Thailand: Statistical Appendix

This Selected Issues paper and Statistical Appendix examines the channels of monetary policy transmission in Thailand. The main findings are that changes in monetary policy are associated with changes in real output, and that the main channel for transmission is not bank lending but asset prices. The paper takes stock of the performance of the Thai corporate sector emerging from the crisis and discusses remaining challenges and vulnerabilities. An assessment of Thailand’s fiscal vulnerability is also presented.

Abstract

Table 1.

Thailand: Basic Data

^¹/Department of local administration, Minister of Interior

^²/Population projection for Thailand 1990 – 2020 NESDB

^³/Expectation of life at birth, projected for 2000 – 2005, Human Resource Planning Division, NESDB

^⁴/Rate of minimum wages in Bangkok and 5 provinces around Bangkok, Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare

^⁵/The Labour force survey, National Statistical Office

^⁶/The 2000 Population and housing census. National Statistical Office

^⁷/Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education

^⁸/Health Information Division, Bureau of Health Policy and Planning

Sources: Information provided by the Thai authorities; and Fund staff estimates.

^¹/On a cash (GFS) and fiscal year basis (October through September). Central government includes extra-budgetary funds, social security funds, and the fiscalization of financial sector restructuring costs. Data from MOF sources.

^²/Includes extrabudgetary funds, local governments and nonfinancial public enterprises.

^³/Primary Balance is Overall Balance plus interest payments of central government.

^⁴/Data provided by the BOT.

^⁵/Excludes data from 56 closed finance companies.

^⁶/Adjusted forbad debt transfers to Asset Management Companies and write-offs.

^⁷/Includes offshore forward and swap transactions by monetary authorities.

^⁸/End of period.

II. Economic Indicators
			1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
					(In percent of GDP)
Origin of GDP
Agriculture, forestry and fishing			9.5	9.5	9.4	10.8	9.3	8.8	8.6
Manufacturing			29.9	29.7	30.2	30.9	32.7	33.6	33.5
Construction			7.2	7.4	5.7	3.9	3.6	3.1	2.9
Commerce			16.9	16.5	17.2	17.0	17.3	17.3	17.2
Transport and communication			7.2	7.4	7.8	7.8	8.1	8.1	8.l
Financial services			7.1	7.1	6.5	5.1	3.4	3.0	3.0
Other services			22.1	22.3	23.1	24.6	25.6	26.2	26.8
Expenditure on GDP, Savings and Investment
Private consumption			53.2	53.8	54.7	54.2	55.9	56.1	56.9
Private investment			32.2	30.8	22.2	12.7	11.6	13.9	15.7
Exports of goods and nonfactor services			41.8	39.3	48.0	58.9	58.4	67.1	66.3
Imports of goods and nonfactor services			48.6	45.5	46.6	43.0	45.8	58.4	60.2
Current account of the balance of payments			−8.0	−8.0	−0.8	12.9	10.2	7.6	5.4
Gross national savings			32.4	31.6	30.3	29.9	28.0	28.8	…
Gross domestic investment			42.1	41.8	33.7	20.4	20.5	22.7	24.0
	of which: public investment		8.9	10.2	11.6	9.7	9.3	8.1	7.6
			1995/96	1996/97	1997/98	1998/99	1999/00	2000/01
Public finances^1/
Central government overall balance			2.4	−2.1	−7.6	−10.5	−3.2	−2.8
	Revenues		19.5	18.6	16.2	16.2	16.4	17.8
	Expenditures		17.1	20.6	23.8	26.7	19.7	20.6
		Of which: Interest expenditures	0.2	0.3	0.2	1.0	3.8	1.4
Non financial public sector overall balance ^2/			2.8	−3.2	−8.4	−12.3	−4.1	−2.5
Nonfinancial public sector primary balance ^3/			3.0	−2.9	−8.3	−11.4	−0.3	−1.1
Debt
Total public debt (end of year]			14.5	36.3	45.2	55.9	57.3	57.9
Central government (including F1DF debt)			5.2	24.1	31.8	38.7	38.8	38.8
Nonfinancial Public Enterprises			9.3	12.1	13.4	17.2	18.5	19.2
			1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
Total external debt (end of year) ^4/			60.0	59.7	70.1	93.2	77.6	65.1	58.6
Of which: public debt			9.8	9.2	15.4	28.0	29.6	27.7	24.6
				(Annual percentage change, unless otherwise indicated)
National Accounts and Prices
Real GDP per capita			8.0	4.8	−2.3	−11.4	3.4	3.6	1.0
Real GDP			9.2	5.9	−1.4	−10.5	4.4	4.6	1.8
Nominal GDP			15.3	10.1	2.6	−2.2	0.1	5.9	4.0
Nominal GDP (in billions of batit)			4,186.2	4,611.0	4,732.6	4,626.4	4,632.1	4,904.7	5,099.6
GDP deflator			5.6	4.0	4.1	9.2	−4.1	1.2	2.1
Consumer prices (average)			5.8	5.9	5.5	8.1	0.3	1.6	1.6
Consumer prices (end of period)			7.4	4.8	7.6	4.3	0.7	1.3	0.8
Core inflation			5.3	5.1	4.7	7.2	1.8	0.7	1.3
Unemployment rate			1.7	1.5	15	4.4	4.2	3.6	3.3
			1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
				(Annual percentage charge, unless otherwise indicated)
Money and Credit ^5/
Private sector (adjusted, end of period) ^6/			…	14.2	23.4	−9.7	−3.2	−0.1	0.7
Money and quasi-money (M2a) (end of period)			18.1	12.7	2.0	2.1	1.3	3.5	4.7
Stock in percent of GDP			1.0	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.1	l.l	1.1
Money (MO) (end of period)			17.4	7.1	9.8	−4.7	48.4	−13.9	8.4
Real M2a (end of period)			12.3	6.8	−3.6	−6.0	1.0	1.9	3.1
Net domestic credit			24.3	14.2	15.4	−12.9	−7.9	−14.2	−7.5
Credit to private sector			14.6	17.4	12.6	−4.4	6.6	−13.2	5.4
Credit to non financial public sector (net)			25.6	14.5	13.8	−18.5	−9.6	−15.7	−9.2
Interest Rates and Exchange Rates
Overnight interbank rate			10.3	12.1	21.7	2.6	1.2	1.7	2.1
Minimum Lending Rate (average of five largest banks)			13.8	13.1	15.3	11.8	8.4	7.9	7.3
Baht/dollar (average of period)			24.9	25.3	31.4	41.4	37.8	40.2	44.5
Nominal effective exchange rate (1994=100)			87.9	98.6	88.1	72.0	75.2	72.0	68.2
Real effective exchange rate (1994=100)			91.4	104.7	96.5	83.7	86.8	83.4	79.5
Terms of trade (deterioration −)			n/a	n/a	0.5	−5.9	1.3	−8.9	−9.4
			(In billions of U.S. dollars)
Balance of payments
Current account balance			−13.2	−14.3	−3.1	14.3	12.5	9.3	6.2
Merchandise Trade balance			−7.6	−9.1	1.5	16.3	14.0	11.7	8.6
Exports (f.o.b.)			55.7	54.7	56.7	52.9	56.8	67.9	63.2
Annual growth in percent			24.8	−1.9	3.8	−6.8	7.4	19.5	−6.9
Imports (f.o.b.)			63.3	63.8	55.2	36.6	42.8	56.2	54.6
Annual growth in percent			31.9	0.7	−13.3	−33.8	16.9	31.3	−2.8
Factor services and transfers (net)			−5.6	−5.2	−4.6	−2.0	−1.5	−2.4	−2.4
Capital and financial account balance			20.4	16.5	−15.5	−17.5	−10.3	−11.0	−2.0
Direct investment			1.2	1.7	3.3	7.2	5.9	3.2	2.9
Other private capital (including errors and omissions)			18.1	13.5	−14.1	−25.5	−19.4	−13.6	−6.8
Public sector ^7/			1.1	1.3	−4.7	0.8	3.2	−0.6	1.9
Net official reserve change (increase −)			−7.2	−2.2	18.6	3.2	−2.2	1.7	−4.2
International reserves and external debt^8/
Central bank (net)
Central bank (gross)			37.0	38.7	27.0	29.5	34.8	32.7	33.0
In months of imports			6.3	6.6	5.3	8.7	8.8	6.3	6.5
Outstanding external debt			100.8	108.7	109.3	105.1	95.0	79.7	67.3
Of which: public debt			16.4	16.8	24.1	31.6	36.2	33.9	28.3
Of which: private, short-term			52.3	47.7	38.3	28.3	19.4	14.7	13.2
Ratio of gross reserves to private short-term debt (in percent)			70.8	81.2	70.5	104.5	179.2	222.7	249.9

