Russian Federation: Statistical Appendix

In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country.

Abstract

Russian Federation: Basic Data

Sources: Russian authorities; and Fund staff estimates.

^¹/Data for 2001 or latest available.

^²/Resident population at January 1, 2002.

^³/Data from 1989 census, population age 9-49 years

^⁴/Preliminary data (some data were received after the projections for SM/03/129 were finalized).

^⁵/GDP share of gross value added by economic sectors, iti basic prices, not adjusted for imputed financial services.

^⁶/Agriculture, including companies servicing agriculture and forestry.

^⁷/On a cash basis before 1996, commitment basis thereafter.

Russian Federation: Basic Data

Social and demographic indicators ^1/
	Area (sq. km thous.)		17,075
	Population (in millions) ^2/		144.0
		Urban (as a percent of total population)	73.0
	Rate of population growth (percent per annum)		−0.6
	Life expectancy at birth (years)		65.3
	Infant mortality rale (per 1,000 live births)		14.6
	Literacy (percent of population) ^3/		99.8


			1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002 ^4/
Share of gross domestic product ^5/			(In percent of GDP)
	of which:
	Agriculture ^6/		8.2	6.5	7.2	7.3	6.5	5.7	7.7	6.7	6.8	6.1
	Industry		34.4	32.8	29.0	29.5	28.3	29.9	30.8	31.4	28.1	26.5
	Services		49.1	51.2	54.9	54.5	57.0	56.8	55.1	54.1	55.7	59.6
GDP
	Nominal GDP (in billions of rubles)		171.5	610.7	1,541	2,146	2,479	2,741	4,767	7,302	9,041	10,364
	Real GDP (percentage change)		−8.7	−12.7	−4.1	−3.4	0.9	−4,9	5.4	9.0	5.0	4.3
Consumer prices (percentage change, period average)			874.2	307.7	197.6	47.8	14.8	27.7	85.7	20.8	21.5	16.0
General government finances ^7/			(In billions of rubles)
	Total revenue		62.1	211.5	526	720	920	903	1,619	2,708	3,358	4,055
		(in percent of GDP)	36.2	34.6	34.1	33.5	37.1	32.9	34.0	37.1	37.1	37.3
	Total expenditure		74.7	275.2	619	910	1,119	1,119	1,769	2,509	3,086	3,986
		(in percent of GDP)	43.6	45.1	40.2	42.4	45.1	40.7	37.2	34.4	34.1	36.7
	Overall balance		−12.6	−63.6	−93	−190	−199	−215	−150	200	272	69
		(in percent of GDP)	−7.3	−10.4	−6.0	−8.9	−8.0	−7.8	−3.2	2.7	3.0	0.6
Money and credit (end-period)
	Ruble broad money (in billions of rubles)		29	92	221	295	370	448	705	1,144	1,603	2,120
	Velocity of ruble broad money (level)		11.1	11.0	8.9	8.3	7.4	7.3	8.1	6.8	6.2	5.7
Balance of payments			(In billions of U.S. dollars)
	Total exports (in billion of US dollars)		...	67.8	82.9	90.6	86.9	74.4	75.6	105.0	101.6	106.3
	Total imports (in billion of US dollars)		...	50.5	62.6	68.1	72.0	58.0	39.5	44.9	53.8	60.9
	Current account balance (in billion of US dollars)		...	8.3	7.5	11.7	−2.6	−2.1	22.2	44.6	32.4	30.4
	Official reserves (in months of imports of goods and services)		1.2	1.2	2.4	2.0	2.9	2.5	2.4	4.6	5.1	6.3
	Exchange rate, rubles per U.S. dollar, end-period		1.2	3.6	4.6	5.6	6.0	20.7	27.0	28.2	30.1	31.8

Sources: Russian authorities; and Fund staff estimates.

^¹/Data for 2001 or latest available.

^²/Resident population at January 1, 2002.

^³/Data from 1989 census, population age 9-49 years

^⁴/Preliminary data (some data were received after the projections for SM/03/129 were finalized).

^⁵/GDP share of gross value added by economic sectors, iti basic prices, not adjusted for imputed financial services.

^⁶/Agriculture, including companies servicing agriculture and forestry.

^⁷/On a cash basis before 1996, commitment basis thereafter.

Russian Federation: Basic Data

Social and demographic indicators ^1/
	Area (sq. km thous.)		17,075
	Population (in millions) ^2/		144.0
		Urban (as a percent of total population)	73.0
	Rate of population growth (percent per annum)		−0.6
	Life expectancy at birth (years)		65.3
	Infant mortality rale (per 1,000 live births)		14.6
	Literacy (percent of population) ^3/		99.8


			1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002 ^4/
Share of gross domestic product ^5/			(In percent of GDP)
	of which:
	Agriculture ^6/		8.2	6.5	7.2	7.3	6.5	5.7	7.7	6.7	6.8	6.1
	Industry		34.4	32.8	29.0	29.5	28.3	29.9	30.8	31.4	28.1	26.5
	Services		49.1	51.2	54.9	54.5	57.0	56.8	55.1	54.1	55.7	59.6
GDP
	Nominal GDP (in billions of rubles)		171.5	610.7	1,541	2,146	2,479	2,741	4,767	7,302	9,041	10,364
	Real GDP (percentage change)		−8.7	−12.7	−4.1	−3.4	0.9	−4,9	5.4	9.0	5.0	4.3
Consumer prices (percentage change, period average)			874.2	307.7	197.6	47.8	14.8	27.7	85.7	20.8	21.5	16.0
General government finances ^7/			(In billions of rubles)
	Total revenue		62.1	211.5	526	720	920	903	1,619	2,708	3,358	4,055
		(in percent of GDP)	36.2	34.6	34.1	33.5	37.1	32.9	34.0	37.1	37.1	37.3
	Total expenditure		74.7	275.2	619	910	1,119	1,119	1,769	2,509	3,086	3,986
		(in percent of GDP)	43.6	45.1	40.2	42.4	45.1	40.7	37.2	34.4	34.1	36.7
	Overall balance		−12.6	−63.6	−93	−190	−199	−215	−150	200	272	69
		(in percent of GDP)	−7.3	−10.4	−6.0	−8.9	−8.0	−7.8	−3.2	2.7	3.0	0.6
Money and credit (end-period)
	Ruble broad money (in billions of rubles)		29	92	221	295	370	448	705	1,144	1,603	2,120
	Velocity of ruble broad money (level)		11.1	11.0	8.9	8.3	7.4	7.3	8.1	6.8	6.2	5.7
Balance of payments			(In billions of U.S. dollars)
	Total exports (in billion of US dollars)		...	67.8	82.9	90.6	86.9	74.4	75.6	105.0	101.6	106.3
	Total imports (in billion of US dollars)		...	50.5	62.6	68.1	72.0	58.0	39.5	44.9	53.8	60.9
	Current account balance (in billion of US dollars)		...	8.3	7.5	11.7	−2.6	−2.1	22.2	44.6	32.4	30.4
	Official reserves (in months of imports of goods and services)		1.2	1.2	2.4	2.0	2.9	2.5	2.4	4.6	5.1	6.3
	Exchange rate, rubles per U.S. dollar, end-period		1.2	3.6	4.6	5.6	6.0	20.7	27.0	28.2	30.1	31.8

Sources: Russian authorities; and Fund staff estimates.

^¹/Data for 2001 or latest available.

^²/Resident population at January 1, 2002.

^³/Data from 1989 census, population age 9-49 years

^⁴/Preliminary data (some data were received after the projections for SM/03/129 were finalized).

^⁵/GDP share of gross value added by economic sectors, iti basic prices, not adjusted for imputed financial services.

^⁶/Agriculture, including companies servicing agriculture and forestry.

^⁷/On a cash basis before 1996, commitment basis thereafter.

Table 1.

Russian Federation: Selected Indicators of Economic Activity, 1995-2002

Source: Goskomstat.

^¹/Preliminary data.

^²/Adjusted for informal production; industry defined according to the national classification.

