	LNO	LO	O	LO	O	LNO
2.3 Classification/sectorization	LNO	LNO	LO	O	LO	O
2.4 Basis for recording	LNO	O	NO	O	O	O
3. Accuracy and reliability
3.1 Source data	LO	LO	LO	O	LO	LO
3.2 Assessment of source data	LO	LO	O	O	O	O
3.3 Statistical techniques	LNO	LO	LNO	O	O	O
3.4 Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs	O	O	O	LO	O	O
3.5 Revision studies	O	O	O	LO	NO	O
4. Serviceability
4.1 Periodicity and timeliness	O	O	O	LO	O	O
4.2 Consistency	LO	O	O	LO	LO	LO
4.3 Revision policy and practice	O	LO	LO	O	LNO	NO
5. Accessibility
5.1 Data accessibility	LO	LO	LO	LNO	LNO	LO
5.2 Metadata accessibility	LNO	LO	LO	LNO	LNO	NO
5.3 Assistance to users	LO	LO	LO	LO	NO	LO

Practice observed: current practices generally in observance meet or achieve the objectives of DQAF internationally accepted statistical practices without any significant deficiencies.Practice largely observed: some departures, but these are not seen as sufficient to raise doubts about the authorities’ ability to observe the DQAF practices. Practice largely not observed: significant departures and the authorities will need to take significant action to achieve observance. Practice not observed: most DQAF practices are not met. Not applicable: used only exceptionally when statistical practices do not apply to a country’s circumstances.

View Table

Table 1.

Republic of Tajikistan: Data Quality Assessment Framework July 2003–Summary Results

Key to symbols: O = Practice Observed; LO = Practice Largely Observed; LNO =Practice Largely Not Observed; NO = Practice Not Observed; NA = Not Applicable
Datasets	National Accounts	Consumer Price Index	Producer Price Index	Government Finance Statistics	Monetary Statistics	Balance of Payments Statistics
Dimensions/Elements
0. Prerequisites of quality
0.1 Legal and institutional environment	LO	LO	LO	O	LO	LO
0.2 Resources	LO	LO	LO	LO	LO	LO
0.3 Relevance	O	O	O	LNO	LO	LO
0.4 Other quality management	LO	LO	LO	LNO	O	O
1. Assurances of integrity
1.1 Professionalism	LO	O	O	LO	O	O
1.2 Transparency	LO	LNO	LNO	LNO	LNO	LNO
1.3 Ethical standards	O	O	O	LO	O	O
2. Methodological soundness
2.1 Concepts and definitions	O	LO	LNO	LO	O	LNO
2.2 Scope	LNO	LO	O	LO	O	LNO
2.3 Classification/sectorization	LNO	LNO	LO	O	LO	O
2.4 Basis for recording	LNO	O	NO	O	O	O
3. Accuracy and reliability
3.1 Source data	LO	LO	LO	O	LO	LO
3.2 Assessment of source data	LO	LO	O	O	O	O
3.3 Statistical techniques	LNO	LO	LNO	O	O	O
3.4 Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs	O	O	O	LO	O	O
3.5 Revision studies	O	O	O	LO	NO	O
4. Serviceability
4.1 Periodicity and timeliness	O	O	O	LO	O	O
4.2 Consistency	LO	O	O	LO	LO	LO
4.3 Revision policy and practice	O	LO	LO	O	LNO	NO
5. Accessibility
5.1 Data accessibility	LO	LO	LO	LNO	LNO	LO
5.2 Metadata accessibility	LNO	LO	LO	LNO	LNO	NO
5.3 Assistance to users	LO	LO	LO	LO	NO	LO

Practice observed: current practices generally in observance meet or achieve the objectives of DQAF internationally accepted statistical practices without any significant deficiencies.Practice largely observed: some departures, but these are not seen as sufficient to raise doubts about the authorities’ ability to observe the DQAF practices. Practice largely not observed: significant departures and the authorities will need to take significant action to achieve observance. Practice not observed: most DQAF practices are not met. Not applicable: used only exceptionally when statistical practices do not apply to a country’s circumstances.

Table 2a.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 0 and 1–State Committee on Statistics

Table 2a.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 0 and 1–State Committee on Statistics

0. Prerequisites of quality

1. Assurances of integrity

Legal and institutional environment The legal basis for the collection, compilation, and dissemination of the statistical information is The Law on State Statistics. The law includes provisions for all statistical agencies but assigns Goskomstat the leading role. The main coordinating mechanism is the annual State Program of Statistics (SPS), which is developed by the Goskomstat in collaboration with the other data–producing state agencies. The draft is reviewed by the government and the advisory body–the Statistics Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and approved by the President. The law guarantees the confidentiality of the data used for statistical purposes and establishes adequate penalties for noncompliance. However, this provision is ambiguous with regard to the even protection of confidentiality of both physical and legal persons. Resources Overall, staff number is considered appropriate for the current duties, although insufficient in the regional offices. Low salary levels, which are not competitive with those of the other agencies, make it difficult to retain younger qualified staff. The budget is insufficient to support development work and computing enhancement. While the basic data are mainly processed in the computing center at the Goskomstat, the regional offices lack sufficient computing equipment. Relevance Users are kept informed on the current work program, including through the annual catalog of publications, and their feedback is sought. Users’ comments are monitored and responses are provided as needed. However, the concept of users, although not restricted solely to governmental agencies, is limited in its scope. Other quality management Goskomstat monitors the quality of its work programs with regard to trade-offs between improvements and available resources. Survey results are reviewed periodically to identify shortcomings. However, more initiatives for methodological improvements are needed.

