Economic Growth

While in the early 1990s GDP annual growth rates were often lower than population growth rate, economic growth has, since the mid-1990s, risen more steadily and overtaken the population growth rate (2.9% for 1988-2002). In 2002, GDP growth rate registered 6.2%, surpassing the PRSP target of 6.0%; sliding back to 5.5% for 2003 (provisional estimates). Overall the performance reflects the positive impact of the economic and fiscal reforms undertaken since mid-1990s. The sticky issue, however, is how far this growth can translate into poverty reduction over the coming years. Related to this, is the question of how the gains from growth can be distributed among households for the benefits to reach the poor. Government is grappling with these issues through broadening sources of growth, expediting implementation of agricultural sector and rural development programs, facilitating increased private investment, promoting micro financing and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), and developing the infrastructure, especially supporting agriculture.

Agriculture and Food Security: Being the mainstay of the economy, agriculture must grow well above the population growth. PRS agriculture growth target of 5% was achieved in 2001 and 2002, largely due to good weather conditions. The growth rate for 2003 is provisionally set at 3.3%. This is due to poor rains. The forthcoming agricultural survey will provide a baseline for 2003, thus reducing data limitations on production, access to credit, access to market and extension services.

Employment and Unemployment: The ILFS 2000/01 shows that overall unemployment increased substantially and that it is higher amongst women than men in urban areas. Also, unemployment is particularly high amongst young people, making them more vulnerable. The Integrated Labor Force and Child Labor surveys, 2000/01 (launched in April 2003) indicated that 39.6% of children aged from 5 to 17 years old are economically active and 21.3% of them are child laborers working more than 4 hours a day often in worst forms of child labor. Government is addressing employment creation through policy actions on private sector development, SMEs, agricultural and rural development, micro financing and EPZs. Such efforts include measures to enhance productivity through job and business management skills, access to flexible loans and market support for poor women and their families. There are also measures to curb child labour under the “Time Bound Programme on Worst Forms of Child Labour” coordinated by the Ministry of Labour, Youth Development and Sports.

Roads: PRS envisaged a rehabilitation of 4,500 km of rural roads in twelve of the poorest regions by 2003. It also aimed at undertaking routine and periodic maintenance on all rural roads, with a focus on community involvement. Only 51% of the planned rural roads had routine spot improvement and periodic maintenance. The condition of most roads is classed “poor”.

􀀀Challenges and Strategic Policy direction and monitoring

The overriding concern is to ensure attainment of sustained high economic growth and ensuring such growth benefits the poor particularly in the rural areas. Constraints facing agriculture require expeditious actions with regard to financing mechanisms, investment and provision of support services. Regional diversity and inequality would be addressed through appropriate budgetary allocation mechanisms as well as provision of enabling environment for domestic and foreign investment. The forthcoming agriculture survey offers an opportunity to revisit and establish concrete indicators for monitoring agriculture and rural development. More concrete approach of measuring will be designed to capture both rural and urban dimensions. As part of the PRS updates, attention will be paid to the income and employment impacts of agriculture, with increasing returns to agriculture at the center.

For the roads, more effective coordination machinery between the central and local governments in the maintenance of the road stock will be developed. The coordination machinery will clearly assign responsibilities.

The capacity of Government and relevant NGOs at national and sub-national levels, both human and resources will be strengthened to meet the challenges of efficiently implementing the “Time Bound Program on the Worst Forms of Child Labor.”

Survival, Nutrition and Health

Because of lack of data the maternal mortality ratio was removed from the PRS indicator list and replaced by births attended by skilled health worker. As the national estimates after 2000 are not available, the general assessment in this section is based on the demographic and health surveys of the 1990s and sentinel surveillance sites. Table 3 shows health and nutrition indicators and targets.

Table 3:

Health Outcome and Nutrition Indicators, Base line and Targets

% change in mortality attributable to malaria in under-fives – to be added in later reports / analysesSource:

^{1 –}Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey 1999;

^{2 –}National AIDS Control Program, 2002; and

^{3 –}National Population Census, 1988

Table 3:

Health Outcome and Nutrition Indicators, Base line and Targets

PRS indicator	Base line		Targets
	estimate	Year	2003	2010	2025
Total fertility rate	5.6	1997[1]
Infant mortality rate	99	1997 1]	85	50	20
Ratio of the IMR of the poorest quintile to the IMR of the richest	1.25	1999[1]
Under-five mortality rate (MDG)	147	1997[1]	127	79
HIV prevalence in age group 15-24 (%)	Male: 8 Fem: 13	2000[2]
% of children born to HIV+ mothers who
Life expectancy at birth	52	1988[3]		52
Nutrition in the under fives:
Stunting (moderate-severe, %)	44	1999[1]		20
Wasting (moderate-severe, %)	5	1999[1]		2
Under-weight (mod.-severe,%)	29	1999[1]

% change in mortality attributable to malaria in under-fives – to be added in later reports / analysesSource:

^{1 –}Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey 1999;

^{2 –}National AIDS Control Program, 2002; and

^{3 –}National Population Census, 1988

View Table

Table 3:

Health Outcome and Nutrition Indicators, Base line and Targets

PRS indicator	Base line		Targets
	estimate	Year	2003	2010	2025
Total fertility rate	5.6	1997[1]
Infant mortality rate	99	1997 1]	85	50	20
Ratio of the IMR of the poorest quintile to the IMR of the richest	1.25	1999[1]
Under-five mortality rate (MDG)	147	1997[1]	127	79
HIV prevalence in age group 15-24 (%)	Male: 8 Fem: 13	2000[2]
% of children born to HIV+ mothers who
Life expectancy at birth	52	1988[3]		52
Nutrition in the under fives:
Stunting (moderate-severe, %)	44	1999[1]		20
Wasting (moderate-severe, %)	5	1999[1]		2
Under-weight (mod.-severe,%)	29	1999[1]

% change in mortality attributable to malaria in under-fives – to be added in later reports / analysesSource:

^{1 –}Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey 1999;

^{2 –}National AIDS Control Program, 2002; and

^{3 –}National Population Census, 1988

Infant and Child mortality: There have been no significant changes in infant mortality and prevalence of fever in children under five during the 1990s. Sentinel site surveillance shows little net change in the importance of malaria as a cause of child deaths, though there is some year–on–year fluctuations and differences between sites.