^³/Turnover of transport companies (including pipelines).

Table 1.

Russian Federation: Selected Indicators of Economic Activity, 1995-2002

		1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002 ^1/
		(Annual percent change)
Gross domestic product		−4.1	−3.4	0.9	−4.9	5.4	9.0	5.0	4.3
Industrial output ^2/		−3.3	−4.5	2.0	−5.2	11.0	11.9	4.9	3.7
Agricultural output		−8.0	−5.1	1.5	−13.2	4.1	7.7	7.5	1.7
	Crops	−4.6	0.3	7.3	−22.3	9.1	13.6	10.7	0.6
	Livestock	−10.4	−11.0	−5.0	−1.8	−0.7	0.8	3.5	2.9
Freight transport ^3/		−1.0	−4.6	−3.4	−3.3	5.3	5.0	3.2	5.6

Source: Goskomstat.

^¹/Preliminary data.

^²/Adjusted for informal production; industry defined according to the national classification.

^³/Turnover of transport companies (including pipelines).

Table 1.

Russian Federation: Selected Indicators of Economic Activity, 1995-2002

		1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002 ^1/
		(Annual percent change)
Gross domestic product		−4.1	−3.4	0.9	−4.9	5.4	9.0	5.0	4.3
Industrial output ^2/		−3.3	−4.5	2.0	−5.2	11.0	11.9	4.9	3.7
Agricultural output		−8.0	−5.1	1.5	−13.2	4.1	7.7	7.5	1.7
	Crops	−4.6	0.3	7.3	−22.3	9.1	13.6	10.7	0.6
	Livestock	−10.4	−11.0	−5.0	−1.8	−0.7	0.8	3.5	2.9
Freight transport ^3/		−1.0	−4.6	−3.4	−3.3	5.3	5.0	3.2	5.6

Source: Goskomstat.

^¹/Preliminary data.

^²/Adjusted for informal production; industry defined according to the national classification.

^³/Turnover of transport companies (including pipelines).

Table 2.

Russian Federation: GDP by Expenditure, 1995-2002

Source: Goskomstat; and Fund staff estimate.

^¹/In previous year’s comparable prices.

^²/Some data were revised after SM/03/129 projections were finalized. 2002 data are preliminary.

Table 2.

Russian Federation: GDP by Expenditure, 1995-2002

			1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001 ^2/	2002 ²/
			(Annual percent change ^1/)
Gross domestic product			−4.1	−3.4	0.9	−4.9	5.4	9.0	5.0	4.3
Total domestic demand			−4.9	−7.7	1.3	−7.8	−0.5	11.7	10.0	5.6
	Consumption		−2.7	−3.1	3.0	−1.5	−2.4	7.4	7.2	6.9
		Households	−2.8	−4.7	5.4	−2.4	−4.4	9.3	9.9	8.5
		General government	1.1	0.8	−2.4	0.6	3.0	1.4	−0.8	2.4
		Non-profit institutions	−30.5	−0.5	−1.8	−1.6	0.4	0.2	1.9	4.6
	Gross investment		−10.8	−20.6	−3.6	−28.7	8.5	31.9	19.3	1.6
		Capital formation	−7.5	−19.3	−5.7	−9.8	4.7	13.2	10.5	2.9
			(Share of nominal GDP, in percent)
Total domestic demand			97	96	97	93	83	80	87	89
	Consumption		71	71	75	77	68	61	65	68
		Households	49	49	50	55	52	45	50	50
		General government	19	20	21	19	15	15	14	17
		Non-profit institutions	2	2	3	3	1	1	1	1
	Gross Investment		25	24	22	16	15	19	22	21
		Capital formation	21	21	19	18	14	16	18	18
		Changes in inventory	4	3	3	−2	0	3	4	3
Net exports of goods and services			3	4	3	7	17	20	13	11
	Exports of goods and services (fob)		28	25	23	31	43	44	37	34
	Imports of goods and services (fob)		24	20	21	24	26	24	24	24

Source: Goskomstat; and Fund staff estimate.

^¹/In previous year’s comparable prices.

^²/Some data were revised after SM/03/129 projections were finalized. 2002 data are preliminary.

Table 2.

Russian Federation: GDP by Expenditure, 1995-2002

			1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001 ^2/	2002 ²/
			(Annual percent change ^1/)
Gross domestic product			−4.1	−3.4	0.9	−4.9	5.4	9.0	5.0	4.3
Total domestic demand			−4.9	−7.7	1.3	−7.8	−0.5	11.7	10.0	5.6
	Consumption		−2.7	−3.1	3.0	−1.5	−2.4	7.4	7.2	6.9
		Households	−2.8	−4.7	5.4	−2.4	−4.4	9.3	9.9	8.5
		General government	1.1	0.8	−2.4	0.6	3.0	1.4	−0.8	2.4
		Non-profit institutions	−30.5	−0.5	−1.8	−1.6	0.4	0.2	1.9	4.6
	Gross investment		−10.8	−20.6	−3.6	−28.7	8.5	31.9	19.3	1.6
		Capital formation	−7.5	−19.3	−5.7	−9.8	4.7	13.2	10.5	2.9
			(Share of nominal GDP, in percent)
Total domestic demand			97	96	97	93	83	80	87	89
	Consumption		71	71	75	77	68	61	65	68
		Households	49	49	50	55	52	45	50	50
		General government	19	20	21	19	15	15	14	17
		Non-profit institutions	2	2	3	3	1	1	1	1
	Gross Investment		25	24	22	16	15	19	22	21
		Capital formation	21	21	19	18	14	16	18	18
		Changes in inventory	4	3	3	−2	0	3	4	3
Net exports of goods and services			3	4	3	7	17	20	13	11
	Exports of goods and services (fob)		28	25	23	31	43	44	37	34
	Imports of goods and services (fob)		24	20	21	24	26	24	24	24

Source: Goskomstat; and Fund staff estimate.

^¹/In previous year’s comparable prices.

^²/Some data were revised after SM/03/129 projections were finalized. 2002 data are preliminary.

Table 3.

Russian Federation: Composition of GDP by Sector, 1995-2002 ^1/

Source: Gpskomstat.

^¹/GDP share of gross value added by economic sectors, in basic prices -- excludes taxes, includes subsidies; not adjusted for imputed financial services.

^{^2/}Agriculture, including companies servicing agriculture and forestry.

^{^3/}Transport, communications, road infrastructure.

Table 3.

Russian Federation: Composition of GDP by Sector, 1995-2002 ^1/

	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002
	(In percent of GDP)
Agriculture ^2/	7.2	7.3	6.5	5.7	7.7	6.7	6.8	6.1
Industry	29.0	29.5	28.3	29.9	30.8	31.4	28.1	26.5
Construction	8.5	8.4	7.9	7.1	6.1	6.6	7.5	7.3
Wholesale, retail, foreign trade, public catering, procurement	19.6	18.3	17.6	19.5	23.2	23.7	22.5	22.8
Transportation and communications ^3/	11.9	12.4	12.1	10.9	9.7	9.1	9.4	10.0
Finance, credit, insurance, real estate operations, science and research, housing, geology, subsoil resources, exploration, meteorology, computer services, others	9.5	8.6	9.6	9.2	11.2	11.7	13.9	14.5
State administration and defense	4.7	4.6	5.5	5.9	4.4	4.3	4.6	4.5
Education, culture and art, health care, physical education & social security, utilities, non-production activities services to households, people’s associations	9.6	10.9	12.5	11.8	6.9	6.7	6.8	8.1

Source: Gpskomstat.

^¹/GDP share of gross value added by economic sectors, in basic prices -- excludes taxes, includes subsidies; not adjusted for imputed financial services.

^{^2/}Agriculture, including companies servicing agriculture and forestry.

^{^3/}Transport, communications, road infrastructure.

Table 3.