Sources: Information provided by the Thai authorities; and Fund staff estimates.

^²/Includes extrabudgetary funds, local governments and nonfinancial public enterprises.

^³/Primary Balance is Overall Balance plus interest payments of central government.

^⁴/Data provided by the BOT.

^⁵/Excludes data from 56 closed finance companies.

^⁶/Adjusted forbad debt transfers to Asset Management Companies and write-offs.

^⁷/Includes offshore forward and swap transactions by monetary authorities.

^⁸/End of period.

II. Economic Indicators
			1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
					(In percent of GDP)
Origin of GDP
Agriculture, forestry and fishing			9.5	9.5	9.4	10.8	9.3	8.8	8.6
Manufacturing			29.9	29.7	30.2	30.9	32.7	33.6	33.5
Construction			7.2	7.4	5.7	3.9	3.6	3.1	2.9
Commerce			16.9	16.5	17.2	17.0	17.3	17.3	17.2
Transport and communication			7.2	7.4	7.8	7.8	8.1	8.1	8.l
Financial services			7.1	7.1	6.5	5.1	3.4	3.0	3.0
Other services			22.1	22.3	23.1	24.6	25.6	26.2	26.8
Expenditure on GDP, Savings and Investment
Private consumption			53.2	53.8	54.7	54.2	55.9	56.1	56.9
Private investment			32.2	30.8	22.2	12.7	11.6	13.9	15.7
Exports of goods and nonfactor services			41.8	39.3	48.0	58.9	58.4	67.1	66.3
Imports of goods and nonfactor services			48.6	45.5	46.6	43.0	45.8	58.4	60.2
Current account of the balance of payments			−8.0	−8.0	−0.8	12.9	10.2	7.6	5.4
Gross national savings			32.4	31.6	30.3	29.9	28.0	28.8	…
Gross domestic investment			42.1	41.8	33.7	20.4	20.5	22.7	24.0
	of which: public investment		8.9	10.2	11.6	9.7	9.3	8.1	7.6
			1995/96	1996/97	1997/98	1998/99	1999/00	2000/01
Public finances^1/
Central government overall balance			2.4	−2.1	−7.6	−10.5	−3.2	−2.8
	Revenues		19.5	18.6	16.2	16.2	16.4	17.8
	Expenditures		17.1	20.6	23.8	26.7	19.7	20.6
		Of which: Interest expenditures	0.2	0.3	0.2	1.0	3.8	1.4
Non financial public sector overall balance ^2/			2.8	−3.2	−8.4	−12.3	−4.1	−2.5
Nonfinancial public sector primary balance ^3/			3.0	−2.9	−8.3	−11.4	−0.3	−1.1
Debt
Total public debt (end of year]			14.5	36.3	45.2	55.9	57.3	57.9
Central government (including F1DF debt)			5.2	24.1	31.8	38.7	38.8	38.8
Nonfinancial Public Enterprises			9.3	12.1	13.4	17.2	18.5	19.2
			1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
Total external debt (end of year) ^4/			60.0	59.7	70.1	93.2	77.6	65.1	58.6
Of which: public debt			9.8	9.2	15.4	28.0	29.6	27.7	24.6
				(Annual percentage change, unless otherwise indicated)
National Accounts and Prices
Real GDP per capita			8.0	4.8	−2.3	−11.4	3.4	3.6	1.0
Real GDP			9.2	5.9	−1.4	−10.5	4.4	4.6	1.8
Nominal GDP			15.3	10.1	2.6	−2.2	0.1	5.9	4.0
Nominal GDP (in billions of batit)			4,186.2	4,611.0	4,732.6	4,626.4	4,632.1	4,904.7	5,099.6
GDP deflator			5.6	4.0	4.1	9.2	−4.1	1.2	2.1
Consumer prices (average)			5.8	5.9	5.5	8.1	0.3	1.6	1.6
Consumer prices (end of period)			7.4	4.8	7.6	4.3	0.7	1.3	0.8
Core inflation			5.3	5.1	4.7	7.2	1.8	0.7	1.3
Unemployment rate			1.7	1.5	15	4.4	4.2	3.6	3.3
			1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
				(Annual percentage charge, unless otherwise indicated)
Money and Credit ^5/
Private sector (adjusted, end of period) ^6/			…	14.2	23.4	−9.7	−3.2	−0.1	0.7
Money and quasi-money (M2a) (end of period)			18.1	12.7	2.0	2.1	1.3	3.5	4.7
Stock in percent of GDP			1.0	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.1	l.l	1.1
Money (MO) (end of period)			17.4	7.1	9.8	−4.7	48.4	−13.9	8.4
Real M2a (end of period)			12.3	6.8	−3.6	−6.0	1.0	1.9	3.1
Net domestic credit			24.3	14.2	15.4	−12.9	−7.9	−14.2	−7.5
Credit to private sector			14.6	17.4	12.6	−4.4	6.6	−13.2	5.4
Credit to non financial public sector (net)			25.6	14.5	13.8	−18.5	−9.6	−15.7	−9.2
Interest Rates and Exchange Rates
Overnight interbank rate			10.3	12.1	21.7	2.6	1.2	1.7	2.1
Minimum Lending Rate (average of five largest banks)			13.8	13.1	15.3	11.8	8.4	7.9	7.3
Baht/dollar (average of period)			24.9	25.3	31.4	41.4	37.8	40.2	44.5
Nominal effective exchange rate (1994=100)			87.9	98.6	88.1	72.0	75.2	72.0	68.2
Real effective exchange rate (1994=100)			91.4	104.7	96.5	83.7	86.8	83.4	79.5
Terms of trade (deterioration −)			n/a	n/a	0.5	−5.9	1.3	−8.9	−9.4
			(In billions of U.S. dollars)
Balance of payments
Current account balance			−13.2	−14.3	−3.1	14.3	12.5	9.3	6.2
Merchandise Trade balance			−7.6	−9.1	1.5	16.3	14.0	11.7	8.6
Exports (f.o.b.)			55.7	54.7	56.7	52.9	56.8	67.9	63.2
Annual growth in percent			24.8	−1.9	3.8	−6.8	7.4	19.5	−6.9
Imports (f.o.b.)			63.3	63.8	55.2	36.6	42.8	56.2	54.6
Annual growth in percent			31.9	0.7	−13.3	−33.8	16.9	31.3	−2.8
Factor services and transfers (net)			−5.6	−5.2	−4.6	−2.0	−1.5	−2.4	−2.4
Capital and financial account balance			20.4	16.5	−15.5	−17.5	−10.3	−11.0	−2.0
Direct investment			1.2	1.7	3.3	7.2	5.9	3.2	2.9
Other private capital (including errors and omissions)			18.1	13.5	−14.1	−25.5	−19.4	−13.6	−6.8
Public sector ^7/			1.1	1.3	−4.7	0.8	3.2	−0.6	1.9
Net official reserve change (increase −)			−7.2	−2.2	18.6	3.2	−2.2	1.7	−4.2
International reserves and external debt^8/
Central bank (net)
Central bank (gross)			37.0	38.7	27.0	29.5	34.8	32.7	33.0
In months of imports			6.3	6.6	5.3	8.7	8.8	6.3	6.5
Outstanding external debt			100.8	108.7	109.3	105.1	95.0	79.7	67.3
Of which: public debt			16.4	16.8	24.1	31.6	36.2	33.9	28.3
Of which: private, short-term			52.3	47.7	38.3	28.3	19.4	14.7	13.2
Ratio of gross reserves to private short-term debt (in percent)			70.8	81.2	70.5	104.5	179.2	222.7	249.9