HIV and AIDS: Data from blood donors show steady increases in HIV prevalence since 1996. Despite widespread knowledge of HIV and some successful local initiatives in its prevention and control, there is no significant improvement. In general prevalence is higher in women than in men and the gap between male and female infection rates has increased. Prevalence in blood donors replaced prevalence in antenatal clinic attendees as an indicator because of weakness in the ANC sentinel surveillance system. The national HIV/AIDS survey being conducted in 2003 will provide a baseline against future trends.

Life Expectancy: Based on the 1988 census, life expectancy at birth was 52 years. Life expectancy is expected to be lower now due to the effect of HIV. The forthcoming analysis of 2002 Census will provide a definitive picture on trends and differentials in life expectancy.

Nutrition: There has not been much improvement in the nutrition status of the under-fives. Child malnutrition is much worse in rural than urban areas and much higher in the poorest quintiles. About 16% of children have a birth weight below 2,500 grams as a result of early pregnancies, illness and poor nutrition status of pregnant women. Apparently, food insecurity and HIV/AIDS in under-fives will also worsen the nutritional status of children.

Health Service Delivery

The number of outpatient visits has increased enormously since 1999, showing a 47% increase in absolute numbers between 2000 and 2002. Indicators of the proportion of births attended by skilled health worker and proportion of institutional deliveries showed a decline over the 1990s. Rural-urban disparities in skilled attendance at birth are large, mainly due to shortage of adequately trained staff in rural areas. Both urban-rural disparities and between poorest and richest increased during the 1990s. There has been continuous improvement in DPT3 and measles coverage. DTP3 reached almost 90% coverage in 2002, well above the targets for 2003 (Table 4).

Table 4:

Health Service Indicators, Base line and Targets

Sources:

^{1 –} Ministry of Health 2002;

^{2 –} Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey 1999

^{3 –} Household Budget Survey 2000-01

Table 4:

Health Service Indicators, Base line and Targets

PRS indicator	Base line		Actual	Targets
	Estimate	Year	2003	2003	2010	2025
Annual no. of outpatient visits per capita	Gov 1.3	2000-01	-
	All 2.3	[3]
Health facility users’ satisfaction (%)	Gov. 66	2000-	-
	All 71	01[3]
Total number of family planning acceptors (new and old users)			-
Births attended by doctor, nurse or skilled midwife (%) (MDG)	36	1999[2]	-		80
Births taking place in govt health facility (%)	44	1999[2]	-
DTP(Hb)3 immunization coverage (%)	DHS 81 MoH 76	1999[2] 1999[1]	≈90(2002)	85
TB treatment completion (%)	78	2000[1]	-

Sources:

^{1 –} Ministry of Health 2002;

^{2 –} Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey 1999

^{3 –} Household Budget Survey 2000-01

View Table

Table 4:

Health Service Indicators, Base line and Targets

PRS indicator	Base line		Actual	Targets
	Estimate	Year	2003	2003	2010	2025
Annual no. of outpatient visits per capita	Gov 1.3	2000-01	-
	All 2.3	[3]
Health facility users’ satisfaction (%)	Gov. 66	2000-	-
	All 71	01[3]
Total number of family planning acceptors (new and old users)			-
Births attended by doctor, nurse or skilled midwife (%) (MDG)	36	1999[2]	-		80
Births taking place in govt health facility (%)	44	1999[2]	-
DTP(Hb)3 immunization coverage (%)	DHS 81 MoH 76	1999[2] 1999[1]	≈90(2002)	85
TB treatment completion (%)	78	2000[1]	-

Sources:

^{1 –} Ministry of Health 2002;

^{2 –} Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey 1999

^{3 –} Household Budget Survey 2000-01

􀀀Challenges and Strategic Policy direction and monitoring

Analysis of 2002 Census and the forthcoming DHS in 2004 will provide more robust recent estimates for many of the indicators of survival, nutrition status and health. Improvement in routine data system will also provide a regular source for assessing trends in health service outputs. Government will focus on ensuring that health services are accessible to the rural population and the poor through the provision of adequate facilities and quality services. As part of the PRS review, further reflection will be made on the application of user fees at primary level facilities to ensure universal access.

Government will scale up efforts in prioritizing measures to reduce transmission of HIV and its impact on the welfare of those affected.

Water and Sanitation

Increasing access to clean and safe drinking water for the rural population is among the PRS priorities. The target is to improve coverage to 55% of rural inhabitants by 2003. During 1990s there was noticeable improvement in the coverage in rural areas, although the rate of improvement is unlikely to reach the 2003 target. The time it takes to collect water has increased in urban areas, probably as a result of increased pressure on water points due to increased urban growth rates, implying substantial time costs on those who collect water, mostly women and children. No specific targets for sanitation were set.

􀀀Challenges and Strategic Policy direction and monitoring

The greatest concern is on the weakness of routine data system from collection, production and analysis to dissemination at district, regional and national levels. Government is in the process of developing a single, highly accessible monitoring system that contains all of the necessary data to be used by the district, councils, regional secretariats and central government.

Extreme Vulnerability

The PRS recognizes vulnerable groups that require special attention, including AIDS sufferers, orphaned children who most likely would get into the child labor market and its worst forms, the disabled, the very old and refugees. There is no new information on trends of the five indicators for monitoring extreme vulnerability. However, trends over the 1990s are known only for orphanhood that increased during the decade, largely as a consequence of HIV/AIDS pandemic. The Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) carried out in 2002 has brought up more qualitative information on various dimensions of vulnerability - conceptualization, the most vulnerable social groups, impoverishing forces, and protection and risk management programs.