Russian Federation: Composition of GDP by Sector, 1995-2002 ^1/

	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002
	(In percent of GDP)
Agriculture ^2/	7.2	7.3	6.5	5.7	7.7	6.7	6.8	6.1
Industry	29.0	29.5	28.3	29.9	30.8	31.4	28.1	26.5
Construction	8.5	8.4	7.9	7.1	6.1	6.6	7.5	7.3
Wholesale, retail, foreign trade, public catering, procurement	19.6	18.3	17.6	19.5	23.2	23.7	22.5	22.8
Transportation and communications ^3/	11.9	12.4	12.1	10.9	9.7	9.1	9.4	10.0
Finance, credit, insurance, real estate operations, science and research, housing, geology, subsoil resources, exploration, meteorology, computer services, others	9.5	8.6	9.6	9.2	11.2	11.7	13.9	14.5
State administration and defense	4.7	4.6	5.5	5.9	4.4	4.3	4.6	4.5
Education, culture and art, health care, physical education & social security, utilities, non-production activities services to households, people’s associations	9.6	10.9	12.5	11.8	6.9	6.7	6.8	8.1

Source: Gpskomstat.

^¹/GDP share of gross value added by economic sectors, in basic prices -- excludes taxes, includes subsidies; not adjusted for imputed financial services.

^{^2/}Agriculture, including companies servicing agriculture and forestry.

^{^3/}Transport, communications, road infrastructure.

Table 4.

Russian Federation: Gross Industrial Output by Sector, 1995-2002 ^1/^2/

Source: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}Chemical and petrochemical industry without chemical-pharmaceutical industry

^{^2/}Including estimates of the shadow economy.

^{^3/}Preliminary data.

Table 4.

Russian Federation: Gross Industrial Output by Sector, 1995-2002 ^1/^2/

		1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002 ^3/
		(Annual percent change)
Total		-3.3	-4.5	2.0	-5.2	11.0	11.9	4.9	3.7
	Electric power generation	−3.2	−2.7	−1.8	−2.3	−1.2	2.3	1.6	−0.7
	Fuel	−0.8	−3.1	−0.4	−2.6	2.5	4.9	6.1	7.0
	Ferrous metallurgy	9.6	−4.8	0.9	−7.6	16.8	15.7	−0.2	3.0
	Nonferrous metallurgy	2.8	−3.6	6.0	−4.3	10.1	15.2	4.9	6.0
	Chemicals and petrochemicals	8.0	−8.4	2.0	−6.0	24.1	13.1	6.5	1.6
	Machinery	−9.3	−13.7	3.5	−8.7	17.2	20.0	7.2	2.0
	Forestry, timber processing, paper and pulp	−0.7	−22.6	−0.4	0.4	17.8	13.4	2.6	2.4
	Construction materials	−8	−25.5	−4.1	−6.3	10.2	13.1	5.5	3.0
	Light industry	−30.2	−28.2	−3.9	−10.3	12.3	20.9	5.0	−3.4
	Food processing	−8.2	−9.3	−2.8	0.8	3.6	14.4	8.4	6.5
		(In percent of 1991 level)
Total		53.9	51.5	52.5	49.8	55.2	61.8	64.8	67.2
	Electric power generation	80.2	78.0	76.6	74.8	73.9	75.6	76.9	76.3
	Fuel	73.2	71.0	70.7	68.8	70.6	74.0	78.5	84.0
	Ferrous metallurgy	63.2	60.2	60.7	56.1	65.5	75.8	75.6	77.9
	Nonferrous metallurgy	60.0	57.9	61.3	58.7	64.6	74.4	78.1	82.8
	Chemicals and petrochemicals	49.5	45.4	46.3	43.5	54.0	61.1	65.0	66.1
	Machinery	44.8	38.7	40.0	36.5	42.8	51.4	55.1	56.2
	Forestry, timber processing, paper and pulp	47.9	37.1	36.9	37.1	43.7	49.5	50.8	52.1
	Construction materials	44.7	33.3	32.0	29.9	33.0	37.3	39.4	40.5
	Light industry	20.3	14.6	14.0	12.6	14.1	17.1	17.9	17.3
	Food processing	57.6	52.3	50.8	51.2	53.0	60.7	65.8	70.1

Source: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}Chemical and petrochemical industry without chemical-pharmaceutical industry

^{^2/}Including estimates of the shadow economy.

^{^3/}Preliminary data.

Table 4.

Russian Federation: Gross Industrial Output by Sector, 1995-2002 ^1/^2/

		1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002 ^3/
		(Annual percent change)
Total		-3.3	-4.5	2.0	-5.2	11.0	11.9	4.9	3.7
	Electric power generation	−3.2	−2.7	−1.8	−2.3	−1.2	2.3	1.6	−0.7
	Fuel	−0.8	−3.1	−0.4	−2.6	2.5	4.9	6.1	7.0
	Ferrous metallurgy	9.6	−4.8	0.9	−7.6	16.8	15.7	−0.2	3.0
	Nonferrous metallurgy	2.8	−3.6	6.0	−4.3	10.1	15.2	4.9	6.0
	Chemicals and petrochemicals	8.0	−8.4	2.0	−6.0	24.1	13.1	6.5	1.6
	Machinery	−9.3	−13.7	3.5	−8.7	17.2	20.0	7.2	2.0
	Forestry, timber processing, paper and pulp	−0.7	−22.6	−0.4	0.4	17.8	13.4	2.6	2.4
	Construction materials	−8	−25.5	−4.1	−6.3	10.2	13.1	5.5	3.0
	Light industry	−30.2	−28.2	−3.9	−10.3	12.3	20.9	5.0	−3.4
	Food processing	−8.2	−9.3	−2.8	0.8	3.6	14.4	8.4	6.5
		(In percent of 1991 level)
Total		53.9	51.5	52.5	49.8	55.2	61.8	64.8	67.2
	Electric power generation	80.2	78.0	76.6	74.8	73.9	75.6	76.9	76.3
	Fuel	73.2	71.0	70.7	68.8	70.6	74.0	78.5	84.0
	Ferrous metallurgy	63.2	60.2	60.7	56.1	65.5	75.8	75.6	77.9
	Nonferrous metallurgy	60.0	57.9	61.3	58.7	64.6	74.4	78.1	82.8
	Chemicals and petrochemicals	49.5	45.4	46.3	43.5	54.0	61.1	65.0	66.1
	Machinery	44.8	38.7	40.0	36.5	42.8	51.4	55.1	56.2
	Forestry, timber processing, paper and pulp	47.9	37.1	36.9	37.1	43.7	49.5	50.8	52.1
	Construction materials	44.7	33.3	32.0	29.9	33.0	37.3	39.4	40.5
	Light industry	20.3	14.6	14.0	12.6	14.1	17.1	17.9	17.3
	Food processing	57.6	52.3	50.8	51.2	53.0	60.7	65.8	70.1

Source: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}Chemical and petrochemical industry without chemical-pharmaceutical industry

^{^2/}Including estimates of the shadow economy.

^{^3/}Preliminary data.

Table 5.

Russian Federation: Employment, Labor Productivity, and Product Unit Labor Cost in Industry by Sector, 1995-2002

Source: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}Preliminary data.

^{^2/}Average payroll fund data.

^{^3/}Measured as the ratio of production to workforce.

^{^4/}Measured as the ratio of real producer wages to average labor productivity.

Table 5.