Professionalism The Law on State Statistics provides Goskomstat with administrative and a degree of professional independence. Staff is hired on the basis of competence, and promotions are based on personal performance. The chairman is appointed and dismissed by the president of the republic. Goskomstat is independent in its choice of appropriate source data and statistical techniques. Statistical data, which are considered to be secret, are disseminated at an aggregated level with other data, even if they are not confidential from a statistical point of view. Goskomstat is entitled to comment and respond to misused or misinterpreted statistics. Transparency Publications and surveys make reference to the law with respect to collection, processing, and dissemination of data. All publications are clearly identified by name and logo. The government has access to data prior to their release. There is no public notice of such access, but it is presumed to be known by the public. For national accounts, changes in methodology, source data, or statistical techniques are announced in advance; for price statistics, changes in methodology are announced at the time of publication of data. Ethical standards Although there is no formal code of conduct, staff is informed of the rules and guidelines which they have to adopt. Furthermore, behavior of staff is governed by the Civil Code

View Table

Table 2a.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 0 and 1–State Committee on Statistics

0. Prerequisites of quality

1. Assurances of integrity

Legal and institutional environment The legal basis for the collection, compilation, and dissemination of the statistical information is The Law on State Statistics. The law includes provisions for all statistical agencies but assigns Goskomstat the leading role. The main coordinating mechanism is the annual State Program of Statistics (SPS), which is developed by the Goskomstat in collaboration with the other data–producing state agencies. The draft is reviewed by the government and the advisory body–the Statistics Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), and approved by the President. The law guarantees the confidentiality of the data used for statistical purposes and establishes adequate penalties for noncompliance. However, this provision is ambiguous with regard to the even protection of confidentiality of both physical and legal persons. Resources Overall, staff number is considered appropriate for the current duties, although insufficient in the regional offices. Low salary levels, which are not competitive with those of the other agencies, make it difficult to retain younger qualified staff. The budget is insufficient to support development work and computing enhancement. While the basic data are mainly processed in the computing center at the Goskomstat, the regional offices lack sufficient computing equipment. Relevance Users are kept informed on the current work program, including through the annual catalog of publications, and their feedback is sought. Users’ comments are monitored and responses are provided as needed. However, the concept of users, although not restricted solely to governmental agencies, is limited in its scope. Other quality management Goskomstat monitors the quality of its work programs with regard to trade-offs between improvements and available resources. Survey results are reviewed periodically to identify shortcomings. However, more initiatives for methodological improvements are needed.

Professionalism The Law on State Statistics provides Goskomstat with administrative and a degree of professional independence. Staff is hired on the basis of competence, and promotions are based on personal performance. The chairman is appointed and dismissed by the president of the republic. Goskomstat is independent in its choice of appropriate source data and statistical techniques. Statistical data, which are considered to be secret, are disseminated at an aggregated level with other data, even if they are not confidential from a statistical point of view. Goskomstat is entitled to comment and respond to misused or misinterpreted statistics. Transparency Publications and surveys make reference to the law with respect to collection, processing, and dissemination of data. All publications are clearly identified by name and logo. The government has access to data prior to their release. There is no public notice of such access, but it is presumed to be known by the public. For national accounts, changes in methodology, source data, or statistical techniques are announced in advance; for price statistics, changes in methodology are announced at the time of publication of data. Ethical standards Although there is no formal code of conduct, staff is informed of the rules and guidelines which they have to adopt. Furthermore, behavior of staff is governed by the Civil Code

Table 2b.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 0 and 1–Ministry of Finance

Table 2b.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 0 and 1–Ministry of Finance

0. Prerequisites of quality

1. Assurances of integrity

Legal and institutional environment The MOF legal and institutional environment is very strong, with clear responsibilities for collecting, compiling, and disseminating GFS, and good arrangements for sharing data among the agencies involved in GFS compilation and dissemination. Tajikistan GFS cover only general government units, and data are obtained as a by-product of budget systems. Therefore measures to ensure confidentiality or encourage response are not required. Resources The GFS statistical program in the MOF is an integral part of its overall operation, and the MOF resources are sufficient to allow the program to continue. There are no specific measures to improve the efficiency of statistical processing. Relevance The MOF is open to feedback from GFS users, but it does not actively seek out comments from the users of GFS, nor does it have any mechanism in place to identify new or emerging data requirements. Other quality management GFS compilers follow established procedures and apply the same diligence as they do to nonstatistical tasks, but they lack a user perspective on the outputs of the GFS compilation process. There are no processes in place to monitor the quality of the GFS program or to carry out statistical planning.

Professionalism There are no laws or other formal arrangements to support the professional independence of GFS compilers. However, under the current governmental structure, there has been no attempt by authorities to influence statistical outputs, and the government and other agencies appreciate the importance of allowing statistics to be produced free of interference. MOF staff have economic qualifications, in which a basic knowledge of statistical principles forms part of a wider set of skills and have a generally appropriate background for the tasks of compiling and using GFS. There is no evidence of political interference in the choices of the sources and statistical techniques in the compilation of the GFS–the administrative sources used in compiling GFS are obvious and appropriate, and the content and format of the statistics are based on IMF standards. Transparency No information on the terms and conditions applying to GFS is made public (apart from the laws governing the operation of the MOF and other ministries). The government has internal access to statistics prior to their release to the public, but no information concerning this access is made public. Ethical standards The behavior of MOF staff is governed by the Civil Code. There is no formal code of conduct for MOF staff. However, any such code would merely formalize the current practice expected of, and observed by, all staff.

View Table

Table 2b.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 0 and 1–Ministry of Finance

0. Prerequisites of quality

1. Assurances of integrity

Legal and institutional environment The MOF legal and institutional environment is very strong, with clear responsibilities for collecting, compiling, and disseminating GFS, and good arrangements for sharing data among the agencies involved in GFS compilation and dissemination. Tajikistan GFS cover only general government units, and data are obtained as a by-product of budget systems. Therefore measures to ensure confidentiality or encourage response are not required. Resources The GFS statistical program in the MOF is an integral part of its overall operation, and the MOF resources are sufficient to allow the program to continue. There are no specific measures to improve the efficiency of statistical processing. Relevance The MOF is open to feedback from GFS users, but it does not actively seek out comments from the users of GFS, nor does it have any mechanism in place to identify new or emerging data requirements. Other quality management GFS compilers follow established procedures and apply the same diligence as they do to nonstatistical tasks, but they lack a user perspective on the outputs of the GFS compilation process. There are no processes in place to monitor the quality of the GFS program or to carry out statistical planning.