Sources: Information provided by the Thai authorities; and Fund staff estimates.

^²/Includes extrabudgetary funds, local governments and nonfinancial public enterprises.

^³/Primary Balance is Overall Balance plus interest payments of central government.

^⁴/Data provided by the BOT.

^⁵/Excludes data from 56 closed finance companies.

^⁶/Adjusted forbad debt transfers to Asset Management Companies and write-offs.

^⁷/Includes offshore forward and swap transactions by monetary authorities.

^⁸/End of period.

Table 2.

Thailand: Construction and the Property Market, 1995–2002

Source: Data provided by the Thai authorities.

^¹/First two months of year.

Table 2.

Thailand: Construction and the Property Market, 1995–2002

				1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002 ^1/
Area permitted for construction
	in Bangkok (thousand square metres)
		Total		25,380	15,844	12,849	4,268	3,884	4,020	5,066	484
			Housing	17,263	10,944	7,636	2,844	2,181	2,920	4,011	337
			Commercial	6,411	4,191	4,742	1,064	1,432	807	718	87
			Industrial	85	49	116	4	0	4	12	35
			Services and transportation	410	264	205	259	102	138	175	21
			Other	1,211	396	150	97	169	151	150	4

Source: Data provided by the Thai authorities.

^¹/First two months of year.

Table 2.

Thailand: Construction and the Property Market, 1995–2002

				1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002 ^1/
Area permitted for construction
	in Bangkok (thousand square metres)
		Total		25,380	15,844	12,849	4,268	3,884	4,020	5,066	484
			Housing	17,263	10,944	7,636	2,844	2,181	2,920	4,011	337
			Commercial	6,411	4,191	4,742	1,064	1,432	807	718	87
			Industrial	85	49	116	4	0	4	12	35
			Services and transportation	410	264	205	259	102	138	175	21
			Other	1,211	396	150	97	169	151	150	4

Source: Data provided by the Thai authorities.

^¹/First two months of year.

Table 3.

Thailand: Promotional Activities of the Board of Investment, 1995–2002 ^1/

(In millions of baht; except where otherwise indicated)

Source: Data provided by the Office of the Board of Investment.

^¹/From June 1999 onward statistics do not include applications submitted for (a) relocation; (b) BOI privileges tranferred; and (c) existing projects applying for nontax incentives.

^²/January-March 2002.

Table 3.

Thailand: Promotional Activities of the Board of Investment, 1995–2002 ^1/

(In millions of baht; except where otherwise indicated)

			1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002 ^2/
Number of applications received			1,407	1,198	808	691	902	1,030	891	166
Value of investment			901,400	834,700	380,100	242,400	189,300	355,300	190,700	35,700
Number of applications approved			1,205	974	868	648	680	1.111	820	178
Value of investment			584,700	529,400	468,600	287,500	162,200	279,200	266,300	42,200
Number of promotion certificates issued			978	942	792	569	554	784	766	218
Value of investment			328,300	427,100	404,700	244,500	139,500	290,300	183,400	59,000
Number of firms starting operations			322	611	465	697	526	625	611	168
Value of investment			132,500	230,300	267,400	283,800	205,300	304,900	267,900	68,300
Number of Thai employees			93,563	171,711	133,882	160,086	100,073	141,376	129,529	40,759
Value of approved investments by sector
	Agriculture and agricultural products		20,429	17,984	19,000	18,400	15,800	37,300	29,600	7,800
	Minerals, metals, and ceramics		150,248	99,124	30,600	1,300	1,000	11,000	6,000	500
	Light industry		10,656	6,737	7,600	10,800	10,600	36,700	14,800	6,100
	Metal products, machinery, and transport		53,044	53,303	33,200	10,800	13,300	31,000	27,100	9,000
		equipment
	Electronics and electrical products		44,303	85,311	31,600	61,200	58,800	77,200	54,000	11,200
	Chemical products, paper, and plastics		227.110	126,015	171,200	54,400	43,900	72,800	72,700	3,700
	Services and public utilities		77,668	140,949	175,400	130,600	18,800	13,200	62,000	4,000
Direction of approved investments
	Export-oriented production
		(over 80 percent exported)	67,490	98,700	94,900	111,200	120,600	171,400	123,700	27,100
Ownership of approved investments
	Total		584,700	529,400	468,600	287,500	162,200	279,200	266,300	42,200
		Domestic	174,200	173,500	147,800	29,900	17,900	61,300	52,100	11,500
		Foreign	35,200	75,800	36,000	80,000	82,900	123,200	106,700	22,000
		Joint venture	375,300	280,100	284,800	177,600	61,400	94,700	107,400	8,700

Source: Data provided by the Office of the Board of Investment.