Russian Federation: Employment, Labor Productivity, and Product Unit Labor Cost in Industry by Sector, 1995-2002

		1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002 ^1/
		(In thousands)
Employment ^2/
	Total	16,006	14,934	14,009	13,173	13,077	13,294	13,282	12,896
	Electric power generation	750	790	810	842	880	913	942	926
	Fuel	846	856	821	794	738	730	806	886
	Ferrous metallurguy	727	727	683	673	676	711	727	741
	NonTerrous metallurgy	549	537	508	480	503	560	582	631
	Chemicals and petrochemicals	895	851	821	775	761	785	795	810
	Machinery	6,149	5,590	5,231	4,833	4,688	4,709	4,642	4,445
	Forestry, timber processing, paper and pulp	1,383	1,261	1,138	1,034	1,057	1,102	1,054	932
	Construction materials	973	868	783	713	718	684	677	599
	Light industry-	1,332	1,133	1,006	888	863	849	814	778
	Food processing	1,506	1,487	1,454	1,396	1,439	1,484	1,492	1,459
	Others	896	834	754	745	754	767	751	689
		(In percent of 1991 levels)
	Total	54	51	52	50	55	62	65	67
	Electric power generation	80	78	77	75	74	76	77	76
	Fuel	73	71	71	69	71	74	79	84
	Ferrous metallurguy	63	60	61	56	66	76	76	78
	Nonferrous metallurgy	60	58	61	59	65	74	78	83
	Chemicals and petrochemicals	50	45	46	43	54	61	65	66
	Machinery	45	39	40	37	43	51	55	56
	Forestry, timber processing, paper and pulp	48	37	37	37	44	50	51	52
	Construction materials	45	33	32	30	33	37	39	41
	Light industry	20	15	14	13	14	17	18	17
	Food processing	58	52	51	51	53	61	66	70
Average Labor Productivity ^3/
	Total	68	69	75	76	85	94	98	105
	Electric power generation	60	56	53	50	47	47	46	46
	Fuel	71	68	70	71	78	83	79	77
	Ferrous metallurguy	67	64	69	64	75	82	80	81
	Nonferrous metallurgy	55	54	61	61	64	67	67	66
	Chemicals and petrochemicals	57	55	58	58	74	81	85	85
	Machinery	66	63	69	68	83	99	107	115
	Forestry, timber processing, paper and pulp	60	51	56	62	71	78	83	96
	Construction materials	49	41	44	45	49	58	62	72
	Light industry	33	28	30	30	35	43	47	48
	Food processing	59	54	54	56	57	63	68	74
Product Unit Labor Cost ^4/
	Total	55	58	57	60	52	53	67	67
	Electric power generation	76	89	94	107	99	103	131	143
	Fuel	73	80	81	81	76	88	130	131
	Ferrous metallurguy	59	73	68	73	62	67	85	85
	Nonferrous metallurgy	85	88	80	89	91	105	123	118
	Chemicals and petrochemicals	64	72	74	81	62	60	73	75
	Machinery	49	55	54	59	46	44	55	56
	Forestry, timber processing, paper and pulp	55	65	60	56	48	48	56	54
	Construction materials	70	87	84	84	66	61	76	73
	Light industry	60	70	69	71	59	53	64	69
	Food processing	62	74	76	76	71	64	76	75

Source: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}Preliminary data.

^{^2/}Average payroll fund data.

^{^3/}Measured as the ratio of production to workforce.

^{^4/}Measured as the ratio of real producer wages to average labor productivity.

Table 5.

Russian Federation: Employment, Labor Productivity, and Product Unit Labor Cost in Industry by Sector, 1995-2002

		1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002 ^1/
		(In thousands)
Employment ^2/
	Total	16,006	14,934	14,009	13,173	13,077	13,294	13,282	12,896
	Electric power generation	750	790	810	842	880	913	942	926
	Fuel	846	856	821	794	738	730	806	886
	Ferrous metallurguy	727	727	683	673	676	711	727	741
	NonTerrous metallurgy	549	537	508	480	503	560	582	631
	Chemicals and petrochemicals	895	851	821	775	761	785	795	810
	Machinery	6,149	5,590	5,231	4,833	4,688	4,709	4,642	4,445
	Forestry, timber processing, paper and pulp	1,383	1,261	1,138	1,034	1,057	1,102	1,054	932
	Construction materials	973	868	783	713	718	684	677	599
	Light industry-	1,332	1,133	1,006	888	863	849	814	778
	Food processing	1,506	1,487	1,454	1,396	1,439	1,484	1,492	1,459
	Others	896	834	754	745	754	767	751	689
		(In percent of 1991 levels)
	Total	54	51	52	50	55	62	65	67
	Electric power generation	80	78	77	75	74	76	77	76
	Fuel	73	71	71	69	71	74	79	84
	Ferrous metallurguy	63	60	61	56	66	76	76	78
	Nonferrous metallurgy	60	58	61	59	65	74	78	83
	Chemicals and petrochemicals	50	45	46	43	54	61	65	66
	Machinery	45	39	40	37	43	51	55	56
	Forestry, timber processing, paper and pulp	48	37	37	37	44	50	51	52
	Construction materials	45	33	32	30	33	37	39	41
	Light industry	20	15	14	13	14	17	18	17
	Food processing	58	52	51	51	53	61	66	70
Average Labor Productivity ^3/
	Total	68	69	75	76	85	94	98	105
	Electric power generation	60	56	53	50	47	47	46	46
	Fuel	71	68	70	71	78	83	79	77
	Ferrous metallurguy	67	64	69	64	75	82	80	81
	Nonferrous metallurgy	55	54	61	61	64	67	67	66
	Chemicals and petrochemicals	57	55	58	58	74	81	85	85
	Machinery	66	63	69	68	83	99	107	115
	Forestry, timber processing, paper and pulp	60	51	56	62	71	78	83	96
	Construction materials	49	41	44	45	49	58	62	72
	Light industry	33	28	30	30	35	43	47	48
	Food processing	59	54	54	56	57	63	68	74
Product Unit Labor Cost ^4/
	Total	55	58	57	60	52	53	67	67
	Electric power generation	76	89	94	107	99	103	131	143
	Fuel	73	80	81	81	76	88	130	131
	Ferrous metallurguy	59	73	68	73	62	67	85	85
	Nonferrous metallurgy	85	88	80	89	91	105	123	118
	Chemicals and petrochemicals	64	72	74	81	62	60	73	75
	Machinery	49	55	54	59	46	44	55	56
	Forestry, timber processing, paper and pulp	55	65	60	56	48	48	56	54
	Construction materials	70	87	84	84	66	61	76	73
	Light industry	60	70	69	71	59	53	64	69
	Food processing	62	74	76	76	71	64	76	75

Source: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}Preliminary data.

^{^2/}Average payroll fund data.

^{^3/}Measured as the ratio of production to workforce.

^{^4/}Measured as the ratio of real producer wages to average labor productivity.

Table 6.

Russian Federation: Labor Force Turnover, 1995-2002 ^1/

Sources: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}Data for large and medium enterprises.

Table 6.

Russian Federation: Labor Force Turnover, 1995-2002 ^1/

		1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002
		(In thousands)
Total number of separations		13,069	11,372	11,017	10,650	10,274	11,616	12,374	12,408
	of which: in industry	4,284	3,709	3,385	3,333	3,152	3,503	3,830	3,836
Number of new hires		11,480	8,982	8,981	8,984	10,128	11,236	11,953	12,042
	of which: in industry	3,192	2,321	2,426	2,387	3,200	3,582	3,561	3,308
		(As percent of total employment)
Total number of separations		25.7	23.9	24.5	24.9	24.5	27.8	30.0	30.5
	of which: in industry	28.4	27.0	26.8	27.7	27.0	29.5	32.5	33.7
Number of new hires		22.6	18.9	19.9	21.0	24.2	26.9	29.0	29.6
	of which: in industry	21.1	16.9	19.2	19.8	27.4	30.1	30.2	29.1

Sources: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}Data for large and medium enterprises.

Table 6.

Russian Federation: Labor Force Turnover, 1995-2002 ^1/

		1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002
		(In thousands)
Total number of separations		13,069	11,372	11,017	10,650	10,274	11,616	12,374	12,408
	of which: in industry	4,284	3,709	3,385	3,333	3,152	3,503	3,830	3,836
Number of new hires		11,480	8,982	8,981	8,984	10,128	11,236	11,953	12,042
	of which: in industry	3,192	2,321	2,426	2,387	3,200	3,582	3,561	3,308
		(As percent of total employment)
Total number of separations		25.7	23.9	24.5	24.9	24.5	27.8	30.0	30.5
	of which: in industry	28.4	27.0	26.8	27.7	27.0	29.5	32.5	33.7
Number of new hires		22.6	18.9	19.9	21.0	24.2	26.9	29.0	29.6
	of which: in industry	21.1	16.9	19.2	19.8	27.4	30.1	30.2	29.1

Sources: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}Data for large and medium enterprises.