Professionalism There are no laws or other formal arrangements to support the professional independence of GFS compilers. However, under the current governmental structure, there has been no attempt by authorities to influence statistical outputs, and the government and other agencies appreciate the importance of allowing statistics to be produced free of interference. MOF staff have economic qualifications, in which a basic knowledge of statistical principles forms part of a wider set of skills and have a generally appropriate background for the tasks of compiling and using GFS. There is no evidence of political interference in the choices of the sources and statistical techniques in the compilation of the GFS–the administrative sources used in compiling GFS are obvious and appropriate, and the content and format of the statistics are based on IMF standards. Transparency No information on the terms and conditions applying to GFS is made public (apart from the laws governing the operation of the MOF and other ministries). The government has internal access to statistics prior to their release to the public, but no information concerning this access is made public. Ethical standards The behavior of MOF staff is governed by the Civil Code. There is no formal code of conduct for MOF staff. However, any such code would merely formalize the current practice expected of, and observed by, all staff.

Table 2c.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 0 and 1–National Bank of Tajikistan

Table 2c.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 0 and 1–National Bank of Tajikistan

0. Prerequisites of quality

1. Assurances of integrity

Legal and institutional environment The NBT’s responsibility for balance of payments and monetary statistics is clearly established in the relevant legislation. Arrangements with the institutions participating in the collection of balance of payments statistics enable smooth and effective data-sharing. However, the applicable legislation offers limited protection to individual data and the Law on National Bank of the Republic of Tajikistan (NBT Law) does not protect confidentiality of individual responses. Resources Staff and financing are broadly adequate. A core staff with adequate experience and training is maintained for the compilation of statistics. The efficient use of existing resources is promoted through the annual performance review of staff, periodic review of work processes, and an active policy of training. However, computer resources for monetary statistics need to be updated, while in the case of balance of payments statistics, equipment is missing to ensure the capacity and security of automated treatments. Relevance Relevance in monetary statistics is assured by extensive informal contact with users; in the case of balance of payments statistics, it is hampered by a lack of focus on private sector and noninstitutional users. Over the last few years, the NBT has made commendable efforts in following the most recent international standards, namely the Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual (MFSM) and the Balance of Payments Manual, fifth edition (BPM5). The results of the Data ROSC User Survey in Tajikistan also show that most respondents who use monetary and balance of payments statistics routinely are banks, universities and research institutes, embassies, ministries and state agencies, and enterprises. Other quality management Other quality management processes are in place for monitoring quality and making continuing improvements to statistics. The NBT recognizes the importance of quality statistics through training of its staff, adoption of current international standards, internal planning, and the external auditing process, which finds that the balance sheet of the NBT—a primary source for monetary statistics—is accurate and reliable over time. The audit report is routinely published in the NBT Annual Report. The intention to participate in GDDS is further evidence of the commitment to quality management.

Professionalism The NBT Law provides for the professional independence of the NBT in carrying out statistical functions. The law also ensures that NBT management is supportive of the professional independence of NBT staff, through recruitment and promotion criteria that focus on relevant expertise in economics and statistics. Staff receive on-the-job training in the relevant statistical areas. The choice of data sources and statistical techniques for the compilation of monetary and balance of payments statistics is based solely on statistical considerations. The NBT is entitled to comment when there is erroneous interpretation or misuse of the statistics. Transparency Transparency is hindered by the absence of information on the terms and conditions applying to monetary and balance of payments statistics, although the laws that underpin them are publicly available. While internal government access is exceptional, it is not clearly identified to users. The NBT neither gives nor publicizes advanced notice of major changes in methodology, source data, and statistical techniques, and does not mandate prior agreement before its statistics are published. Ethical standards Ethical standards for staff are established in the NBT Law and in the Staff Rules and Regulations covering conflict of interest, outside employment, employment after leaving the NBT, and disciplinary actions. Requirements on staff integrity, professional competence, and rules of confidentiality are well known to new staff, and they are reminded at the occasion of the weekly general meeting for all NBT staff.

View Table

Table 2c.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 0 and 1–National Bank of Tajikistan

0. Prerequisites of quality

1. Assurances of integrity

Legal and institutional environment The NBT’s responsibility for balance of payments and monetary statistics is clearly established in the relevant legislation. Arrangements with the institutions participating in the collection of balance of payments statistics enable smooth and effective data-sharing. However, the applicable legislation offers limited protection to individual data and the Law on National Bank of the Republic of Tajikistan (NBT Law) does not protect confidentiality of individual responses. Resources Staff and financing are broadly adequate. A core staff with adequate experience and training is maintained for the compilation of statistics. The efficient use of existing resources is promoted through the annual performance review of staff, periodic review of work processes, and an active policy of training. However, computer resources for monetary statistics need to be updated, while in the case of balance of payments statistics, equipment is missing to ensure the capacity and security of automated treatments. Relevance Relevance in monetary statistics is assured by extensive informal contact with users; in the case of balance of payments statistics, it is hampered by a lack of focus on private sector and noninstitutional users. Over the last few years, the NBT has made commendable efforts in following the most recent international standards, namely the Monetary and Financial Statistics Manual (MFSM) and the Balance of Payments Manual, fifth edition (BPM5). The results of the Data ROSC User Survey in Tajikistan also show that most respondents who use monetary and balance of payments statistics routinely are banks, universities and research institutes, embassies, ministries and state agencies, and enterprises. Other quality management Other quality management processes are in place for monitoring quality and making continuing improvements to statistics. The NBT recognizes the importance of quality statistics through training of its staff, adoption of current international standards, internal planning, and the external auditing process, which finds that the balance sheet of the NBT—a primary source for monetary statistics—is accurate and reliable over time. The audit report is routinely published in the NBT Annual Report. The intention to participate in GDDS is further evidence of the commitment to quality management.

Professionalism The NBT Law provides for the professional independence of the NBT in carrying out statistical functions. The law also ensures that NBT management is supportive of the professional independence of NBT staff, through recruitment and promotion criteria that focus on relevant expertise in economics and statistics. Staff receive on-the-job training in the relevant statistical areas. The choice of data sources and statistical techniques for the compilation of monetary and balance of payments statistics is based solely on statistical considerations. The NBT is entitled to comment when there is erroneous interpretation or misuse of the statistics. Transparency Transparency is hindered by the absence of information on the terms and conditions applying to monetary and balance of payments statistics, although the laws that underpin them are publicly available. While internal government access is exceptional, it is not clearly identified to users. The NBT neither gives nor publicizes advanced notice of major changes in methodology, source data, and statistical techniques, and does not mandate prior agreement before its statistics are published. Ethical standards Ethical standards for staff are established in the NBT Law and in the Staff Rules and Regulations covering conflict of interest, outside employment, employment after leaving the NBT, and disciplinary actions. Requirements on staff integrity, professional competence, and rules of confidentiality are well known to new staff, and they are reminded at the occasion of the weekly general meeting for all NBT staff.