􀀀Challenges and Strategic Policy direction and monitoring

The current indicators on extreme vulnerability cover a disparate set of areas and do not appear to have been selected within a common conceptual and policy framework. The PPA will assist in refining indicators for vulnerability in sectors that are already monitored. It provides also a basis for the development of additional indicators. During the PRS review process the PPA will be used to concretize Government policy towards vulnerability and to develop appropriate social protection programs.

Employment creation

The structural reforms undertaken by Government have had short-term implications in terms of job losses. This has compounded the problem of unemployment mainly in urban centers. However, private sector development is seen in the medium to longer term as a sustainable employment creation mechanism. Government is supporting private sector investment so that it can create employment opportunities and raise incomes. These initiatives have already started to bear fruits. For instance, in 2002 TIC approved 311 private sector investment projects in the manufacturing sector worth TShs 1, 024,536 million. These investment projects have the potential to employ 33,132 people. Government, through its Time Bound program, is also creating skill training for 2000 families and 7,500 youth who are already in worst forms of child labor or at risk of getting into it, with the budget of US$ 1,230,000 (2004-05).

Government is creating an enabling environment for employment (jobs) creation through revisions of employment laws, labor relations, dispute prevention and settlement and the regulatory framework. It has established a Labor Exchange Center (LEC) to match skills of job seekers and job qualifications and implemented a demand-driven skills training to promote self-employment in formal and informal sectors.

Government-private sector consultation mechanism

A formal consultative mechanism with the private sector has been established through the formation of the Tanzania National Business Council (TNBC). The objective is to enhance private sector participation in development. Issues emerging from dialogue between Government and private sector that have been acted upon during the period under the review include:

• i) Establishment of the Export Credit Guarantee Scheme.

• ii) A comprehensive review of the micro credit schemes.

• iii) Involving the private sector in the negotiations for the East African Community and the SADC trade agreements.

• iv) Nuisance taxes have been abolished.

• v) Views from various stakeholders on inadequacies in the Land Act of 1999, including collateralization are being processed for possible revision of the Act.

The Business Environment Strengthening in Tanzania (BEST) that has been approved aims at improving the effectiveness of government/private sector partnership. The program is geared to provide better policy, administrative, legal, regulatory and judicial environment for private sector development. Other actions relate to the financial sector development in respect of improvements in the payments systems, stronger insurance supervisory regime, and of the financial institutions such as the National Insurance Corporation, Tanzania Postal Bank, Tanzania Investment Bank etc

Overview

During 2002/03 the Government with support from development partners continued to implement the second year of the five-year Primary Education Development Program (PEDP), which is one of the first components of the Education Sector Development Program (ESDP). The aim has been to sustain the PRS targets for 2003 focusing on expansion of enrolment, improvement of quality, capacity building and improvement in management and strengthening the institutional arrangements.

Progress and Achievements

Progress towards the PRS targets identified in PEDP is given below:

• In 2003 1,475,889 pupils were enrolled as against a target of 1,600,000. The enrolment target was not met because most of eligible children were enrolled in the first year of PEDP implementation. Standard One enrolment for 2003 is above the PRS target of 85% of school age children.

• School mapping exercise coverage expanded from 82 districts in June 2002 to 98 by June 2003 of which 53 districts were micro-planned. An additional 16 districts were to be micro-planned by December 2003.

• The Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in year 2003 is 105.3% compared to 100.4% in year 2002.

• The Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) (Age 7–13) has risen from 80.7% in year 2002 to 88.5% in 2003. This increase is attributed to the abolition of school fees and other enrolment related contributions from parents. PRS target of raising NER to 77% by 2003 has thus been surpassed (Tables 8a and 8b).

• The transition rate from primary to secondary education has risen by 0.7% from 21% in 2001 to 21.7% in 2002. The small rise in the transition rate is attributed to the increase in the number of secondary schools from 937 (2001) to 1,024 (2002).

• Dropout rate in primary schools stands at 4.7% in 2003 as opposed to 6.6% (2000). However, the achievement is still low compared to the target of reducing the dropout rate to 3.0% by year 2003.

• To enhance quality of teaching and learning and to reduce the shortage of teachers across schools and regions, the government recruited 10,719 new Grade “A” teachers out of the targeted 11,651 by May 2003. This is 92% of the target. The failure to employ in some districts is a result of unattractive working environment including, among other things, poor housing conditions for teachers.

• In order to meet the increased demand for teachers, the government increased the number of trainees in teacher training colleges. The pre-service teachers training enrolment expanded from 9,728 in 2002 to 15,285 in 2003.

• In-service training of teachers is also being conducted through Teacher Resource Centers (TRCs) and distance learning. In 2002, a total of 149 (86 male and 63 female) in-service grade A teachers were admitted in Teacher Training Colleges and in 2003, 484 (234 male and 250 female) teachers were enrolled. Training of 763 facilitators to upgrade 50,000 grades “C/B” teachers to grade A was conducted. In-service and pre-service teacher professional development programs have been developed to integrate In-Service Training Program (INSET) into PEDP. These programs aim at enhancing the quality of the learning environment.

• The pass rate in standard 7 examinations has increased from 24.9% (2001) to 27.1% (2002). The recruitment of qualified teachers, improvement of school inspection service and provision of quality teaching and learning materials are undertaken to attain the pass rate of 50% by year 2005.

• The gender enrolment parity ratio in Primary Schools was 1:1 in 2002 and is still maintained while in secondary schools the gender parity ratio has increased from 1:0.87 (2002) to 1:0.93 (2003).

• For the implementation of national application of USD 10 (Tshs 10,000/=) capitation grant per pupil, a total of Tshs 32.19 million was disbursed to councils for 6,536,798 pupils in 2002/03. This is equivalent to USD 4.9 per pupil.

• To enhance teaching and learning processes and improve the quality of education. The inspectorate system inspected various education units in 2002. The results are shown in Table 9. In all categories of education units the targets were met or exceeded.

• The enrolment rate in secondary schools (Form I-IV) increased by 8% (2003). Therefore the PRS target of 7% by 2003 has been reached.