Table 7.

Russian Federation: Employment by Sector, 1995-2001 ^1/

Source: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}Average for the year; does not include students.

^{^2/}Goskomstat estimates, which do not necessarily match the payroll fund data

Table 7.

Russian Federation: Employment by Sector, 1995-2001 ^1/

	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
	(In thousands)
Total	66,409	65,950	64,693	63,812	63,963	64,327	64,710
Industry ^2/	17,161	16,306	14,905	14,162	14,297	14,543	14,692
Agriculture and forestry	10,603	9,508	8,832	8,963	8,738	8,609	8,200
Construction	6,208	5,875	5,664	5,094	5,083	5.002	5.015
Transportation and communication	5,250	5,220	5,124	4,852	4,919	5,011	5,014
Commerce, food service, material and technical supply, marketing and procurement	6,676	6,795	8,725	9,312	9,320	9,421	9,997
Public health, physical training, social security, education, art, culture and science	13,446	13,358	12,995	12,795	12,769	12,719	12,735
Administrative staff, lending and state insurance	2,713	3,454	3,359	3,513	3,602	3,667	3,667
Other sectors (housing, pub. utilities, nonproduction types of gen. services to the public)	4,952	5,374	5,089	5,121	5,235	5,355	5,390
	(In percent of 1991 level)
Total	89.9	89.3	87.6	86.4	86.6	87.1	87.6
Industry ^2/	76.6	73.0	66.5	63.2	63.8	64.9	65.6
Agriculture and forestry	100.3	95.4	88.6	89.9	87.6	86.3	82.2
Construction	73.1	69.2	66.7	60.0	59.9	58.9	59.1
Transportation and communication	91.3	90.8	89.1	84.4	85.5	87.1	87.2
Commerce, food service, material and technical supply, marketing and procurement	118.7	120.8	155.1	165.5	165.7	167.5	177.7
Public health, physical training, social security, education, art, culture and science	93.7	93.1	90.6	89.2	89.0	88.7	88.8
Administrative staff, lending and state insurance	137.6	175.2	170.4	178.2	182.7	186.0	180.0
Other sectors (housing, pub. utilities, nonproduction types of gen. services to the public)	93.6	101.6	96.2	96.8	99.0	101.2	101.9
	(In percent of total employment)
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry	25.8	24.8	23.0	22.2	22.4	22.6	22.7
Agriculture and forestry	15.1	14.4	13.7	14.0	13.7	13.4	12.7
Construction	9.3	8.9	8.8	8.0	7.9	7.8	7.8
Transportation and communication	7.9	7.9	7.9	7.6	7.7	7.8	7.7
Commerce, food service, material and technical supply, marketing and procurement	10.1	10.3	13.5	14.6	14.6	14.0	15.4
Public health, physical training, social security, education, art, culture and science	20.2	20.3	20.1	20.1	20.0	19.8	19.7
Administrative staff, lending and state insurance	4.1	5.2	5.2	5.5	5.6	5.7	5.7
Other sectors (housing, public utilities, nonproduction types of general services to the public)	7.5	8.2	7.8	8.0	8.1	8.3	8.3

Source: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}Average for the year; does not include students.

^{^2/}Goskomstat estimates, which do not necessarily match the payroll fund data

Table 7.

Russian Federation: Employment by Sector, 1995-2001 ^1/

	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
	(In thousands)
Total	66,409	65,950	64,693	63,812	63,963	64,327	64,710
Industry ^2/	17,161	16,306	14,905	14,162	14,297	14,543	14,692
Agriculture and forestry	10,603	9,508	8,832	8,963	8,738	8,609	8,200
Construction	6,208	5,875	5,664	5,094	5,083	5.002	5.015
Transportation and communication	5,250	5,220	5,124	4,852	4,919	5,011	5,014
Commerce, food service, material and technical supply, marketing and procurement	6,676	6,795	8,725	9,312	9,320	9,421	9,997
Public health, physical training, social security, education, art, culture and science	13,446	13,358	12,995	12,795	12,769	12,719	12,735
Administrative staff, lending and state insurance	2,713	3,454	3,359	3,513	3,602	3,667	3,667
Other sectors (housing, pub. utilities, nonproduction types of gen. services to the public)	4,952	5,374	5,089	5,121	5,235	5,355	5,390
	(In percent of 1991 level)
Total	89.9	89.3	87.6	86.4	86.6	87.1	87.6
Industry ^2/	76.6	73.0	66.5	63.2	63.8	64.9	65.6
Agriculture and forestry	100.3	95.4	88.6	89.9	87.6	86.3	82.2
Construction	73.1	69.2	66.7	60.0	59.9	58.9	59.1
Transportation and communication	91.3	90.8	89.1	84.4	85.5	87.1	87.2
Commerce, food service, material and technical supply, marketing and procurement	118.7	120.8	155.1	165.5	165.7	167.5	177.7
Public health, physical training, social security, education, art, culture and science	93.7	93.1	90.6	89.2	89.0	88.7	88.8
Administrative staff, lending and state insurance	137.6	175.2	170.4	178.2	182.7	186.0	180.0
Other sectors (housing, pub. utilities, nonproduction types of gen. services to the public)	93.6	101.6	96.2	96.8	99.0	101.2	101.9
	(In percent of total employment)
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry	25.8	24.8	23.0	22.2	22.4	22.6	22.7
Agriculture and forestry	15.1	14.4	13.7	14.0	13.7	13.4	12.7
Construction	9.3	8.9	8.8	8.0	7.9	7.8	7.8
Transportation and communication	7.9	7.9	7.9	7.6	7.7	7.8	7.7
Commerce, food service, material and technical supply, marketing and procurement	10.1	10.3	13.5	14.6	14.6	14.0	15.4
Public health, physical training, social security, education, art, culture and science	20.2	20.3	20.1	20.1	20.0	19.8	19.7
Administrative staff, lending and state insurance	4.1	5.2	5.2	5.5	5.6	5.7	5.7
Other sectors (housing, public utilities, nonproduction types of general services to the public)	7.5	8.2	7.8	8.0	8.1	8.3	8.3

Source: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}Average for the year; does not include students.

^{^2/}Goskomstat estimates, which do not necessarily match the payroll fund data

Table 8.

Russian Federation: Indicators of Hidden Unemployment, 1995-2002

Source: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}For 1995-97 data include number of workers on shortened workday at the end of each quarter; for 1998-2000 data show number of workers on shortened workdays over the course of the period.

^{^2/}Without pay or with partial pay. Since 1998, cumulative data from beginning of year.

Table 8.

Russian Federation: Indicators of Hidden Unemployment, 1995-2002

Shortened Workday ^1/			Forced Leave
	Thousands	In percent	Thousands	Avg. leave days per
	of persons	of workforce	of persons ^2/	person per quarter
1995
Q1	2,244	4.4	2,466	11
Q2	1,991	3.9	1,868	11
Q3	1,900	3.8	1,793	11
Q4	2,051	4.1	2,401	10
1996
Q1	2,952	6.1	2,316	11
Q2	3,292	6.8	1,991	10
Q3	3,184	6.6	1,793	12
Q4	3,409	7.2	2,408	10
1997
Q1	2,382	5.2	1,708	11
Q2	2,552	5.6	1,688	9
Q3	2,482	5.5	1,223	11
Q4	2,596	5.8	1,494	9
1998
Ql	2,324	5.4	2,471	18
Q2	3,060	7.1	4,095	11
Q3	3,724	8.6	4,155	11
Q4	4,306	10.1	4,742	10
1999
Ql	2,196	5.3	2,000	18
Q2	2,444	5.8	2,484	12
Q3	2,591	6.2	2,804	9
Q4	2,728	6.5	3,325	7
2000
Ql	1,069	2.6	1,204	15
Q2	1,253	3.0	1,562	11
Q3	1,367	3.3	1,798	8
Q4	1,499	3.6	2,175	7
2001
Ql	792	1.9	1,137	14
Q2	928	2.2	1,492	9
Q3	986	2.4	1,658	8
Q4	1,078	2.6	1,936	6
2002
Ql	633	1.5	1,080	12
Q2	812	2.0	1,389	8
Q3	942	2.3	1,549	7
Q4	1,213	3.0	1,891	5

Source: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}For 1995-97 data include number of workers on shortened workday at the end of each quarter; for 1998-2000 data show number of workers on shortened workdays over the course of the period.