Table 3a.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–National Accounts

Table 3a.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–National Accounts

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions The national accounts are compiled following the conceptual framework developed by the CIS Statistics Committee, which is broadly in accordance with the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA). Scope Some of the 1993 SNA tables and accounts, required by the Inter-Secretariat Working Group on National Accounts (ISWGNA) for its implementation, are not compiled. Certain deviations exist with regard to international standards in the scope of production and assets boundaries. Classification/sectorization The classification of units and transactions is largely in accordance with the 1993 SNA. However, industry and product classifications do not correspond to international classifications. The classification of household consumption is largely based on Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP) while government functions are based on Classification of Functions of Government (COFOG). Basis for recording Most transactions are recorded on a cash basis. Valuation of value added and most expenditure components of gross domestic product (GDP) accord with international standards. However, imports are valued on a cost-insurance-freight (c.i.f.) basis.	Source data Source data are mainly collected through a large program of monthly, quarterly, and annual enterprise reports. Data generally accord to required scope and definitions. However, unregistered employment and wages are not surveyed. Assessment of source data Information on sampling errors and nonresponse rates is not disseminated. In the case of outlier detection in the source data, reporting units are contacted to verify the data. Statistical techniques Unresolved problems occur in the estimates of the unobserved economy. Valuation of reported inventories and consumption of fixed capital do not accord with standards. Volume measures for net taxes and margins are inadequately estimated. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs Estimates are validated at all stages of processing. Discrepancies in intermediate data are assessed. Revision studies Revision studies are routinely carried out and referred to in publications.	Periodicity and timeliness Tajikistan meets GDDS requirements on periodicity and timeliness. Consistency Statistical discrepancy between GDP by production and expenditure is shown explicitly. Consistent time series are available from 1991 onwards. Inconsistencies with BOP exist concerning bartered goods, for resident expenses abroad and nonresident expenses in the national economy, and for valuation of imports. Revision policy and practice The revision policy is well established and generally stable over time. Preliminary and revised data are clearly identified in publications. The impact of revisions on statistics is generally analyzed.	Data accessibility The yearly national accounts are disseminated in sufficient detail in hard copy only. However, only a limited group of users has easy access to these statistics. The publication contains charts and tables to facilitate analysis. Users receive the statistics simultaneously, according to a preannounced schedule, published in the annual catalog of publications. Users can obtain customized tables of nondisseminated data. Metadata accessibility Concise notes on compilation of national accounts can be obtained upon request. Documentation on scope, classifications, and basis of recording is not available. Assistance to users All publications of Goskomstat contain contact information (name and telephone number) of the person in charge for the disseminated statistics. Quarterly press announcements also contain this contact information. Catalogs of publications are not widely available.

View Table

Table 3a.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–National Accounts

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions The national accounts are compiled following the conceptual framework developed by the CIS Statistics Committee, which is broadly in accordance with the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA). Scope Some of the 1993 SNA tables and accounts, required by the Inter-Secretariat Working Group on National Accounts (ISWGNA) for its implementation, are not compiled. Certain deviations exist with regard to international standards in the scope of production and assets boundaries. Classification/sectorization The classification of units and transactions is largely in accordance with the 1993 SNA. However, industry and product classifications do not correspond to international classifications. The classification of household consumption is largely based on Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP) while government functions are based on Classification of Functions of Government (COFOG). Basis for recording Most transactions are recorded on a cash basis. Valuation of value added and most expenditure components of gross domestic product (GDP) accord with international standards. However, imports are valued on a cost-insurance-freight (c.i.f.) basis.	Source data Source data are mainly collected through a large program of monthly, quarterly, and annual enterprise reports. Data generally accord to required scope and definitions. However, unregistered employment and wages are not surveyed. Assessment of source data Information on sampling errors and nonresponse rates is not disseminated. In the case of outlier detection in the source data, reporting units are contacted to verify the data. Statistical techniques Unresolved problems occur in the estimates of the unobserved economy. Valuation of reported inventories and consumption of fixed capital do not accord with standards. Volume measures for net taxes and margins are inadequately estimated. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs Estimates are validated at all stages of processing. Discrepancies in intermediate data are assessed. Revision studies Revision studies are routinely carried out and referred to in publications.	Periodicity and timeliness Tajikistan meets GDDS requirements on periodicity and timeliness. Consistency Statistical discrepancy between GDP by production and expenditure is shown explicitly. Consistent time series are available from 1991 onwards. Inconsistencies with BOP exist concerning bartered goods, for resident expenses abroad and nonresident expenses in the national economy, and for valuation of imports. Revision policy and practice The revision policy is well established and generally stable over time. Preliminary and revised data are clearly identified in publications. The impact of revisions on statistics is generally analyzed.	Data accessibility The yearly national accounts are disseminated in sufficient detail in hard copy only. However, only a limited group of users has easy access to these statistics. The publication contains charts and tables to facilitate analysis. Users receive the statistics simultaneously, according to a preannounced schedule, published in the annual catalog of publications. Users can obtain customized tables of nondisseminated data. Metadata accessibility Concise notes on compilation of national accounts can be obtained upon request. Documentation on scope, classifications, and basis of recording is not available. Assistance to users All publications of Goskomstat contain contact information (name and telephone number) of the person in charge for the disseminated statistics. Quarterly press announcements also contain this contact information. Catalogs of publications are not widely available.