Table 8a:

Gross and Net Enrolment Ratio (GER and NER) By Sex and Region, 2002

Table 8a:

Gross and Net Enrolment Ratio (GER and NER) By Sex and Region, 2002

Region	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Total
	GER	GER	GER	NER	NER	NER
	2002	2002	2002	2002	2002	2002
Arusha	99.8	96.5	98.2	79.5	77.3	78.4
Dar es Salaam	104.3	103.0	103.6	86.7	88.6	87.6
Dodoma	87.9	85.0	86.5	68.2	67.2	67.7
Iringa	103.2	103.2	103.2	85.2	86.1	85.7
Kagera	105.3	102.6	104.0	85.3	84.1	84.7
Kigoma	108.9	96.8	102.8	88.5	79.9	84.2
Kilimanjaro	103.1	99.3	101.2	85.9	83.7	84.8
Lindi	84.4	77.0	81.0	70.4	65.0	67.6
Mara	115.1	105.0	110.0	93.0	86.5	89.7
Mbeya	103.9	101.8	102.8	84.9	84.9	84.9
Morogoro	103.9	98.0	10.9	80.5	78.7	79.6
Mtwara	91.0	90.5	90.8	76.7	76.2	76.4
Mwanza	109.9	102.0	105.9	91.4	86.6	89.0
Pwani	114.7	102.9	108.7	92.5	86.0	89.2
Rukwa	93.9	86.0	89.9	74.1	70.0	72.0
Ruvuma	101.8	98.7	100.2	81.3	80.1	80.7
Shinyanga	93.5	86.7	90.1	74.8	70.9	72.8
Singida	103.0	100.3	101.7	76.6	76.5	76.5
Tabora	88.4	79.2	83.8	73.1	66.9	70.0
Tanga	101.7	96.0	98.8	84.6	80.2	82.4
Grand Total	101.2	96.1	98.6	82.1	79.3	80.7

View Table

Table 8a:

Gross and Net Enrolment Ratio (GER and NER) By Sex and Region, 2002

Region	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Total
	GER	GER	GER	NER	NER	NER
	2002	2002	2002	2002	2002	2002
Arusha	99.8	96.5	98.2	79.5	77.3	78.4
Dar es Salaam	104.3	103.0	103.6	86.7	88.6	87.6
Dodoma	87.9	85.0	86.5	68.2	67.2	67.7
Iringa	103.2	103.2	103.2	85.2	86.1	85.7
Kagera	105.3	102.6	104.0	85.3	84.1	84.7
Kigoma	108.9	96.8	102.8	88.5	79.9	84.2
Kilimanjaro	103.1	99.3	101.2	85.9	83.7	84.8
Lindi	84.4	77.0	81.0	70.4	65.0	67.6
Mara	115.1	105.0	110.0	93.0	86.5	89.7
Mbeya	103.9	101.8	102.8	84.9	84.9	84.9
Morogoro	103.9	98.0	10.9	80.5	78.7	79.6
Mtwara	91.0	90.5	90.8	76.7	76.2	76.4
Mwanza	109.9	102.0	105.9	91.4	86.6	89.0
Pwani	114.7	102.9	108.7	92.5	86.0	89.2
Rukwa	93.9	86.0	89.9	74.1	70.0	72.0
Ruvuma	101.8	98.7	100.2	81.3	80.1	80.7
Shinyanga	93.5	86.7	90.1	74.8	70.9	72.8
Singida	103.0	100.3	101.7	76.6	76.5	76.5
Tabora	88.4	79.2	83.8	73.1	66.9	70.0
Tanga	101.7	96.0	98.8	84.6	80.2	82.4
Grand Total	101.2	96.1	98.6	82.1	79.3	80.7

Table 8b:

Gross and Net Enrolment Ratio (GER and NER) by Sex and Region, 2003

Source: MOEC

Table 8b:

Gross and Net Enrolment Ratio (GER and NER) by Sex and Region, 2003

Region	Male GER 2003	Female GER 2003	Total GER 2003	Male NER 2003	Female NER 2003	Total NER 2003
Arusha	106.3	100.4	103.4	89.5	85.6	87.5
Dar es Salaam	110.7	109.5	110.1	93.7	96.4	95.0
Dodoma	89.2	85.8	87.5	72.7	70.7	71.7
Iringa	111.5	108.5	110.0	94.0	93.1	93.5
Kagera	110.7	106.8	108.7	91.1	90.4	90.7
Kigoma	117.3	107.0	112.1	96.4	89.1	92.7
Kilimanjaro	107.0	101.5	104.2	91.9	88.2	90.1
Lindi	89.5	80.9	85.2	75.7	69.2	72.4
Manyara	109.2	103.6	106.5	85.5	81.7	83.6
Mara	125.3	115.5	120.4	103.1	97.7	100.4
Mbeya	112.1	107.7	109.9	96.5	94.3	95.4
Morogoro	107.2	100.0	103.5	85.0	82.5	83.8
Mtwara	98.3	93.3	95.8	84.4	80.5	82.5
Mwanza	120.9	113.0	116.9	102.1	97.7	99.9
Pwani	120.9	107.3	114.0	98.7	89.8	94.2
Rukwa	102.4	91.2	96.7	83.2	76.7	80.0
Ruvuma	107.4	102.7	105.0	89.2	86.5	87.8
Shinyanga	104.3	95.7	100.0	86.5	81.2	83.8
Singida	111.5	106.6	109.1	86.0	84.5	85.3
Tabora	93.2	82.5	87.8	78.9	71.5	75.1
Tanga	112.5	105.3	108.9	95.7	90.2	92.9
Grand Total	108.6	102.1	105.3	90.4	86.7	88.5

Source: MOEC

View Table

Table 8b:

Gross and Net Enrolment Ratio (GER and NER) by Sex and Region, 2003

Region	Male GER 2003	Female GER 2003	Total GER 2003	Male NER 2003	Female NER 2003	Total NER 2003
Arusha	106.3	100.4	103.4	89.5	85.6	87.5
Dar es Salaam	110.7	109.5	110.1	93.7	96.4	95.0
Dodoma	89.2	85.8	87.5	72.7	70.7	71.7
Iringa	111.5	108.5	110.0	94.0	93.1	93.5
Kagera	110.7	106.8	108.7	91.1	90.4	90.7
Kigoma	117.3	107.0	112.1	96.4	89.1	92.7
Kilimanjaro	107.0	101.5	104.2	91.9	88.2	90.1
Lindi	89.5	80.9	85.2	75.7	69.2	72.4
Manyara	109.2	103.6	106.5	85.5	81.7	83.6
Mara	125.3	115.5	120.4	103.1	97.7	100.4
Mbeya	112.1	107.7	109.9	96.5	94.3	95.4
Morogoro	107.2	100.0	103.5	85.0	82.5	83.8
Mtwara	98.3	93.3	95.8	84.4	80.5	82.5
Mwanza	120.9	113.0	116.9	102.1	97.7	99.9
Pwani	120.9	107.3	114.0	98.7	89.8	94.2
Rukwa	102.4	91.2	96.7	83.2	76.7	80.0
Ruvuma	107.4	102.7	105.0	89.2	86.5	87.8
Shinyanga	104.3	95.7	100.0	86.5	81.2	83.8
Singida	111.5	106.6	109.1	86.0	84.5	85.3
Tabora	93.2	82.5	87.8	78.9	71.5	75.1
Tanga	112.5	105.3	108.9	95.7	90.2	92.9
Grand Total	108.6	102.1	105.3	90.4	86.7	88.5

Source: MOEC

Table 9:

Education Units Inspected 2002

Source: MOEC Budget Speech (2003)

Table 9:

Education Units Inspected 2002

Education Unit	Target	Inspected	%
Pre-primary Schools	2,879	3,918	136.1
Primary	6,402	7,043	110.0
Special Education Schools	118	121	102.5
Adult Education Center	6,402	6,726	105.1
Secondary	506	529	104.5
Teachers Training Colleges	42	42	100.0

Source: MOEC Budget Speech (2003)

View Table

Table 9:

Education Units Inspected 2002

Education Unit	Target	Inspected	%
Pre-primary Schools	2,879	3,918	136.1
Primary	6,402	7,043	110.0
Special Education Schools	118	121	102.5
Adult Education Center	6,402	6,726	105.1
Secondary	506	529	104.5
Teachers Training Colleges	42	42	100.0

Source: MOEC Budget Speech (2003)

Lessons and Challenges

• Some of the Councils have shown weakness in the use of funds as per action plan. This weakness delays the release of funds by donors for the quarter that follows. Other councils do not adhere to the specified standards for construction of classrooms and teachers’ houses nor do they follow criteria for the management of primary schools.

• Some of the Councils’ Directors and District Education Officers do not inform Head Teachers and School Committees about the amount of funds released by the central government. As a result Head Teachers, School Committees and the society are unable to follow up, or participate fully in the implementation of PEDP activities.

Costing of interventions

Table 10:

Estimated Financing Requirements for the ESDP 2002/03 – 2005/06

(in million Tshs.)

Source:

^1. MoF and PO-PP Budget Guidelines (2003/04 – 2005/06)

^2. 2001/02 and 2002/03 Budget books

Table 10:

Estimated Financing Requirements for the ESDP 2002/03 – 2005/06

(in million Tshs.)

Primary Education			2002/03 Expenditure Requirements	Actual	2003/04 Budget of Tanzania	2004/05 Projections	2005/06 Projections
1.	Primary Education
		Capitation grant	62,298.3	63,342.9	67,762.8	74,212.3	77,102.4
		Investment grant/Development	160,990.0	62,326.2	148,253.0	181,451.4	199,596.5
		Recruitment of New Teachers	10,310.0	8,230.7	13,700.0	13,511.4	14,862.5
2.	Secondary Education
		Construction and furnishing New classrooms and laboratories	3,300	6,374.2	3,937.5	4,725.0	5,670
		Supply of textbooks and other teaching and learning materials	2,160.0	5,469.0	5,186.5	6,223.8	7,468.6
		Science teaching equipment for secondary schools	190.0	331.5	687.6	825.1	990.1
		Rehabilitation of secondary school Physical facilities.	4,800.0	1,474.6	850.2	1,020.2	1,224.2
3.	Teachers Training		61,100.0	1,685.4	7,620.0	69,540.0	69,540.0
4.	HIV/AIDS		1,390.0	587.7	547.9	1,520.0	1,520.0
TOTAL			306,538.3	149,822.2	248,545.5	353,029.2	377,974.3

Source:

^1. MoF and PO-PP Budget Guidelines (2003/04 – 2005/06)

^2. 2001/02 and 2002/03 Budget books

View Table

Table 10:

Estimated Financing Requirements for the ESDP 2002/03 – 2005/06

(in million Tshs.)

Primary Education			2002/03 Expenditure Requirements	Actual	2003/04 Budget of Tanzania	2004/05 Projections	2005/06 Projections
1.	Primary Education
		Capitation grant	62,298.3	63,342.9	67,762.8	74,212.3	77,102.4
		Investment grant/Development	160,990.0	62,326.2	148,253.0	181,451.4	199,596.5
		Recruitment of New Teachers	10,310.0	8,230.7	13,700.0	13,511.4	14,862.5
2.	Secondary Education
		Construction and furnishing New classrooms and laboratories	3,300	6,374.2	3,937.5	4,725.0	5,670
		Supply of textbooks and other teaching and learning materials	2,160.0	5,469.0	5,186.5	6,223.8	7,468.6
		Science teaching equipment for secondary schools	190.0	331.5	687.6	825.1	990.1
		Rehabilitation of secondary school Physical facilities.	4,800.0	1,474.6	850.2	1,020.2	1,224.2
3.	Teachers Training		61,100.0	1,685.4	7,620.0	69,540.0	69,540.0
4.	HIV/AIDS		1,390.0	587.7	547.9	1,520.0	1,520.0
TOTAL			306,538.3	149,822.2	248,545.5	353,029.2	377,974.3

Source:

^1. MoF and PO-PP Budget Guidelines (2003/04 – 2005/06)

^2. 2001/02 and 2002/03 Budget books

Overview

Overall road network improvement in the past three PRS years has increased the accessibility of rural areas, thus improving the flow of people and commodities. Agricultural, forest and fisheries products can more easily reach urban and rural market centers. Manufactured goods such as household goods and farm implements more easily flow into rural areas. However, increased number of accidents due to over-speeding raises concern. Measures taken to address the concern include road user education campaigns, enforcement of traffic regulations and construction of speed humps on some highways.