^{^2/}Without pay or with partial pay. Since 1998, cumulative data from beginning of year.

Table 8.

Russian Federation: Indicators of Hidden Unemployment, 1995-2002

Shortened Workday ^1/			Forced Leave
	Thousands	In percent	Thousands	Avg. leave days per
	of persons	of workforce	of persons ^2/	person per quarter
1995
Q1	2,244	4.4	2,466	11
Q2	1,991	3.9	1,868	11
Q3	1,900	3.8	1,793	11
Q4	2,051	4.1	2,401	10
1996
Q1	2,952	6.1	2,316	11
Q2	3,292	6.8	1,991	10
Q3	3,184	6.6	1,793	12
Q4	3,409	7.2	2,408	10
1997
Q1	2,382	5.2	1,708	11
Q2	2,552	5.6	1,688	9
Q3	2,482	5.5	1,223	11
Q4	2,596	5.8	1,494	9
1998
Ql	2,324	5.4	2,471	18
Q2	3,060	7.1	4,095	11
Q3	3,724	8.6	4,155	11
Q4	4,306	10.1	4,742	10
1999
Ql	2,196	5.3	2,000	18
Q2	2,444	5.8	2,484	12
Q3	2,591	6.2	2,804	9
Q4	2,728	6.5	3,325	7
2000
Ql	1,069	2.6	1,204	15
Q2	1,253	3.0	1,562	11
Q3	1,367	3.3	1,798	8
Q4	1,499	3.6	2,175	7
2001
Ql	792	1.9	1,137	14
Q2	928	2.2	1,492	9
Q3	986	2.4	1,658	8
Q4	1,078	2.6	1,936	6
2002
Ql	633	1.5	1,080	12
Q2	812	2.0	1,389	8
Q3	942	2.3	1,549	7
Q4	1,213	3.0	1,891	5

Source: Goskomstat.

^{^1/}For 1995-97 data include number of workers on shortened workday at the end of each quarter; for 1998-2000 data show number of workers on shortened workdays over the course of the period.

^{^2/}Without pay or with partial pay. Since 1998, cumulative data from beginning of year.

Table 9.

Russian Federation: Selected Labor Market Indicators, 1995-2002

Source: Goskomstat.

Table 9.

Russian Federation: Selected Labor Market Indicators, 1995-2002

				Registered Unemployed		Unemployment
					Receiving	According to
	Employment	Vacancies	Jobseekers	Total	Benefits	ILO Definition
			(In thousands, end of period)
End-year 1995	66,441	309	2,549	2,327	2,026	6,712
End-year 1996	65,950	255	2,751	2,506	2,265	6,732
End-year 1997	64,639	369	2,203	1,999	1,771	8,058
End-year 1998	63,642	328	2,148	1,929	1,756	8,902
End-year 1999	63,082	588	1,443	1,263	1,090	9,094
End-year 2000	64,465	751	1,196	1,037	910	6,999
End-year 2001	64,664	887	1,311	1,177	1,007	6,303
End-year 2002	65,766	818	1,498	1,309	1.169	6,153
	(Percent change)	(Percent of labor force)
End-year 1994	−3.3	0.4	2.5	2.2	1.9	7.7
End-year 1995	−3.0	0.4	3.5	3.2	2.8	9.2
End-year 1996	−0.7	0.4	3.8	3.4	3.1	9.3
End-year 1997	−2.0	0.5	3.0	2.7	2.4	11.1
End-year 1998	−1.5	0.5	3.0	2.7	2.4	12.3
End-year 1999	−0.9	0.8	2.0	1.7	1.5	12.6
End-year 2000	2.2	1.1	1.7	1.5	1.3	9.8
End-year 2001	0.3	1.2	1.8	1.7	1.4	8.9
End-year 2002	1.7	1.1	2.1	1.8	1.6	8.6

Source: Goskomstat.

Table 9.

Russian Federation: Selected Labor Market Indicators, 1995-2002

				Registered Unemployed		Unemployment
					Receiving	According to
	Employment	Vacancies	Jobseekers	Total	Benefits	ILO Definition
			(In thousands, end of period)
End-year 1995	66,441	309	2,549	2,327	2,026	6,712
End-year 1996	65,950	255	2,751	2,506	2,265	6,732
End-year 1997	64,639	369	2,203	1,999	1,771	8,058
End-year 1998	63,642	328	2,148	1,929	1,756	8,902
End-year 1999	63,082	588	1,443	1,263	1,090	9,094
End-year 2000	64,465	751	1,196	1,037	910	6,999
End-year 2001	64,664	887	1,311	1,177	1,007	6,303
End-year 2002	65,766	818	1,498	1,309	1.169	6,153
	(Percent change)	(Percent of labor force)
End-year 1994	−3.3	0.4	2.5	2.2	1.9	7.7
End-year 1995	−3.0	0.4	3.5	3.2	2.8	9.2
End-year 1996	−0.7	0.4	3.8	3.4	3.1	9.3
End-year 1997	−2.0	0.5	3.0	2.7	2.4	11.1
End-year 1998	−1.5	0.5	3.0	2.7	2.4	12.3
End-year 1999	−0.9	0.8	2.0	1.7	1.5	12.6
End-year 2000	2.2	1.1	1.7	1.5	1.3	9.8
End-year 2001	0.3	1.2	1.8	1.7	1.4	8.9
End-year 2002	1.7	1.1	2.1	1.8	1.6	8.6

Source: Goskomstat.

Table 10.

Russian Federation; Unemployment Rate by Regions (ILO methodology), 1995-2001

(In percent of labor force)

Source: Goskomstat.

Table 10.

Russian Federation; Unemployment Rate by Regions (ILO methodology), 1995-2001

(In percent of labor force)