^¹/From June 1999 onward statistics do not include applications submitted for (a) relocation; (b) BOI privileges tranferred; and (c) existing projects applying for nontax incentives.

^²/January-March 2002.

Table 3.

Thailand: Promotional Activities of the Board of Investment, 1995–2002 ^1/

(In millions of baht; except where otherwise indicated)

			1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002 ^2/
Number of applications received			1,407	1,198	808	691	902	1,030	891	166
Value of investment			901,400	834,700	380,100	242,400	189,300	355,300	190,700	35,700
Number of applications approved			1,205	974	868	648	680	1.111	820	178
Value of investment			584,700	529,400	468,600	287,500	162,200	279,200	266,300	42,200
Number of promotion certificates issued			978	942	792	569	554	784	766	218
Value of investment			328,300	427,100	404,700	244,500	139,500	290,300	183,400	59,000
Number of firms starting operations			322	611	465	697	526	625	611	168
Value of investment			132,500	230,300	267,400	283,800	205,300	304,900	267,900	68,300
Number of Thai employees			93,563	171,711	133,882	160,086	100,073	141,376	129,529	40,759
Value of approved investments by sector
	Agriculture and agricultural products		20,429	17,984	19,000	18,400	15,800	37,300	29,600	7,800
	Minerals, metals, and ceramics		150,248	99,124	30,600	1,300	1,000	11,000	6,000	500
	Light industry		10,656	6,737	7,600	10,800	10,600	36,700	14,800	6,100
	Metal products, machinery, and transport		53,044	53,303	33,200	10,800	13,300	31,000	27,100	9,000
		equipment
	Electronics and electrical products		44,303	85,311	31,600	61,200	58,800	77,200	54,000	11,200
	Chemical products, paper, and plastics		227.110	126,015	171,200	54,400	43,900	72,800	72,700	3,700
	Services and public utilities		77,668	140,949	175,400	130,600	18,800	13,200	62,000	4,000
Direction of approved investments
	Export-oriented production
		(over 80 percent exported)	67,490	98,700	94,900	111,200	120,600	171,400	123,700	27,100
Ownership of approved investments
	Total		584,700	529,400	468,600	287,500	162,200	279,200	266,300	42,200
		Domestic	174,200	173,500	147,800	29,900	17,900	61,300	52,100	11,500
		Foreign	35,200	75,800	36,000	80,000	82,900	123,200	106,700	22,000
		Joint venture	375,300	280,100	284,800	177,600	61,400	94,700	107,400	8,700

Source: Data provided by the Office of the Board of Investment.

^¹/From June 1999 onward statistics do not include applications submitted for (a) relocation; (b) BOI privileges tranferred; and (c) existing projects applying for nontax incentives.

^²/January-March 2002.

Table 4.

Thailand: Population, Labor Force, and Employment by Major Economic Sectors, 1996–2001 ^1/

Source: Data provided by the National Economic & Social Development Board (NESDB).

^¹/Since 1996, covers fifteen years of age and above.

^²/Includes persons 15 years of age and above who were available for work but did not work at all and were looking for work.

^³/Includes persons 15 years of age and above who were available for work but did not work at all and were not looking for work.

Table 4.

Thailand: Population, Labor Force, and Employment by Major Economic Sectors, 1996–2001 ^1/

			1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
				(In millions of persons)
Population			59.90	60.50	61.17	61.78	62.40	62.94
Labor force ^1/			32.12	32.57	32.46	32.72	33.22	33.92
Open unemployed ^2/			0.11	0.14	0.46	0.39	0.32	0.29
Passive unemployed ^3/			0.38	0.35	0.96	0.98	0.88	0.81
Employment ^1/			30.98	31.52	30.10	30.66	31.29	32.17
	Agriculture		14.03	14.20	13.45	13.88	13.89	13.59
	Non-agriculture		16.95	17.33	16.65	16.79	17.40	18.59
		Mining	0.53	0.52	0.45	0.64	0.45	0.47
		Manufacturing	4.63	4.62	4.56	4.60	4.99	5.68
		Construction	2.63	2.49	1.63	1.40	1.50	1.58
		water supplies	0.15	0.18	0.20	0.16	0.17	0.17
		Commerce and banking	4.37	4.58	4.61	4.76	4.89	4.49
		Transportation	1.00	1.04	0.99	1.01	0.97	1.02
		Services and others	4.11	4.37	4.61	4.79	4.83	5.60
			(Changes in percent, except otherwise indicated)
Participation rate (labor force in percent			73.9	73.5	72.1	71.6	71.5	72.1
	of population 15 years of age and over)
Rate of unemployment (as percent of labor force)			1.5	1.5	4.4	4.2	3.6	3.2
Population			n.a.	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.0	0.9
Labor force ^1/			n.a.	1.4	−0.4	0.8	1.5	2.1
Open unemployed ^2/			n.a.	20.0	234.6	−15.1	−17.8	−9.8
Passive unemployed ^3/			n.a.	−7.1	172.2	2.7	−10.9	−7.7
Employment ^1/			n.a.	1.8	−4.5	1.9	2.1	2.8
	Agriculture		n.a.	1.2	−5.2	3.1	0.1	−2.2
	Non-agriculture		n.a.	2.2	−3.9	0.8	3.7	6.8
		Mining	n.a.	−2.4	−14.6	44.3	−30.8	5.4
		Manufacturing	n.a.	−0.1	−1.3	0.7	8.6	13.7
		Construction	n.a.	−5.4	−34.5	−14.2	7.4	5.2
		Electricity & water supplies	n.a.	16.3	10.9	−19.7	5.6	5.1
		Commerce and banking	n.a.	4.6	0.8	3.3	2.6	−8.1
		Transportation	n.a.	4.4	−4.8	1.9	−3.9	4.7
		Services and others	n.a.	6.2	5.6	3.8	0.9	15.8

Source: Data provided by the National Economic & Social Development Board (NESDB).

^¹/Since 1996, covers fifteen years of age and above.

^²/Includes persons 15 years of age and above who were available for work but did not work at all and were looking for work.

^³/Includes persons 15 years of age and above who were available for work but did not work at all and were not looking for work.

Table 4.