Table 3b.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Consumer Price Index

Table 3b.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Consumer Price Index

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions Concepts and definitions, used broadly, follow the International Labor Organization (ILO) guidelines and the CIS recommendations with some deviations from international standards. The CPI basket is dominated by food products (over 70 percent). There is an adequate level of detail for both goods and services. Scope The CPI weights cover both urban and rural households of all types and all income levels, including the agricultural sector. Food produced for own consumption (over 50 percent in rural area income source) is included. Certain categories of goods and services, including luxury products, certain durable goods, and the imputed rentals of owner-occupied dwellings, are missing from the CPI scope. Classification CPI is tabulated using a regional classification developed by the CIS Statistics Committee with significant departures from COICOP, notably for service aggregation. Basis for recording Both prices and weights are determined on an accrual basis using market and/or transaction values. No netting procedures are needed since second-hand cars or insurance services are not covered by the current CPI.	Source data In general, the source data for the CPI are broadly adequate. However, the Household Expenditure Survey (HES) no longer includes a question on the estimation of imputed rent for owner-occupied dwellings. Notwithstanding the response rate (close to 100 percent), the sample seems rather small for the country population. Data from the retail trade survey (RTS) are used to complement the HES. Assessment of source data Correction and validation of data are limited to simple techniques, including routine checks for extreme values, consistency, and incomplete data. Statistical techniques The treatment of missing prices, quality adjustment, and introduction of new products need to be improved. The upper level aggregation of the index could also be improved. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs The CPI is compared for consistency with the PPI, import/export price index, and other relevant price data. Revision studies Analyses are made on an informal basis regarding the periodic weight revisions. These results are used internally to guide decisions regarding the change of weights.	Periodicity and timeliness The monthly CPI is published no later than the 12th of the following month, thereby meeting GDDS standards for periodicity and timeliness. Consistency The CPI is generally consistent over time. The latest methodological change in the index compilation was introduced in 1994. Revision policy and practice CPI weights have been revised annually in the past few years, a fact known by the main users. This is possible because of a timely availability of expenditure data from the continuous HES. Although revision studies are published for the HES, no studies are published for the CPI.	Data accessibility CPI is disseminated in several publications with various periodicity, including a monthly bulletin that combines price and social indicators, a three-year publication on price statistics, and the yearbook. However, while the publication format facilitates understanding of data, the cost of publication is discouraging for the public at large. No Internet dissemination is available yet. There is an advance release calendar. Metadata accessibility There is a limited description of metadata for the CPI, which is available in the publications. No detailed documentation is available. Assistance to users Assistance to users could be improved. The catalog of publications available at the Goskomstat is not widely distributed. Additional data are provided to physical persons only on the basis of a documented request.

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Table 3b.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Consumer Price Index

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions Concepts and definitions, used broadly, follow the International Labor Organization (ILO) guidelines and the CIS recommendations with some deviations from international standards. The CPI basket is dominated by food products (over 70 percent). There is an adequate level of detail for both goods and services. Scope The CPI weights cover both urban and rural households of all types and all income levels, including the agricultural sector. Food produced for own consumption (over 50 percent in rural area income source) is included. Certain categories of goods and services, including luxury products, certain durable goods, and the imputed rentals of owner-occupied dwellings, are missing from the CPI scope. Classification CPI is tabulated using a regional classification developed by the CIS Statistics Committee with significant departures from COICOP, notably for service aggregation. Basis for recording Both prices and weights are determined on an accrual basis using market and/or transaction values. No netting procedures are needed since second-hand cars or insurance services are not covered by the current CPI.	Source data In general, the source data for the CPI are broadly adequate. However, the Household Expenditure Survey (HES) no longer includes a question on the estimation of imputed rent for owner-occupied dwellings. Notwithstanding the response rate (close to 100 percent), the sample seems rather small for the country population. Data from the retail trade survey (RTS) are used to complement the HES. Assessment of source data Correction and validation of data are limited to simple techniques, including routine checks for extreme values, consistency, and incomplete data. Statistical techniques The treatment of missing prices, quality adjustment, and introduction of new products need to be improved. The upper level aggregation of the index could also be improved. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs The CPI is compared for consistency with the PPI, import/export price index, and other relevant price data. Revision studies Analyses are made on an informal basis regarding the periodic weight revisions. These results are used internally to guide decisions regarding the change of weights.	Periodicity and timeliness The monthly CPI is published no later than the 12th of the following month, thereby meeting GDDS standards for periodicity and timeliness. Consistency The CPI is generally consistent over time. The latest methodological change in the index compilation was introduced in 1994. Revision policy and practice CPI weights have been revised annually in the past few years, a fact known by the main users. This is possible because of a timely availability of expenditure data from the continuous HES. Although revision studies are published for the HES, no studies are published for the CPI.	Data accessibility CPI is disseminated in several publications with various periodicity, including a monthly bulletin that combines price and social indicators, a three-year publication on price statistics, and the yearbook. However, while the publication format facilitates understanding of data, the cost of publication is discouraging for the public at large. No Internet dissemination is available yet. There is an advance release calendar. Metadata accessibility There is a limited description of metadata for the CPI, which is available in the publications. No detailed documentation is available. Assistance to users Assistance to users could be improved. The catalog of publications available at the Goskomstat is not widely distributed. Additional data are provided to physical persons only on the basis of a documented request.

Table 3c.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Producer Price Index

Table 3c.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Producer Price Index

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions The concepts and definitions of the PPI present significant deviations from the 1993 SNA and the new PPI Manual in respect to weights determination, classification, and time of recording. Scope The PPI covers over 75 percent of the production of covered industries, including manufacturing, electricity, and gas activities, irrespective of destination. Classification A regional classification developed by the CIS is used to classify the economic activities. This differs marginally from the internationally recommended standards. Products are classified by using the Central Product Classification (CPC). Basis for recording Basis for recording for the PPI does not conform to international standards. Prices recorded are considered ex-factory gate prices, but the export prices are not considered. Values reported are not on an accrual basis, and barter transactions are not properly captured. Market output valuation for weights is not consistent with the 1993 SNA.	Source data Source data are timely. However, coverage needs to be improved to include small enterprises and household unincorporated enterprises. Furthermore, consistency with time of recording and valuation needs to be achieved. Assessment of source data Source data for the PPI are regularly checked for consistency, extreme values, and incomplete data. Given the limited size of the sample, efforts are made to ensure a good response rate and to minimize processing errors. Statistical techniques A methodological problem in the index compilation concerns the compilation of the most important product in the basket—aluminum (over 50 percent)—that does not properly account for both domestic and export price (not used currently). Techniques used for price imputation, product replacements, and quality change could also be improved. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs PPI is compared for consistency with the CPI, import/export indices, and relevant data from other sources. Revision studies Results of weight revision are analyzed and used internally to guide the decision regarding the change of weights.	Periodicity and timeliness The monthly PPI is published no later than the 12th of the following month, thereby meeting GDDS standards for periodicity and timeliness. Consistency The PPI is generally consistent over time. The latest methodological change in the index compilation was introduced in 1994. Revision policy and practice PPI weights have been revised annually in the past few years, a fact known by the main users. This is possible because of a timely and frequent availability of industrial data. No revision analyses are published for the PPI.	Data accessibility PPI is disseminated in several publications with various periodicities, including a monthly bulletin that combines price and social indicators, a three-year publication on price statistics, and the yearbook. However, while the publication format facilitates understanding of data, the cost of publication is discouraging for the public at large. No Internet dissemination is available yet. Metadata accessibility There is a limited description of metadata for the PPI, which is available in the publications. No detailed documentation is available. Assistance to users Assistance to users could be improved. The catalog of publications available at the Goskomstat is not widely distributed. Additional data are provided to physical persons only on the basis of a documented request.