During the financial year 2002/2003 the following planned actions were to be implemented by the government in order to improve the road network conditions taking into consideration the poorest regions.

• The Government to continue allocating Tshs. 1.84 billion monthly to improve transport link to the northwestern and southern regions of the country.

• To increase normal budget allocations to rehabilitate feeder, district and regional road network in the poorest eight regions.

• To give special attention to footpaths, tracks and trails and to mobilize communities in carrying out needed improvement

• To carry out routine maintenance, emergency repair and spot improvement in all districts to ensure uninterrupted use of the roads.

• Develop and prepare a program similar to the “Urgent Road Rehabilitation Program” (URRP) for the districts, feeder and urban roads.

• Improve the capacity of district engineers to manage execution of road maintenance works at district level.

Progress and Achievement

Lessons learned and Challenges

• One of the major challenges is to enhance the capacity of local government authorities to manage district, urban and feeder roads. The ongoing Local Government reforms need to go further to establish a mechanism that will ensure that the road networks under their jurisdiction are managed properly by local authorities. Strengthening local government capability through training and allocation of skilled manpower remains critical for the achievement of planned work.

• The Ministry has planned for the Urgent Road Rehabilitation Program (URRP), under the Trunk and Regional Roads Network and the Ten Year Road Sector Rehabilitation Program (10YSRP). For districts and feeder roads, the District Roads Management System (DROMAS) has been developed, which needs to be rolled out to more districts.

• Given the scope of work needed to raise the condition of the road network and ensure proper maintenance, the financial resources available prove to be insufficient implying a need to go beyond the Road Fund Resources.

• Only 17% of the District road network is in good condition (requiring recurrent maintenance). The rest are in fair and poor condition, which require development budget.

• More efforts need to be directed towards establishment and reinforcement of technical departments with the required personnel, tools and equipments, and enhance accountability and transparency.

Cost of Interventions

Table 11 shows the summary of program costing for the road sector.

Table 11:

Summary of program costing

(Tsh. Million)

^1. Total Sector Requirement is the overall road sector including the construction costs for trunk and regional, district, urban and feeder roads

^2. Rural Roads in this table means the road network under the Regional Administration and Local Government

Table 11:

Summary of program costing

(Tsh. Million)

Road Sector			2002/03	2003/04	2004/05	2005/06
Total Sector Requirement1			260,170	299,274	344,255	395,997
	Allocation		208,415	258,655	321,005	369,156
		Gap	51,755	40,619	23,250	26,484
Breakdown between Trunk and rural Roads
Trunk Roads & Regional Roads
Construction (Budgeted)			133,483	167,631	227,856	262,034
Maintenance			50,700	45,157	59,177	68,014
	TOTAL		184,183	212,788	287,033	330,048
		Gap	31,457	24,689	13,150	16,341
Rural Roads2
Construction			4,927	3,945	8,606	9,244
Maintenance			19,305	21,545	25,366	29,864
	TOTAL		24,232	25,490	33,972	39,108
		Gap	20,298	15,930	10,100	10,143

^1. Total Sector Requirement is the overall road sector including the construction costs for trunk and regional, district, urban and feeder roads

^2. Rural Roads in this table means the road network under the Regional Administration and Local Government

View Table

Table 11:

Summary of program costing

(Tsh. Million)

Road Sector			2002/03	2003/04	2004/05	2005/06
Total Sector Requirement1			260,170	299,274	344,255	395,997
	Allocation		208,415	258,655	321,005	369,156
		Gap	51,755	40,619	23,250	26,484
Breakdown between Trunk and rural Roads
Trunk Roads & Regional Roads
Construction (Budgeted)			133,483	167,631	227,856	262,034
Maintenance			50,700	45,157	59,177	68,014
	TOTAL		184,183	212,788	287,033	330,048
		Gap	31,457	24,689	13,150	16,341
Rural Roads2
Construction			4,927	3,945	8,606	9,244
Maintenance			19,305	21,545	25,366	29,864
	TOTAL		24,232	25,490	33,972	39,108
		Gap	20,298	15,930	10,100	10,143

^1. Total Sector Requirement is the overall road sector including the construction costs for trunk and regional, district, urban and feeder roads

^2. Rural Roads in this table means the road network under the Regional Administration and Local Government

Overview

Availability of adequate water supply with good quality reduces time spent in fetching water, increases health standards, and ensures a favorable environment for increased children’s school attendance. The economic use of water for irrigation is also an important consideration especially in drought prone areas. Water is a fundamental natural resource for socio economic development. For example, the poor suffer most during water shortages as they usually pay more per liter from informal water suppliers than their affluent neighbors with water connections, putting their health at risk.