Thailand: Population, Labor Force, and Employment by Major Economic Sectors, 1996–2001 ^1/

			1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
				(In millions of persons)
Population			59.90	60.50	61.17	61.78	62.40	62.94
Labor force ^1/			32.12	32.57	32.46	32.72	33.22	33.92
Open unemployed ^2/			0.11	0.14	0.46	0.39	0.32	0.29
Passive unemployed ^3/			0.38	0.35	0.96	0.98	0.88	0.81
Employment ^1/			30.98	31.52	30.10	30.66	31.29	32.17
	Agriculture		14.03	14.20	13.45	13.88	13.89	13.59
	Non-agriculture		16.95	17.33	16.65	16.79	17.40	18.59
		Mining	0.53	0.52	0.45	0.64	0.45	0.47
		Manufacturing	4.63	4.62	4.56	4.60	4.99	5.68
		Construction	2.63	2.49	1.63	1.40	1.50	1.58
		water supplies	0.15	0.18	0.20	0.16	0.17	0.17
		Commerce and banking	4.37	4.58	4.61	4.76	4.89	4.49
		Transportation	1.00	1.04	0.99	1.01	0.97	1.02
		Services and others	4.11	4.37	4.61	4.79	4.83	5.60
			(Changes in percent, except otherwise indicated)
Participation rate (labor force in percent			73.9	73.5	72.1	71.6	71.5	72.1
	of population 15 years of age and over)
Rate of unemployment (as percent of labor force)			1.5	1.5	4.4	4.2	3.6	3.2
Population			n.a.	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.0	0.9
Labor force ^1/			n.a.	1.4	−0.4	0.8	1.5	2.1
Open unemployed ^2/			n.a.	20.0	234.6	−15.1	−17.8	−9.8
Passive unemployed ^3/			n.a.	−7.1	172.2	2.7	−10.9	−7.7
Employment ^1/			n.a.	1.8	−4.5	1.9	2.1	2.8
	Agriculture		n.a.	1.2	−5.2	3.1	0.1	−2.2
	Non-agriculture		n.a.	2.2	−3.9	0.8	3.7	6.8
		Mining	n.a.	−2.4	−14.6	44.3	−30.8	5.4
		Manufacturing	n.a.	−0.1	−1.3	0.7	8.6	13.7
		Construction	n.a.	−5.4	−34.5	−14.2	7.4	5.2
		Electricity & water supplies	n.a.	16.3	10.9	−19.7	5.6	5.1
		Commerce and banking	n.a.	4.6	0.8	3.3	2.6	−8.1
		Transportation	n.a.	4.4	−4.8	1.9	−3.9	4.7
		Services and others	n.a.	6.2	5.6	3.8	0.9	15.8

Source: Data provided by the National Economic & Social Development Board (NESDB).

^¹/Since 1996, covers fifteen years of age and above.

^²/Includes persons 15 years of age and above who were available for work but did not work at all and were looking for work.

^³/Includes persons 15 years of age and above who were available for work but did not work at all and were not looking for work.

Table 5.

Thailand: Average Earnings, Classified by Manufacturing Categories, 1995–2001 ^1/

Source: Data provided by the National Economic & Social Development Board (NFSDB)

^¹/Earnings are in the form of monetary value (daily, weekly, and monthly wages together with overtime, bonus and other remunerations).

Table 5.

Thailand: Average Earnings, Classified by Manufacturing Categories, 1995–2001 ^1/

		1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
		(In baht per month)
Manufacturing (whole Kingdom)		5,733	5,950	6,589	6,504	6,524	6,496	7,103
	Food, beverages, and tobacco	5,178	5,263	5,779	5,917	5,701	6,014	6,512
	Textiles, wearing apparel, leather, and leather products	4,230	4,540	5,159	5,136	5,440	5,195	4,983
	Wood and wood products including furniture	3,421	3,570	3,862	4,698	4,890	4,033	4,217
	Paper and paper products, printing and publishing	7,418	6,991	9,916	7,074	7,765	6,976	12,531
	Chemicals and chemical, petroleum, Cool and rubber and plastic products	10,680	10,679	8,004	7,994	8,488	8,962	11,118
	Non-metallic mineral products, except products of petroleum and coal	5,613	5,861	6,390	7,370	6,959	7,748	6,508
	Basic metal industrics	6,721	6,606	6,585	8,599	7,013	7,106	7,240
	Fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment	4,929	6,676	6,782	7,275	6,031	6,363	6,544
	Other manufacturing industries	6,079	6,028	7,630	7,355	7,346	7,079	8,720
Construction		5,775	5,528	7,572	5,512	5,528	7,498	11,808
		(Percent change from year earlier)
Manufacturing (whole Kingdom)		14.9	3.8	10.7	−1.3	0.3	−0.4	9.3
	Food, beverages, and tobacco	4.0	1.6	9.8	2.4	−3.7	5.5	8.3
	Textiles, wearing apparel leather, and leather products	13.0	7.3	13.6	−0.4	5.9	−4.5	−4.1
	Wood and wood products including furniture	37.1	4.4	8.2	21.6	4.1	−17.5	4.6
	Paper and paper products, printing and publishing	23.0	−5.8	41.8	−28.7	9.8	−10.2	79.6
	Chemicals and chemical, petroleum, coal, rubber and plastic products	61.0	0.0	−25.0	−0.1	6.2	5.6	24.1
	Non-metallic mineral products, except products of petroleum and coal	24.7	4.4	9.0	15.3	−5.6	11.3	−16.0
	Basic metal industries	19.3	−1.7	−0.3	30.6	−18.4	1.3	1.9
	Fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment	−6.2	35.4	1.6	7.3	−17.1	5.5	2.6
	Other manufacturing industries	2.0	−0.8	26.6	−3.6	−0.1	−3.6	23.2
Construction		−13.1	−4.3	37.0	−27.2	0.3	35.6	57.5

Source: Data provided by the National Economic & Social Development Board (NFSDB)

^¹/Earnings are in the form of monetary value (daily, weekly, and monthly wages together with overtime, bonus and other remunerations).

Table 5.

Thailand: Average Earnings, Classified by Manufacturing Categories, 1995–2001 ^1/

		1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001
		(In baht per month)
Manufacturing (whole Kingdom)		5,733	5,950	6,589	6,504	6,524	6,496	7,103
	Food, beverages, and tobacco	5,178	5,263	5,779	5,917	5,701	6,014	6,512
	Textiles, wearing apparel, leather, and leather products	4,230	4,540	5,159	5,136	5,440	5,195	4,983
	Wood and wood products including furniture	3,421	3,570	3,862	4,698	4,890	4,033	4,217
	Paper and paper products, printing and publishing	7,418	6,991	9,916	7,074	7,765	6,976	12,531
	Chemicals and chemical, petroleum, Cool and rubber and plastic products	10,680	10,679	8,004	7,994	8,488	8,962	11,118
	Non-metallic mineral products, except products of petroleum and coal	5,613	5,861	6,390	7,370	6,959	7,748	6,508
	Basic metal industrics	6,721	6,606	6,585	8,599	7,013	7,106	7,240
	Fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment	4,929	6,676	6,782	7,275	6,031	6,363	6,544
	Other manufacturing industries	6,079	6,028	7,630	7,355	7,346	7,079	8,720
Construction		5,775	5,528	7,572	5,512	5,528	7,498	11,808
		(Percent change from year earlier)
Manufacturing (whole Kingdom)		14.9	3.8	10.7	−1.3	0.3	−0.4	9.3
	Food, beverages, and tobacco	4.0	1.6	9.8	2.4	−3.7	5.5	8.3
	Textiles, wearing apparel leather, and leather products	13.0	7.3	13.6	−0.4	5.9	−4.5	−4.1
	Wood and wood products including furniture	37.1	4.4	8.2	21.6	4.1	−17.5	4.6
	Paper and paper products, printing and publishing	23.0	−5.8	41.8	−28.7	9.8	−10.2	79.6
	Chemicals and chemical, petroleum, coal, rubber and plastic products	61.0	0.0	−25.0	−0.1	6.2	5.6	24.1
	Non-metallic mineral products, except products of petroleum and coal	24.7	4.4	9.0	15.3	−5.6	11.3	−16.0
	Basic metal industries	19.3	−1.7	−0.3	30.6	−18.4	1.3	1.9
	Fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment	−6.2	35.4	1.6	7.3	−17.1	5.5	2.6
	Other manufacturing industries	2.0	−0.8	26.6	−3.6	−0.1	−3.6	23.2
Construction		−13.1	−4.3	37.0	−27.2	0.3	35.6	57.5