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Table 3c.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Producer Price Index

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions The concepts and definitions of the PPI present significant deviations from the 1993 SNA and the new PPI Manual in respect to weights determination, classification, and time of recording. Scope The PPI covers over 75 percent of the production of covered industries, including manufacturing, electricity, and gas activities, irrespective of destination. Classification A regional classification developed by the CIS is used to classify the economic activities. This differs marginally from the internationally recommended standards. Products are classified by using the Central Product Classification (CPC). Basis for recording Basis for recording for the PPI does not conform to international standards. Prices recorded are considered ex-factory gate prices, but the export prices are not considered. Values reported are not on an accrual basis, and barter transactions are not properly captured. Market output valuation for weights is not consistent with the 1993 SNA.	Source data Source data are timely. However, coverage needs to be improved to include small enterprises and household unincorporated enterprises. Furthermore, consistency with time of recording and valuation needs to be achieved. Assessment of source data Source data for the PPI are regularly checked for consistency, extreme values, and incomplete data. Given the limited size of the sample, efforts are made to ensure a good response rate and to minimize processing errors. Statistical techniques A methodological problem in the index compilation concerns the compilation of the most important product in the basket—aluminum (over 50 percent)—that does not properly account for both domestic and export price (not used currently). Techniques used for price imputation, product replacements, and quality change could also be improved. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs PPI is compared for consistency with the CPI, import/export indices, and relevant data from other sources. Revision studies Results of weight revision are analyzed and used internally to guide the decision regarding the change of weights.	Periodicity and timeliness The monthly PPI is published no later than the 12th of the following month, thereby meeting GDDS standards for periodicity and timeliness. Consistency The PPI is generally consistent over time. The latest methodological change in the index compilation was introduced in 1994. Revision policy and practice PPI weights have been revised annually in the past few years, a fact known by the main users. This is possible because of a timely and frequent availability of industrial data. No revision analyses are published for the PPI.	Data accessibility PPI is disseminated in several publications with various periodicities, including a monthly bulletin that combines price and social indicators, a three-year publication on price statistics, and the yearbook. However, while the publication format facilitates understanding of data, the cost of publication is discouraging for the public at large. No Internet dissemination is available yet. Metadata accessibility There is a limited description of metadata for the PPI, which is available in the publications. No detailed documentation is available. Assistance to users Assistance to users could be improved. The catalog of publications available at the Goskomstat is not widely distributed. Additional data are provided to physical persons only on the basis of a documented request.

Table 3d.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Government Finance Statistics

Table 3d.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Government Finance Statistics

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions Compilation of GFS for Tajikistan is based on the recommendations of A Manual on Government Finance Statistics, 1986 (GFSM 1986). There are no plans at present to migrate the basis of compilation to the new GFS standards based on the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 (GFSM 2001). Scope Statistics are produced for the general government sector for Tajikistan. GFS cover all the economic flows and the stock of debt of general government to the standard specified in GFSM 1986. Classification/sectorization Sectorization of government is consistent with general government in the 1993 SNA. Revenue, expenditure, lending minus repayments, and financing transactions are classified using the methodology set out in GFSM 1986. Basis for recording All flow data are recorded on a cash basis, valued on the basis of the amount of actual payments and receipts in cash, as recommended in GFSM 1986.	Source data Source data are complete and timely, and provide comprehensive coverage of the general government sector for Tajikistan. The budget and Social Protection Fund (SPF) accounting systems are based on the classification systems recommended in GFSM 1986. This allows GFS to be easily compiled from accounting data. Assessment of source data Source data are reconciled with records of payment orders, and compared with budget planning estimates. Statistical techniques Preliminary data are routinely replaced by final annual data, and an appropriate balance is struck between timeliness and accuracy. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs Fiscal statistics from the MOF, and monetary and financial statistics from the NBT, are compared and reconciled. Debt flows and stocks data are not reconciled. Revision studies GFS revisions are small and no revision studies are carried out.	Periodicity and timeliness The periodicity and timeliness of GFS meet, or exceed, GDDS standards, except for debt statistics that are not disseminated on a regular basis. Consistency The same concepts and classifications are used for monthly, quarterly, and annual statistics. The deficit/surplus is approximately equal to financing on an annual basis, but significant discrepancies exist for monthly data. Debt flow and stock data are not reconciled. A consistent time series is available for a period of five years. GFS are consistent with corresponding statistics for other sectors. Revision policy and practice The preliminary-to-final revision cycle is predictable and stable, with preliminary data being replaced by final audited data on May 1 each year. Usually, the revisions resulting from this practice are small and do not require explanation.	Data accessibility There is no dedicated GFS publication or website. GFS are not disseminated according to GFSM 1986 recommendations. Detailed statistics on government debt are provided only to the parliament, government, and the NBT. GFS are made available to official users before they are released to the public. Metadata accessibility Only summary information on GFS concepts and methodology is available, and there is no published document that describes the concepts and methodology of GFS. Assistance to users Liaison officers or contact points are included in the Goskomstat publication and MOF press releases. Publications containing GFS are not readily available to the general public.