			1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
Northern Region
	Karelian Republic		13.2	11.5	11.9	16.6	15.7	11.5	8.7
	Komi Republic		10.9	10.4	13.9	17.6	16.1	12.1	14.0
	Arkhangel’sk Oblast		11.0	12.0	12.4	14.6	14.9	12.2	8.8
		Nenets Autonomous Okrug	...	...	13.3	11.5	20.0	10.9	7.2
	Vologodsk Oblast		8.8	8.0	10.5	12.4	11.5	8.0	8.9
	Murmansk Oblast		12.4	14.7	18.5	21.1	16.4	12.8	12.8
North-western region
	Saint Petersburg		10.6	10.3	9.9	11.3	11.0	6.3	3.9
	Leningrad Oblast		10.2	10.0	12.8	14.9	14.6	9.7	6.9
	Novgorod Oblast		10.2	9.1	13.5	14.8	14.1	7.8	6.4
	Pskov Oblast		12.2	13.7	14.2	15.9	13.3	12.5	10.3
Central region
	Bryansk Oblast		9.4	8.2	12.9	15.6	15.5	13.1	10.0
	Vladimir Oblast		13.1	11.5	11.6	12.1	12.1	12.2	9.9
	Ivanovo Oblast		14.6	16.5	16.9	18.6	17.5	10.1	5.6
	Kaluzhska Oblast		8.3	7.8	11.2	10.2	11.2	8.2	6.0
	Kostromska Oblast		9.4	9.9	9.4	11.0	10.0	8.6	6.0
	Moscow		7.0	6.3	4.8	4.8	5.6	3.8	2.1
	Moscow Oblast		7.9	7.6	8.8	9.9	10.5	7.4	5.5
	Orlov Oblast		8.0	9.6	9.8	12.6	8.6	8.5	7.9
	Ryazan Oblast		6.7	6.4	10.1	7.3	12.4	9.5	11.2
	Smolensk Oblast		10.2	11.3	12.9	16.4	13.6	12.2	9.9
	Tver Oblast		8.2	5.7	9.9	11.3	10.1	9.4	7.8
	Tula Oblast		6.2	6.9	10.0	11.6	11.3	9.7	5.2
	Yaroslavl Oblast		12.1	10.8	8.8	11.2	8.7	7.3	7.1
Volga region
	Marii-El Republic		11.8	11.3	18.0	13.1	10.3	11.3	9.4
	Mordoviya Republic		11.6	13.1	12.2	13.7	12.6	10.7	10.5
	Chuvash Republic		10.2	11.1	13.9	13.6	13.1	9.1	9.6
	Kirov Oblast		9.2	8.9	11.4	13.1	9.5	8.2	7.7
	Nizhegorod Oblast		8.7	9.0	9.7	9.2	7.4	7.5	8.3
Central-Chernozem region
	Belgorod Oblast		6.1	6.6	10.7	11.2	12.2	5.8	6.5
	Voronezh Oblast		8.2	9.2	8.1	9.7	11.4	10.0	9.6
	Kursk Oblast		6.1	7.4	8.1	10.3	10.7	10.4	10.4
	Lipetsk Oblast		6.3	6.7	9.8	10.9	10.3	8.5	6.6
	Tambov Oblast		10.6	11.1	12.9	12.6	12.8	8.2	12.4
Povolgski region
	Kalmykiya Republic		22.2	14.5	26.1	31.3	23.8	20.1	19.1
	Tatarstan Republic		6.5	6.5	7.9	11.1	11.1	8.0	6.3
	Astrakhan Oblast		14.7	12.8	14.6	15.8	13.9	11.5	10.5
	Volgograd Oblast		11.5	11.2	14.4	14.1	11.8	9.7	9.8
	Penzensk Oblast		13.9	14.9	12.0	17.3	10.8	11.2	13.9
	Samara Oblast		8.0	8.7	9.3	8.7	12.2	10.3	6.0
	Saratov Oblast		10.4	10.5	15.8	15.9	10.7	9.5	10.0
	Ulyanov Oblast		8.3	8.2	9.8	11.1	8.8	6.4	9.0
North-Kaukaz region
	Adygeya Republic		12.4	11.1	12.3	15.6	19.6	14.1	14.1
	Dagestan Republic		25.3	27.7	27.0	30.0	27.9	25.6	28.8
	Ingush Republic		43.1	32.2	58.2	50.9	51.8	32.0	34.9
	Kabardino-Balkar Republic		14.3	17.1	17.7	23.9	25.1	16.6	16.8
	Karachaev-Circassian Republic		27.4	20.8	18.9	25.5	21.4	20.7	18.6
	North Ossetian-Alaniya Republic		23.3	30.1	22.2	26.6	32.0	28.5	16.7
	Chechen Republic
	Krasnodarsk Krai		9.3	10.7	16.5	16.3	15.2	12.5	10.7
	Stavropol Krai		9.4	9.8	13.9	16.2	18.5	13.8	9.8
	Rostov Oblast		8.5	8.5	12.0	15.6	17.8	14.9	12.9
Ural
	Bashkortostan Republic		7.8	7.9	11.2	13.3	12.1	11.5	10.7
	Udmurt Republic		11.6	13.1	12.1	12.6	11.3	9.3	7.5
	Kurgan Oblast		8.4	10.2	12.5	12.9	12.6	13.2	13.3
	Orenburg Oblast		7.5	5.5	9.5	12.7	13.6	11.8	8.5
	Perm Oblast		9.0	8.8	11.1	12.7	13.9	10.4	6.9
		Komi-Pennyatsk Autonomous Ok	...	...	17.6	17.1	8.3	8.0	12.2
	Sverdlovsk Oblast		8.5	8.5	10.2	10.5	13.9	10.0	7.7
	Chelyabinsk Oblast		8.2	8.7	9.5	12.4	11.8	8.1	8.7
West-Siberia
	Altai Republic		9.9	13.2	18.4	18.0	19.0	17.5	9.7
	Altai Krai		11.1	10.7	13.9	16.1	12.5	11.5	9.9
	Kemerovo Oblast		6.6	6.8	11.2	12.4	13.7	10.4	12.4
	Novosibirsk Oblast		10.1	8.9	10.7	13.5	14.5	13.4	10.0
	Omsk Oblast		5.4	7.0	13.4	15.4	14.5	13.9	10.0
	Tomsk Oblast		7.9	7.9	12.8	14.7	16.2	12.2	9.8
	Tyumen Oblast		6.9	9.2	8.9	14.0	11.1	10.3	10.4
		Khanti-Mansi Autonomous OkTug	...	...	12.5	14.6	11.3	11.2	11.0
		Yamalo-Nenetsk Autonomous Oki	...	...	10.7	11.2	10.0	7.9	7.1
East Siberia
	Buryat Republic		15.1	14.6	21.3	22.0	17.3	19.1	18.5
	Tyva Republic		21.4	18.1	22.0	20.9	25.7	22.9	23.9
	Khakasian Republic		8.7	11.6	13.0	9.6	15.7	12.3	8.8
	Krasnoyarsk Krai		9.0	8.1	13.3	16.4	14.2	11.9	9.7
		Taimyrsk Autonomous Okrug	...	...	7.0	15.5	9.6	5.7	7.3
		Evenkisk Autonomous Okrug	...	...	3.4	6.2	6.9	3.2	2.9
	Irkutsk Oblast		8.9	11.2	14.4	13.6	14.7	11.4	10.9
		Ust-Ordinsk Buryat Autonomous	...	...	7.7	8.2	11.8	8.9	14.2
	Chitinsk Oblast		9.2	14.9	18.5	19.8	20.1	13.9	17.0
		Aginsk Buryat A. Okrug	...	...	28.1	35.2	20.5	25.6	23.0
Far East region
	Sakha republic (Yakutiya)		7.1	6.7	12.6	13.4	13.8	11.3	8.2
	Jewish Autonomous Oblast		17.0	12.6	25.1	23.9	17.6	15.2	9.5
	Chukotsk A. Oblast		...	...	8.4	4.7	9.3	10.0	7.4
	Primorye Krai		10.0	9.6	13.3	14.7	13.5	11.9	8.6
	Khabarovsk Krai		11.4	12.1	12.7	12.5	14.2	11.6	10.3
	Amur Oblast		13.4	11.0	15.6	16.2	16.2	13.4	12.2
	Kamchatka Oblast		6.8	7.0	12.5	17.8	18.1	16.0	14.5
		Koryak Autonomous Okrug	...	...	6.8	8.4	8.8	12.5	15.2
	Magadan Oblast		9.7	10.4	13.6	17.9	20.3	10.8	11.7
	Sakhalin Oblast		11.3	10.9	15.0	17.4	20.4	13.0	12.0
Kaliningrad Oblast			9.2	13.9	11.5	16.8	15.6	15.4	9.6

Source: Goskomstat.

Table 10.