Source: Data provided by the National Economic & Social Development Board (NFSDB)

^¹/Earnings are in the form of monetary value (daily, weekly, and monthly wages together with overtime, bonus and other remunerations).

Table 6.

Thailand: Selected Energy Prices, 1995–2002 ^1/

Source: Data provided by the National Energy Policy Office (NEPO).

^¹/Annual average of monthly prices.

^²/Average price of electricity sold (MEA, PEA) including VAT.

^³/Retail price for Bangkok; 1995 column reports the price of fuel oil grade 2 (1,500).

^⁴/In 1992–97, tax rate of fuel oil was 17 percent of ex-refinery value, in 1997–98, tax rate of fuel oil was 17.5 percent of ex-refinery value. Since 1999, tax rate of fuel oil is 5 percent of ex-refinery value.

^⁵/Through February.

Table 6.

Thailand: Selected Energy Prices, 1995–2002 ^1/

		1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002 ^5/
Average import price of crude oil (baht/barrel)		17.51	20.71	19.97	13.21	17.42	28.59	24.48	21.27
	Index (1994 = 100)	108.4	128.2	123.6	81.7	107.8	176.90	151.5	131.62
Electricity (baht/kwh) ^2/		1.93	2.00	1.99	2.16	2.09	2.34	2.51	…
	Index (1994 = 100)	106.4	110.1	109.4	118.9	114.9	128.8	138.7	…
Premium gasoline (baht/liter) ^3/		8.87	9.23	10.48	11.86	11.98	15.63	15.48	14.15
	Index (1994 = 100)	105.7	110.0	124.9	141.4	136.7	186.10	184.3	168.45
	Tax (baht/liter)	2.59	2.68	2.84	3.94	4.05	4.05	4.05	4.05
High-speed diesel (baht/liter) ³/		7.60	8.62	9.49	9.19	8.96	12.95	13.51	11.88
Index (1994 = 100)		102.8	116.4	128.4	124.4	114.7	175.00	182.6	160.54
Tax (baht/liter)		2.20	2.28	2.44	2.44	2.07	2.54	2.54	2.54
Fuel oil (baht/liter) ^3/		4.05	4.52	5.34	6.86	6.29	9.22	9.30	8.40
	lndex(1994 = 100)	96.9	108.1	127.8	153.6	137.8	263.40	265.7	240.00
	Tax (baht/liter) ^4/	0.43	0.49	0.59	0.55	0.19	0.29	0.29	0.37
Kerosene (baht per liter)		8.70	10.02	11.17	11.70	11.63	15.10	16.03	14.79

Source: Data provided by the National Energy Policy Office (NEPO).

^¹/Annual average of monthly prices.

^²/Average price of electricity sold (MEA, PEA) including VAT.

^³/Retail price for Bangkok; 1995 column reports the price of fuel oil grade 2 (1,500).

^⁵/Through February.

Table 6.

Thailand: Selected Energy Prices, 1995–2002 ^1/

		1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002 ^5/
Average import price of crude oil (baht/barrel)		17.51	20.71	19.97	13.21	17.42	28.59	24.48	21.27
	Index (1994 = 100)	108.4	128.2	123.6	81.7	107.8	176.90	151.5	131.62
Electricity (baht/kwh) ^2/		1.93	2.00	1.99	2.16	2.09	2.34	2.51	…
	Index (1994 = 100)	106.4	110.1	109.4	118.9	114.9	128.8	138.7	…
Premium gasoline (baht/liter) ^3/		8.87	9.23	10.48	11.86	11.98	15.63	15.48	14.15
	Index (1994 = 100)	105.7	110.0	124.9	141.4	136.7	186.10	184.3	168.45
	Tax (baht/liter)	2.59	2.68	2.84	3.94	4.05	4.05	4.05	4.05
High-speed diesel (baht/liter) ³/		7.60	8.62	9.49	9.19	8.96	12.95	13.51	11.88
Index (1994 = 100)		102.8	116.4	128.4	124.4	114.7	175.00	182.6	160.54
Tax (baht/liter)		2.20	2.28	2.44	2.44	2.07	2.54	2.54	2.54
Fuel oil (baht/liter) ^3/		4.05	4.52	5.34	6.86	6.29	9.22	9.30	8.40
	lndex(1994 = 100)	96.9	108.1	127.8	153.6	137.8	263.40	265.7	240.00
	Tax (baht/liter) ^4/	0.43	0.49	0.59	0.55	0.19	0.29	0.29	0.37
Kerosene (baht per liter)		8.70	10.02	11.17	11.70	11.63	15.10	16.03	14.79

Source: Data provided by the National Energy Policy Office (NEPO).

^¹/Annual average of monthly prices.

^²/Average price of electricity sold (MEA, PEA) including VAT.

^³/Retail price for Bangkok; 1995 column reports the price of fuel oil grade 2 (1,500).

^⁵/Through February.

Table 7.

Thailand: Central Government Fiscal Accounts, 1995/96–2000/01 ^1/

(In billions of baht)

Source: Data provided by the Thai authorities.

^¹/The fiscal year runs from October to September. Data are based on GFS definitions and the coverage corresponds to the consolidatated central government, which includes extra-budgetary funds, social security funds, and the fiscalization of financial-sector restructuring costs.

^²/As recorded in the monetary survey.

Table 7.