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Table 3d.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Government Finance Statistics

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions Compilation of GFS for Tajikistan is based on the recommendations of A Manual on Government Finance Statistics, 1986 (GFSM 1986). There are no plans at present to migrate the basis of compilation to the new GFS standards based on the Government Finance Statistics Manual 2001 (GFSM 2001). Scope Statistics are produced for the general government sector for Tajikistan. GFS cover all the economic flows and the stock of debt of general government to the standard specified in GFSM 1986. Classification/sectorization Sectorization of government is consistent with general government in the 1993 SNA. Revenue, expenditure, lending minus repayments, and financing transactions are classified using the methodology set out in GFSM 1986. Basis for recording All flow data are recorded on a cash basis, valued on the basis of the amount of actual payments and receipts in cash, as recommended in GFSM 1986.	Source data Source data are complete and timely, and provide comprehensive coverage of the general government sector for Tajikistan. The budget and Social Protection Fund (SPF) accounting systems are based on the classification systems recommended in GFSM 1986. This allows GFS to be easily compiled from accounting data. Assessment of source data Source data are reconciled with records of payment orders, and compared with budget planning estimates. Statistical techniques Preliminary data are routinely replaced by final annual data, and an appropriate balance is struck between timeliness and accuracy. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs Fiscal statistics from the MOF, and monetary and financial statistics from the NBT, are compared and reconciled. Debt flows and stocks data are not reconciled. Revision studies GFS revisions are small and no revision studies are carried out.	Periodicity and timeliness The periodicity and timeliness of GFS meet, or exceed, GDDS standards, except for debt statistics that are not disseminated on a regular basis. Consistency The same concepts and classifications are used for monthly, quarterly, and annual statistics. The deficit/surplus is approximately equal to financing on an annual basis, but significant discrepancies exist for monthly data. Debt flow and stock data are not reconciled. A consistent time series is available for a period of five years. GFS are consistent with corresponding statistics for other sectors. Revision policy and practice The preliminary-to-final revision cycle is predictable and stable, with preliminary data being replaced by final audited data on May 1 each year. Usually, the revisions resulting from this practice are small and do not require explanation.	Data accessibility There is no dedicated GFS publication or website. GFS are not disseminated according to GFSM 1986 recommendations. Detailed statistics on government debt are provided only to the parliament, government, and the NBT. GFS are made available to official users before they are released to the public. Metadata accessibility Only summary information on GFS concepts and methodology is available, and there is no published document that describes the concepts and methodology of GFS. Assistance to users Liaison officers or contact points are included in the Goskomstat publication and MOF press releases. Publications containing GFS are not readily available to the general public.

Table 3e.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Monetary Statistics

Table 3e.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Monetary Statistics

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions Concepts and definitions used are consistent with the framework for compiling monetary statistics as recommended in the MFSM. Scope Scope is in line with the MFSM recommendations. Classification/sectorization Classification/sectorization are consistent with the MFSM recommendations. However, the complementary computer program for compilation of monetary statistics, prepared and recommended by the IMF’s Statistics Department missions, needs to be routinely reviewed and updated to appropriately incorporate and classify all new balance sheet accounts in the monetary survey. The balance sheet accounts include nonresident accounts in foreign assets and foreign liabilities of the monetary survey. Basis for recording Basis for recording is in line with the MFSM recommendations.	Source data Source data are collected on a timely basis and provide the information needed for classification/sectorization in monetary statistics as recommended by the MFSM. Assessment of source data The source data for the monetary statistics are based entirely on the balance sheet data of the NBT and resident commercial banks, including nonbank credit institutions. They are routinely reviewed and assessed to ensure accuracy and reliability. Statistical techniques Sound statistical techniques are employed in data compilation, using balance sheet report forms for data reporting. There is no adjustment for missing data. If needed, missing data will be explained in a footnote to the published data. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs These are conducted routinely. The computer program for compilation of monetary statistics, prepared and recommended by the IMF’s Statistics Department missions, contains procedures to investigate and verify errors in the classification and sectorization, as well as discrepancies between the monetary statistics and the source data. Revision studies Revision studies are not carried out.	Periodicity and timeliness Periodicity and timeliness meet the GDDS recommendations. Consistency Consistency is assured by routinely checking the consistency of data on interbank positions, and maintaining consistent time series from May 1995. Reconciliation exercises with other datasets such as balance of payments statistics are undertaken on an ad hoc basis, and should be regularized. Revision policy and practice Revision policy and practice are largely nonexistent. Users are informed whenever monetary data are preliminary or revised, in footnotes along with published data. Revisions are not routinely analyzed. There is no revision policy.	Data accessibility Data accessibility is not closely in line with best international practices. Although monetary statistics are disseminated in a clear manner with charts and tables, and various details, there are no seasonally adjusted series and there is no preannounced calendar released to the public. Also, more detailed data are not available upon request. Metadata accessibility Metadata accessibility is inadequate. Hard copy publications on the underlying methodology, data sources, and statistical techniques are not widely available. The NBT Internet website does not disseminate metadata on monetary statistics. Assistance to users Assistance to users is not readily available to users of monetary statistics. Detailed contact information for monetary statistics is not published on the NBT Internet website. Currently, a catalog of NBT statistical publications, documents, and other services is not available in hard copy nor posted on the NBT Internet website.

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Table 3e.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Monetary Statistics