Progress and Achievements

Urban Water Supply and Sewerage service was fairly good compared to Rural Water Supply and Sanitation during the period under review (2000/01-2002/03) due to donor commitments favoring urban areas especially during the first two years of PRS implementation. Rural water supply service coverage increased from 48.5% in 2000 to 53% in 2003, failing to hit the PRS target of 55% by 2003. During 2002/03 the sector recorded the following achievements:

• (i) The sector has maintained coverage of access to water in urban centers at 73% for the second consecutive year and has raised the sewerage service coverage in the two cities (Dar es Salaam and Mwanza) and seven municipalities (Arusha, Moshi, Tanga, Morogoro, Dodoma, Tabora and Iringa) from 10% in June 2002 to 17% in June 2003. This has been made possible because of the following interventions:

  • Rehabilitation and expansion of urban water supply systems in Songea, Kigoma, Musoma, Bukoba, Sumbawanga, Shinyanga, Mtwara (where 11 pumping stations were strengthened) and Lindi town (where 10 deep boreholes were built for production of 4.2 million liters per day),

  • 80% progress in implementation of the 2^nd phase of expansion of water supply systems in Tanga, Moshi and Arusha,

  • Installation of 2,300 water meters which increased installed meters to 50% of all customers in the 18 UWSAs,

• (ii) Rural water supply coverage has increased from 50% in June 2002 to 53% in June 2003. Measures behind this increase include:

  • Rehabilitation and expansion of 28 rural water schemes in 24 Districts and rehabilitation of 14 water pumps in 14 pumped schemes.

  • Completion of the Chalinze Water supply pumped scheme project that covers one small town and 21 villages with 105,000 beneficiaries.

  • Over 90% progress in the implementation of the East Kilimanjaro and Hai District rural water supply projects that involves construction of the 8 large gravity water supply schemes for 779,958 beneficiaries in Rombo, Moshi rural and Hai districts in Kilimanjaro region.

  • Completion of impact evaluation of the Rural Water Supply Project that covered 15 Districts in Iringa, Ruvuma and Mbeya Regions. The project serves 902,000 people.

  • Completion of impact evaluation of the Health through Sanitation and Water Project (HESAWA) that covered 17 districts in 3 regions (5 in Kagera, 8 in Mwanza and 4 in Mara). The project serves 3,248,000 rural inhabitants. This coverage is equivalent to 61% of the total population.

  • Construction of 328 water wells in rural areas and 100 water wells in selected peri-urban areas.

  • Adequate project design manuals have been prepared and disseminated to District Water Engineers for enhancing community and private sector participation in water service delivery.

• (iii) Government launched the National Water Policy of 2002 in March 2003. The new policy underlines issues of sustainable management of water resources with emphasis on equitable allocation and environmental conservation, private/public sector partnerships, community participation through demand responsive approaches, inter-sectoral coordination, collaboration and information sharing, gender awareness and mainstreaming, use of appropriate technologies, promotion of rainwater-harvesting technologies, and appropriate institutional and regulatory framework.

• (iv) In reinforcing legal and institutional involvement of local communities and the private sector in developing water supply schemes, Government continues to sensitize communities, private sector and Local Government Authorities to participate in developing water schemes, protect water sources and enact by-laws to protect water sources in their respective areas.

• (v) Divestiture of DAWASA has been completed. City Water Services Ltd has taken over DAWASA and undertakes to improve technical efficiency of existing water and sewerage systems and ensure reliable services to about 3 million beneficiaries in Dar es Salaam city, Kibaha and Bagamoyo.

Lessons learnt and challenges

• Capacity building of village water funds management is very important for enhancing community ownership of water schemes through meeting their operation and maintenance costs and developing new sources of water in the same areas. A legal framework to govern the operations and management of the Village Water Funds to ensure transparency and avoid mismanagement and particularly misappropriation of these funds is being worked out through the ongoing review of water legislation.

• Water users and Local Authorities need further sensitization for increased participation with ultimate goal of reducing donor dependency.

• Sector financing is still fragmented into different major, medium and small projects based on bilateral agreements. The sector recognizes the need for a coordinated approach through a Sector wide approach in planning,

• Capacity at Local Government Authorities, which are central organs in implementation of water sector activities need to be strengthened through merit recruitments and training of personnel.

• Water Sector PRS indicators are ambitious, especially the possibility of reaching the 85% by 2010, and therefore needs to be reviewed through a consultative process during the comprehensive PRS review. At the same time, Water Sector co-ordination and steering of the sector reform process continues to be strengthened.

• Implementation, monitoring and evaluation of sanitation activities continues to be challenging due to a stretch of uncoordinated obligations amongst three main implementing agencies (MoWLD, MoH and PORALG). This challenge will be addressed through a consultative process during the PRS review so as to determine clear and harmonized targets.

Costing of Interventions

During 2002/03 and 2003/05, the Development Budget share to Rural Water Supply rose by 100% as indicated in Table 12, compared to about 30% decline in investment financing for urban water and sewerage. Government believes that increased direct allocation for the water sector to district councils to implement rural priority schemes will enhance capacities for managing increased expenditures and raise service coverage of water supply in rural areas. The financing position for 2002/03 and 2003/04 in the table below reflects budget ceilings. Following the Public Expenditure Review (PER 2003 Water Sector), budget allocations for investment in rural water supply have almost doubled as shown in Table 12:

Table 12:

Financing of the water sector Program, 2003/2004 - 2005/2006

(billion Tshs)

^*“Others” means the Development budget shares going to Regions and the Local Government. This allocation has a very strong bias in financing rural water supply schemes.

^**Projections for 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 consider a change in sector planning through introduction of the sector SWAP that incorporates LGA’s planned sector requirements and donor commitments for rural and urban sub sectors respectively.

Table 12:

Financing of the water sector Program, 2003/2004 - 2005/2006

(billion Tshs)

(June-July)
			2002/03 Budget	2003/04 Budget	2004/05 Projection	2005/2006 Projection
Recurrent expenditure			16.9	17.5	28.7	29.0
	Salaries and wages		5.2	4.8	8.8	9.0
	Other charges		11.7	12.7	19.9	20.0
	Administration		1.6	2.7	2.9	3.5
	Electricity		7.2	2.9	9.8	8.0
	Operation and maintenance		1.6	4.8	4.6	5.2
	Capacity building		1.3	2.3	2.6	3.3
Investment/Development			41.7	46.1	89.4	97.2
	Rural water supply infrastructure		9.3	20.3	22.2	25.2
	Urban water and sewerage		26.2	18.5	48.5	48.5
	Water research, management, Planning and Training		5.9	4.4	6.7	10.0
	* Others		0.3	2.9	12.0	13.5
		**Total expenditure	58.6	63.6	118.1	126.2

^*“Others” means the Development budget shares going to Regions and the Local Government. This allocation has a very strong bias in financing rural water supply schemes.