Thailand: Central Government Fiscal Accounts, 1995/96–2000/01 ^1/

(In billions of baht)

			1995/96	1996/97	1997/98	1998/99	1999/00	2000/01
Total revenue and grant			876.1	873.4	757.8	743.1	795.0	900.4
	Revenue		873.0	870.4	753.3	739.1	790.8	896.6
		Tax	792.4	777.5	665.7	641.0	691.0	741.1
		Nontax	80.6	92.9	87.6	98.1	99.8	155.5
	Grants		3.1	3.0	4.5	4.0	4.2	3.8
Total expenditure and net lending			767.9	971.4	1114.3	1225.2	947.2	1090.9
	Current expenditure		485.3	530.6	532.2	596.5	655.4	838.7
	Capital expenditure		272.7	427.1	519.5	563.7	227.8	223.9
	Net lending		9.9	13.7	62.6	65.0	64.0	28.3
Overall balance			108.2	−98.0	−356.5	−482.1	−152.3	−190.5
Financing			−108.2	97.9	356.3	482.1	152.1	140.9
	External		2.9	10.2	71.4	52.7	33.0	32.3
	Domestic		−111.1	87.7	284.9	429.4	119.1	108.6
		Bank ^2/	−120.4	89.8	204.6	260.7	89.6	100.9
		Nonbank	−3.8	−2.1	116.6	93.4	29.5	7.7
		Float	13.1	0.0	−36.3	75.3	0.0	0.0
			(In percent of fiscal year GDP)
Total revenue and grant			19.5	18.6	16.2	16.2	16.5	17.8
	Revenue		19.4	18.5	16.1	16.1	16.4	17.7
		Tax	17.6	16.5	14.2	14.0	14.3	14.6
		Nontax	1.8	2.0	1.9	2.1	2.1	3.1
	Grants		0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Total expenditure and net lending			17.1	20.6	23.8	26.7	19.6	21.5
	Current expenditure		10.8	11.3	11.4	13.0	13.6	16.6
	Capital expenditure		6.1	9.1	11.1	12.3	4.7	4.4
	Net lending		0.2	0.3	1.3	1.4	1.3	0.6
Overall balance			2.4	−2.1	−7.6	−10.5	−3.2	−3.8
Financing			−2.4	−2.1	7.6	10.5	3.1	2.8
	External		0.1	0.2	1.5	1.1	0.7	0.6
	Domestic		−2.5	1.9	6.1	9.4	2.5	2.1
		Bank ^2/	−2.7	1.9	4.4	5.7	1.9	2.0
		Nonbank	−0.1	0.0	2.5	2.0	0.6	0.2
		Float	0.3	−0.3	−0.8	1.6	0.0	0.0
Memorandum item:
	Fiscal year GDP		4,503.0	4,705.9	4,673.5	4,587.8	4,831.3	5,064.6

Source: Data provided by the Thai authorities.

^²/As recorded in the monetary survey.

Table 7.

Thailand: Central Government Fiscal Accounts, 1995/96–2000/01 ^1/

(In billions of baht)

			1995/96	1996/97	1997/98	1998/99	1999/00	2000/01
Total revenue and grant			876.1	873.4	757.8	743.1	795.0	900.4
	Revenue		873.0	870.4	753.3	739.1	790.8	896.6
		Tax	792.4	777.5	665.7	641.0	691.0	741.1
		Nontax	80.6	92.9	87.6	98.1	99.8	155.5
	Grants		3.1	3.0	4.5	4.0	4.2	3.8
Total expenditure and net lending			767.9	971.4	1114.3	1225.2	947.2	1090.9
	Current expenditure		485.3	530.6	532.2	596.5	655.4	838.7
	Capital expenditure		272.7	427.1	519.5	563.7	227.8	223.9
	Net lending		9.9	13.7	62.6	65.0	64.0	28.3
Overall balance			108.2	−98.0	−356.5	−482.1	−152.3	−190.5
Financing			−108.2	97.9	356.3	482.1	152.1	140.9
	External		2.9	10.2	71.4	52.7	33.0	32.3
	Domestic		−111.1	87.7	284.9	429.4	119.1	108.6
		Bank ^2/	−120.4	89.8	204.6	260.7	89.6	100.9
		Nonbank	−3.8	−2.1	116.6	93.4	29.5	7.7
		Float	13.1	0.0	−36.3	75.3	0.0	0.0
			(In percent of fiscal year GDP)
Total revenue and grant			19.5	18.6	16.2	16.2	16.5	17.8
	Revenue		19.4	18.5	16.1	16.1	16.4	17.7
		Tax	17.6	16.5	14.2	14.0	14.3	14.6
		Nontax	1.8	2.0	1.9	2.1	2.1	3.1
	Grants		0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Total expenditure and net lending			17.1	20.6	23.8	26.7	19.6	21.5
	Current expenditure		10.8	11.3	11.4	13.0	13.6	16.6
	Capital expenditure		6.1	9.1	11.1	12.3	4.7	4.4
	Net lending		0.2	0.3	1.3	1.4	1.3	0.6
Overall balance			2.4	−2.1	−7.6	−10.5	−3.2	−3.8
Financing			−2.4	−2.1	7.6	10.5	3.1	2.8
	External		0.1	0.2	1.5	1.1	0.7	0.6
	Domestic		−2.5	1.9	6.1	9.4	2.5	2.1
		Bank ^2/	−2.7	1.9	4.4	5.7	1.9	2.0
		Nonbank	−0.1	0.0	2.5	2.0	0.6	0.2
		Float	0.3	−0.3	−0.8	1.6	0.0	0.0
Memorandum item:
	Fiscal year GDP		4,503.0	4,705.9	4,673.5	4,587.8	4,831.3	5,064.6

Source: Data provided by the Thai authorities.

^²/As recorded in the monetary survey.

Table 8.

Thailand: Central Government Revenue and Grants, 1995/96–2000/01

(In billions of baht)

Source: Data provided by the Thai authorities.

Table 8.

Thailand: Central Government Revenue and Grants, 1995/96–2000/01

(In billions of baht)

						1995/96	1996/97	1997/98	1998/99	1999/00	2000/01
Total revenue and grants						876.1	873.4	757.8	743.1	795.0	900.4
	Total revenue					873.0	870.4	753.3	739.1	790.8	896.6
		Tax revenue				792.4	777.5	665.7	641.0	691.0	741.1
			Taxes on income and profits			277.7	276.2	214.8	213.7	235.4	253.6
				Personal		105.3	111.5	118.9	101.2	87.4	97.0
				Corporate		169.0	159.4	90.7	101.3	137.4	139.6
				Petroleum income tax		3.4	5.3	5.3	11.2	10.6	16.9
			Taxes on property			13.5	9.5	5.1	4.4	3.6	0.3
			Taxes on consumption			349.2	353.1	354.1	319.4	322.0	341.5
				Business tax/VAT		148.4	139.0	162.7	132.1	138.0	144.2
				Specific business tax		32.6	33.0	34.0	20.8	16.6	12.6
				Excise taxes		168.2	181.1	157.4	166.5	167.4	184.6
					Beer and spirits	38.5	43.7	39.4	48.6	31.4	33.7
					Tobacco	23.8	29.5	25.5	26.1	23.1	25.5
					Petroleum products	60.4	66.3	68.1	69.0	65.7	62.8
					Motor cars	37.0	32.0	8.9	14.2	24.1	0.9
					Other	8.5	9.6	15.5	8.6	23.1	61.7
			Profits on tobacco monopoly			0.0	7.1	1.9	7.7	5.3	5.2
			Taxes on international trade			127.7	105.2	67.8	68.1	87.1	93.1
				Import duties		126.2	103.6	66.1	66.4	84.9	91.0
				Export duties		1.5	1.6	1.7	1.7	2.2	2.1
		License fees and other taxes				24.3	26.4	21.9	27.7	37.6	47.5
	Nontax revenue					80.6	92.9	87.6	98.1	99.8	155.5
		Profits				45.9	56.9	44.3	46.4	38.5	53.3
			State lottery			4.0	4.7	7.3	7.3	9.4	4.9
			Bank of Thailand			10.4	14.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
			Slate enterprises			31.5	37.7	37.0	39.1	29.1	48.4
		Other				34.7	36.0	43.3	51.7	61.3	102.3
Grants						3.1	3.0	4.5	4.0	4.2	3.8