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions Concepts and definitions used are consistent with the framework for compiling monetary statistics as recommended in the MFSM. Scope Scope is in line with the MFSM recommendations. Classification/sectorization Classification/sectorization are consistent with the MFSM recommendations. However, the complementary computer program for compilation of monetary statistics, prepared and recommended by the IMF’s Statistics Department missions, needs to be routinely reviewed and updated to appropriately incorporate and classify all new balance sheet accounts in the monetary survey. The balance sheet accounts include nonresident accounts in foreign assets and foreign liabilities of the monetary survey. Basis for recording Basis for recording is in line with the MFSM recommendations.	Source data Source data are collected on a timely basis and provide the information needed for classification/sectorization in monetary statistics as recommended by the MFSM. Assessment of source data The source data for the monetary statistics are based entirely on the balance sheet data of the NBT and resident commercial banks, including nonbank credit institutions. They are routinely reviewed and assessed to ensure accuracy and reliability. Statistical techniques Sound statistical techniques are employed in data compilation, using balance sheet report forms for data reporting. There is no adjustment for missing data. If needed, missing data will be explained in a footnote to the published data. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs These are conducted routinely. The computer program for compilation of monetary statistics, prepared and recommended by the IMF’s Statistics Department missions, contains procedures to investigate and verify errors in the classification and sectorization, as well as discrepancies between the monetary statistics and the source data. Revision studies Revision studies are not carried out.	Periodicity and timeliness Periodicity and timeliness meet the GDDS recommendations. Consistency Consistency is assured by routinely checking the consistency of data on interbank positions, and maintaining consistent time series from May 1995. Reconciliation exercises with other datasets such as balance of payments statistics are undertaken on an ad hoc basis, and should be regularized. Revision policy and practice Revision policy and practice are largely nonexistent. Users are informed whenever monetary data are preliminary or revised, in footnotes along with published data. Revisions are not routinely analyzed. There is no revision policy.	Data accessibility Data accessibility is not closely in line with best international practices. Although monetary statistics are disseminated in a clear manner with charts and tables, and various details, there are no seasonally adjusted series and there is no preannounced calendar released to the public. Also, more detailed data are not available upon request. Metadata accessibility Metadata accessibility is inadequate. Hard copy publications on the underlying methodology, data sources, and statistical techniques are not widely available. The NBT Internet website does not disseminate metadata on monetary statistics. Assistance to users Assistance to users is not readily available to users of monetary statistics. Detailed contact information for monetary statistics is not published on the NBT Internet website. Currently, a catalog of NBT statistical publications, documents, and other services is not available in hard copy nor posted on the NBT Internet website.

Table 3f.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Balance of Payments Statistics

Table 3f.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Balance of Payments Statistics

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions The conceptual framework closely follows the fifth edition of the BPM5, with the important exception that two concepts of residency are used in bank and enterprise reports. Scope The scope of data follows BPM5, except that important information is missing to cover completely trade in services and income (e.g., travelers’ participation on shuttle trade). Classification/sectorization Classification/sectorization generally follow BPM5 principles. Basis for recording Valuation principles are suitable. Most valuation follows market value and accrual principles, while grossing and netting are in accordance with internationally accepted standards.	Source data Source data are generally adequate and are derived from comprehensive data collection programs with a consistent coverage; however, income data from joint venture private enterprises are not reported. Assessment of source data The checks for internal consistency are mainly automated, while all nonautomated reports undergo manual controls. Statistical techniques The quality of reported information is carefully assessed. Adjustments to coverage, value, and transformation employ valid techniques. The adjustment to derive imports free on board (f.o.b.) is updated regularly and adjustments are made to correct reference prices for over-the-counter and barter trade. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs are undertaken rigorously at all stages. Statistical discrepancies are investigated and intermediary results are used to inform internal procedures. Revision studies Revision studies serve in internal procedures to inform and improve statistical techniques.	Periodicity and timeliness Periodicity and timeliness are in line with those recommended by the GDDS. Consistency Data are internally consistent; however, their consistency over time is limited to two years, while quarterly time series exist only from 1997. Data are reconcilable with other datasets because they employ the same sources (with the exception of monetary statistics and national accounts). Revision policy and practice Revision policy and practice are limited by the absence of a regular and transparent revision schedule. Studies and analyses of revisions are not shared with the users but contribute to the methodological consultation with other statistical agencies.	Data accessibility Data are presented in a way that facilitates their interpretation; however, they are not advertised by an official press release and there is no preannounced schedule of data release. Most of the information is available in English and supplementary tabulations of data are provided on request. Detailed data are disseminated through the NBT website. Metadata accessibility No metadata are available and data only target a specialized public. Assistance to users Contact points are provided in most publication formats. Prompt and knowledgeable assistance is provided. However, no catalog of publications is available.

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Table 3f.

Republic of Tajikistan: Assessment of Data Quality–Dimensions 2 to 5–Balance of Payments Statistics

2. Methodological soundness	3. Accuracy and reliability	4. Serviceability	5. Accessibility
Concepts and definitions The conceptual framework closely follows the fifth edition of the BPM5, with the important exception that two concepts of residency are used in bank and enterprise reports. Scope The scope of data follows BPM5, except that important information is missing to cover completely trade in services and income (e.g., travelers’ participation on shuttle trade). Classification/sectorization Classification/sectorization generally follow BPM5 principles. Basis for recording Valuation principles are suitable. Most valuation follows market value and accrual principles, while grossing and netting are in accordance with internationally accepted standards.	Source data Source data are generally adequate and are derived from comprehensive data collection programs with a consistent coverage; however, income data from joint venture private enterprises are not reported. Assessment of source data The checks for internal consistency are mainly automated, while all nonautomated reports undergo manual controls. Statistical techniques The quality of reported information is carefully assessed. Adjustments to coverage, value, and transformation employ valid techniques. The adjustment to derive imports free on board (f.o.b.) is updated regularly and adjustments are made to correct reference prices for over-the-counter and barter trade. Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs Assessment and validation of intermediate data and statistical outputs are undertaken rigorously at all stages. Statistical discrepancies are investigated and intermediary results are used to inform internal procedures. Revision studies Revision studies serve in internal procedures to inform and improve statistical techniques.	Periodicity and timeliness Periodicity and timeliness are in line with those recommended by the GDDS. Consistency Data are internally consistent; however, their consistency over time is limited to two years, while quarterly time series exist only from 1997. Data are reconcilable with other datasets because they employ the same sources (with the exception of monetary statistics and national accounts). Revision policy and practice Revision policy and practice are limited by the absence of a regular and transparent revision schedule. Studies and analyses of revisions are not shared with the users but contribute to the methodological consultation with other statistical agencies.	Data accessibility Data are presented in a way that facilitates their interpretation; however, they are not advertised by an official press release and there is no preannounced schedule of data release. Most of the information is available in English and supplementary tabulations of data are provided on request. Detailed data are disseminated through the NBT website. Metadata accessibility No metadata are available and data only target a specialized public. Assistance to users Contact points are provided in most publication formats. Prompt and knowledgeable assistance is provided. However, no catalog of publications is available.

III. Recommendations

10. Based on the review of Tajikistan’s statistical practices, discussions with the data-producing agencies, and responses from data users (see Appendix III of the Detailed Assessments volume), the mission has a set of recommendations. They are designed to increase further Tajikistan’s adherence to internationally accepted statistical practices and would, in the mission’s view, enhance the analytical usefulness of Tajikistan’s statistics. Some additional technical suggestions are included in the Detailed Assessments volume.