Russian Federation; Unemployment Rate by Regions (ILO methodology), 1995-2001

(In percent of labor force)

			1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
Northern Region
	Karelian Republic		13.2	11.5	11.9	16.6	15.7	11.5	8.7
	Komi Republic		10.9	10.4	13.9	17.6	16.1	12.1	14.0
	Arkhangel’sk Oblast		11.0	12.0	12.4	14.6	14.9	12.2	8.8
		Nenets Autonomous Okrug	...	...	13.3	11.5	20.0	10.9	7.2
	Vologodsk Oblast		8.8	8.0	10.5	12.4	11.5	8.0	8.9
	Murmansk Oblast		12.4	14.7	18.5	21.1	16.4	12.8	12.8
North-western region
	Saint Petersburg		10.6	10.3	9.9	11.3	11.0	6.3	3.9
	Leningrad Oblast		10.2	10.0	12.8	14.9	14.6	9.7	6.9
	Novgorod Oblast		10.2	9.1	13.5	14.8	14.1	7.8	6.4
	Pskov Oblast		12.2	13.7	14.2	15.9	13.3	12.5	10.3
Central region
	Bryansk Oblast		9.4	8.2	12.9	15.6	15.5	13.1	10.0
	Vladimir Oblast		13.1	11.5	11.6	12.1	12.1	12.2	9.9
	Ivanovo Oblast		14.6	16.5	16.9	18.6	17.5	10.1	5.6
	Kaluzhska Oblast		8.3	7.8	11.2	10.2	11.2	8.2	6.0
	Kostromska Oblast		9.4	9.9	9.4	11.0	10.0	8.6	6.0
	Moscow		7.0	6.3	4.8	4.8	5.6	3.8	2.1
	Moscow Oblast		7.9	7.6	8.8	9.9	10.5	7.4	5.5
	Orlov Oblast		8.0	9.6	9.8	12.6	8.6	8.5	7.9
	Ryazan Oblast		6.7	6.4	10.1	7.3	12.4	9.5	11.2
	Smolensk Oblast		10.2	11.3	12.9	16.4	13.6	12.2	9.9
	Tver Oblast		8.2	5.7	9.9	11.3	10.1	9.4	7.8
	Tula Oblast		6.2	6.9	10.0	11.6	11.3	9.7	5.2
	Yaroslavl Oblast		12.1	10.8	8.8	11.2	8.7	7.3	7.1
Volga region
	Marii-El Republic		11.8	11.3	18.0	13.1	10.3	11.3	9.4
	Mordoviya Republic		11.6	13.1	12.2	13.7	12.6	10.7	10.5
	Chuvash Republic		10.2	11.1	13.9	13.6	13.1	9.1	9.6
	Kirov Oblast		9.2	8.9	11.4	13.1	9.5	8.2	7.7
	Nizhegorod Oblast		8.7	9.0	9.7	9.2	7.4	7.5	8.3
Central-Chernozem region
	Belgorod Oblast		6.1	6.6	10.7	11.2	12.2	5.8	6.5
	Voronezh Oblast		8.2	9.2	8.1	9.7	11.4	10.0	9.6
	Kursk Oblast		6.1	7.4	8.1	10.3	10.7	10.4	10.4
	Lipetsk Oblast		6.3	6.7	9.8	10.9	10.3	8.5	6.6
	Tambov Oblast		10.6	11.1	12.9	12.6	12.8	8.2	12.4
Povolgski region
	Kalmykiya Republic		22.2	14.5	26.1	31.3	23.8	20.1	19.1
	Tatarstan Republic		6.5	6.5	7.9	11.1	11.1	8.0	6.3
	Astrakhan Oblast		14.7	12.8	14.6	15.8	13.9	11.5	10.5
	Volgograd Oblast		11.5	11.2	14.4	14.1	11.8	9.7	9.8
	Penzensk Oblast		13.9	14.9	12.0	17.3	10.8	11.2	13.9
	Samara Oblast		8.0	8.7	9.3	8.7	12.2	10.3	6.0
	Saratov Oblast		10.4	10.5	15.8	15.9	10.7	9.5	10.0
	Ulyanov Oblast		8.3	8.2	9.8	11.1	8.8	6.4	9.0
North-Kaukaz region
	Adygeya Republic		12.4	11.1	12.3	15.6	19.6	14.1	14.1
	Dagestan Republic		25.3	27.7	27.0	30.0	27.9	25.6	28.8
	Ingush Republic		43.1	32.2	58.2	50.9	51.8	32.0	34.9
	Kabardino-Balkar Republic		14.3	17.1	17.7	23.9	25.1	16.6	16.8
	Karachaev-Circassian Republic		27.4	20.8	18.9	25.5	21.4	20.7	18.6
	North Ossetian-Alaniya Republic		23.3	30.1	22.2	26.6	32.0	28.5	16.7
	Chechen Republic
	Krasnodarsk Krai		9.3	10.7	16.5	16.3	15.2	12.5	10.7
	Stavropol Krai		9.4	9.8	13.9	16.2	18.5	13.8	9.8
	Rostov Oblast		8.5	8.5	12.0	15.6	17.8	14.9	12.9
Ural
	Bashkortostan Republic		7.8	7.9	11.2	13.3	12.1	11.5	10.7
	Udmurt Republic		11.6	13.1	12.1	12.6	11.3	9.3	7.5
	Kurgan Oblast		8.4	10.2	12.5	12.9	12.6	13.2	13.3
	Orenburg Oblast		7.5	5.5	9.5	12.7	13.6	11.8	8.5
	Perm Oblast		9.0	8.8	11.1	12.7	13.9	10.4	6.9
		Komi-Pennyatsk Autonomous Ok	...	...	17.6	17.1	8.3	8.0	12.2
	Sverdlovsk Oblast		8.5	8.5	10.2	10.5	13.9	10.0	7.7
	Chelyabinsk Oblast		8.2	8.7	9.5	12.4	11.8	8.1	8.7
West-Siberia
	Altai Republic		9.9	13.2	18.4	18.0	19.0	17.5	9.7
	Altai Krai		11.1	10.7	13.9	16.1	12.5	11.5	9.9
	Kemerovo Oblast		6.6	6.8	11.2	12.4	13.7	10.4	12.4
	Novosibirsk Oblast		10.1	8.9	10.7	13.5	14.5	13.4	10.0
	Omsk Oblast		5.4	7.0	13.4	15.4	14.5	13.9	10.0
	Tomsk Oblast		7.9	7.9	12.8	14.7	16.2	12.2	9.8
	Tyumen Oblast		6.9	9.2	8.9	14.0	11.1	10.3	10.4
		Khanti-Mansi Autonomous OkTug	...	...	12.5	14.6	11.3	11.2	11.0
		Yamalo-Nenetsk Autonomous Oki	...	...	10.7	11.2	10.0	7.9	7.1
East Siberia
	Buryat Republic		15.1	14.6	21.3	22.0	17.3	19.1	18.5
	Tyva Republic		21.4	18.1	22.0	20.9	25.7	22.9	23.9
	Khakasian Republic		8.7	11.6	13.0	9.6	15.7	12.3	8.8
	Krasnoyarsk Krai		9.0	8.1	13.3	16.4	14.2	11.9	9.7
		Taimyrsk Autonomous Okrug	...	...	7.0	15.5	9.6	5.7	7.3
		Evenkisk Autonomous Okrug	...	...	3.4	6.2	6.9	3.2	2.9
	Irkutsk Oblast		8.9	11.2	14.4	13.6	14.7	11.4	10.9
		Ust-Ordinsk Buryat Autonomous	...	...	7.7	8.2	11.8	8.9	14.2
	Chitinsk Oblast		9.2	14.9	18.5	19.8	20.1	13.9	17.0
		Aginsk Buryat A. Okrug	...	...	28.1	35.2	20.5	25.6	23.0
Far East region
	Sakha republic (Yakutiya)		7.1	6.7	12.6	13.4	13.8	11.3	8.2
	Jewish Autonomous Oblast		17.0	12.6	25.1	23.9	17.6	15.2	9.5
	Chukotsk A. Oblast		...	...	8.4	4.7	9.3	10.0	7.4
	Primorye Krai		10.0	9.6	13.3	14.7	13.5	11.9	8.6
	Khabarovsk Krai		11.4	12.1	12.7	12.5	14.2	11.6	10.3
	Amur Oblast		13.4	11.0	15.6	16.2	16.2	13.4	12.2
	Kamchatka Oblast		6.8	7.0	12.5	17.8	18.1	16.0	14.5
		Koryak Autonomous Okrug	...	...	6.8	8.4	8.8	12.5	15.2
	Magadan Oblast		9.7	10.4	13.6	17.9

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