^**Projections for 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 consider a change in sector planning through introduction of the sector SWAP that incorporates LGA’s planned sector requirements and donor commitments for rural and urban sub sectors respectively.

View Table

Table 12:

Financing of the water sector Program, 2003/2004 - 2005/2006

(billion Tshs)

(June-July)
			2002/03 Budget	2003/04 Budget	2004/05 Projection	2005/2006 Projection
Recurrent expenditure			16.9	17.5	28.7	29.0
	Salaries and wages		5.2	4.8	8.8	9.0
	Other charges		11.7	12.7	19.9	20.0
	Administration		1.6	2.7	2.9	3.5
	Electricity		7.2	2.9	9.8	8.0
	Operation and maintenance		1.6	4.8	4.6	5.2
	Capacity building		1.3	2.3	2.6	3.3
Investment/Development			41.7	46.1	89.4	97.2
	Rural water supply infrastructure		9.3	20.3	22.2	25.2
	Urban water and sewerage		26.2	18.5	48.5	48.5
	Water research, management, Planning and Training		5.9	4.4	6.7	10.0
	* Others		0.3	2.9	12.0	13.5
		**Total expenditure	58.6	63.6	118.1	126.2

^*“Others” means the Development budget shares going to Regions and the Local Government. This allocation has a very strong bias in financing rural water supply schemes.

^**Projections for 2004/2005 and 2005/2006 consider a change in sector planning through introduction of the sector SWAP that incorporates LGA’s planned sector requirements and donor commitments for rural and urban sub sectors respectively.

The sector is planning the WSDS that will be in place by June 2004. This strategy is expected to guide sector programs, implementation and financing modalities that will capture aid-financed spending that is currently off-budget.

Progress and Achievements

Various initiatives were undertaken in the year 2002/03 to improve efficiency and fairness in delivery of legal and judicial services. These were:

• A move by Parliament to open the legislative process to participation by civil society organization as part of the legal reform process;

• Recruitment of two Judges of Court of Appeal, 6 Judges of the High Court, 7 Resident Magistrates, 84 Primary Court Magistrates and 36 State Attorneys was undertaken in fiscal year 2002/03;

• The introduction of the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) system which has contributed to a significant reduction in the backlog of pending civil cases in the High Court and Resident Magistrate Courts. Government extended this system to all Resident Magistrates and District Courts in April 2002;

• Training of 600 Primary Court Magistrates, 300 Resident Magistrates and 34 Judges of Court of Appeal and High Court;

• Establishment of the Human Rights and Good Governance Commission in March 2002, now operational;

• The preparations for Tanzania Accountability, Transparency and Integrity (ATIP) are being finalized as part of the reform program. It has the objective of strengthening good governance;

• Preliminary preparation of a comprehensive program for the rehabilitation of buildings and other facilities of primary courts has started.

Lessons learned and challenges

Despite these achievements the sector continues to face the following challenges:

• Formulation of the Legal Sector Policy;

• Mainstreaming gender and HIV/AIDS issues in the legal sector, policy, plans and budget.

• The changing social cultures of the people arising from urbanizations and expanding and intensifying interaction with other cultures calling for an appropriate legal framework.

• The new pluralistic democratic political environment coupled with the movement towards participatory management of legal and social economic development;

• The rapid expanding and institutionally complex private sector-led market economy and globalization;

• The vast growing electronic (e)-commerce. E-commerce raises many new legal issues including those relating to regulation, taxation, contact, liability, patent, data protection, etc; and

• The need to create a legal framework to cater for the needs of the National Development Vision and Long term Development Strategy (Vision 2025).

Costing of Interventions

Table 13:

Legal and Judicial Systems Costing of Interventions 2003/04

Table 13:

Legal and Judicial Systems Costing of Interventions 2003/04

ACTIVITY			SOURCE OF FUNDS	TOTAL COST (IN TSHS. MILLION)
				VOTE 40	VOTE 41	VOTE 59	TOTAL
Reducing the backlog of pending cases			GoT	4,580.7	2,125.24	-	6,705.94
Enhancing supervision, division of work			GoT/QST	1,717.57	1,012.76	-	2,730.33
Updating legal framework and legal			GoT/QST	-	1,049.25	42.34	1,091.59
Improvement of civil registration			GoT	-	268.36	-	268.36
Training			GoT/QST	998.64	355.73	66.08	1,765.45
Improvement of accommodation			GoT/QST	1,700.00	65.00	-	1,420.45
Transfers			GoT	1,613.62	25.00	-	1,638.62
Establishment of new Divisions/Institutions			GoT	431.67	-	-	431.67
Legal Sector Reform Program			GoT	-	2,841.22	-	2,841.22
TOTAL			Basket Fund	11,042.2	7,742.56	108.42	18,893.18

View Table

Table 13:

Legal and Judicial Systems Costing of Interventions 2003/04

ACTIVITY			SOURCE OF FUNDS	TOTAL COST (IN TSHS. MILLION)
				VOTE 40	VOTE 41	VOTE 59	TOTAL
Reducing the backlog of pending cases			GoT	4,580.7	2,125.24	-	6,705.94
Enhancing supervision, division of work			GoT/QST	1,717.57	1,012.76	-	2,730.33
Updating legal framework and legal			GoT/QST	-	1,049.25	42.34	1,091.59
Improvement of civil registration			GoT	-	268.36	-	268.36
Training			GoT/QST	998.64	355.73	66.08	1,765.45
Improvement of accommodation			GoT/QST	1,700.00	65.00	-	1,420.45
Transfers			GoT	1,613.62	25.00	-	1,638.62
Establishment of new Divisions/Institutions			GoT	431.67	-	-	431.67
Legal Sector Reform Program			GoT	-	2,841.22	-	2,841.22
TOTAL			Basket Fund	11,042.2	7,742.56	108.42	18,893.18