Source: Data provided by the Thai authorities.

Table 8.

Thailand: Central Government Revenue and Grants, 1995/96–2000/01

(In billions of baht)

						1995/96	1996/97	1997/98	1998/99	1999/00	2000/01
Total revenue and grants						876.1	873.4	757.8	743.1	795.0	900.4
	Total revenue					873.0	870.4	753.3	739.1	790.8	896.6
		Tax revenue				792.4	777.5	665.7	641.0	691.0	741.1
			Taxes on income and profits			277.7	276.2	214.8	213.7	235.4	253.6
				Personal		105.3	111.5	118.9	101.2	87.4	97.0
				Corporate		169.0	159.4	90.7	101.3	137.4	139.6
				Petroleum income tax		3.4	5.3	5.3	11.2	10.6	16.9
			Taxes on property			13.5	9.5	5.1	4.4	3.6	0.3
			Taxes on consumption			349.2	353.1	354.1	319.4	322.0	341.5
				Business tax/VAT		148.4	139.0	162.7	132.1	138.0	144.2
				Specific business tax		32.6	33.0	34.0	20.8	16.6	12.6
				Excise taxes		168.2	181.1	157.4	166.5	167.4	184.6
					Beer and spirits	38.5	43.7	39.4	48.6	31.4	33.7
					Tobacco	23.8	29.5	25.5	26.1	23.1	25.5
					Petroleum products	60.4	66.3	68.1	69.0	65.7	62.8
					Motor cars	37.0	32.0	8.9	14.2	24.1	0.9
					Other	8.5	9.6	15.5	8.6	23.1	61.7
			Profits on tobacco monopoly			0.0	7.1	1.9	7.7	5.3	5.2
			Taxes on international trade			127.7	105.2	67.8	68.1	87.1	93.1
				Import duties		126.2	103.6	66.1	66.4	84.9	91.0
				Export duties		1.5	1.6	1.7	1.7	2.2	2.1
		License fees and other taxes				24.3	26.4	21.9	27.7	37.6	47.5
	Nontax revenue					80.6	92.9	87.6	98.1	99.8	155.5
		Profits				45.9	56.9	44.3	46.4	38.5	53.3
			State lottery			4.0	4.7	7.3	7.3	9.4	4.9
			Bank of Thailand			10.4	14.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
			Slate enterprises			31.5	37.7	37.0	39.1	29.1	48.4
		Other				34.7	36.0	43.3	51.7	61.3	102.3
Grants						3.1	3.0	4.5	4.0	4.2	3.8

Source: Data provided by the Thai authorities.

Table 9.

Thailand: Central Government Expenditure by Economic Classification, 1995/96–2000/01

(In billions of baht)

Source: Data provided by the Thai authorities.

^¹/Includes remuneration annual salary adjustments, overtime, and travel expenses.

^²/Includes pensions.

Table 9.

Thailand: Central Government Expenditure by Economic Classification, 1995/96–2000/01

(In billions of baht)

			1995/96	1996/97	1997/98	1998/99	1999/00	2000/01
Total expenditure and net lending			767.9	971.4	1,114.3	1225.2	947.3	1,090.9
Total expenditure			758.0	957.4	1,051.7	1,160.2	883.2	1.062.6
Current expenditure			485.3	530.3	532.2	596.5	655.4	838.7
	Wages and salaries ^1/		241.6	262.3	281.1	298.3	298.9	302.3
	Interest		10.2	15.3	8.7	44.7	58.3	73.3
	Other goods and services		179.5	192.8	179.3	173.7	183.2	243.4
	Subsidies and current transfers		54.0	59.9	63.1	79.8	115.0	219.8
		Local government	6.0	6.3	6.8	12.9	13.3	15.1
		Public enterprises	7.8	8.6	11.8	11.2	18.4	26.4
		Households and others ^2/	40.2	45.0	44.5	55.7	83.3	178.3
Capital expenditure			272.7	427.1	519.5	563.7	227.8	223.9
	Acquisition of fixed assets		239.1	334.5	278.4	223.8	200.8	171.5
	Capital transfers		33.6	92.6	241.1	339.9	27.0	52.4
		Local government	19.6	23.6	24.4	32.8	17.8	40.4
		Public enterprises	9.3	9.8	12.8	5.8	8.0	11.2
		Households and others	4.7	59.2	203.9	301.3	1.3	0.8
Net lending			9.9	13.7	62.6	65.0	64.0	28.3

Source: Data provided by the Thai authorities.

^¹/Includes remuneration annual salary adjustments, overtime, and travel expenses.

^²/Includes pensions.

Table 9.

Thailand: Central Government Expenditure by Economic Classification, 1995/96–2000/01

(In billions of baht)

			1995/96	1996/97	1997/98	1998/99	1999/00	2000/01
Total expenditure and net lending			767.9	971.4	1,114.3	1225.2	947.3	1,090.9
Total expenditure			758.0	957.4	1,051.7	1,160.2	883.2	1.062.6
Current expenditure			485.3	530.3	532.2	596.5	655.4	838.7
	Wages and salaries ^1/		241.6	262.3	281.1	298.3	298.9	302.3
	Interest		10.2	15.3	8.7	44.7	58.3	73.3
	Other goods and services		179.5	192.8	179.3	173.7	183.2	243.4
	Subsidies and current transfers		54.0	59.9	63.1	79.8	115.0	219.8
		Local government	6.0	6.3	6.8	12.9	13.3	15.1
		Public enterprises	7.8	8.6	11.8	11.2	18.4	26.4
		Households and others ^2/	40.2	45.0	44.5	55.7	83.3	178.3
Capital expenditure			272.7	427.1	519.5	563.7	227.8	223.9
	Acquisition of fixed assets		239.1	334.5	278.4	223.8	200.8	171.5
	Capital transfers		33.6	92.6	241.1	339.9	27.0	52.4
		Local government	19.6	23.6	24.4	32.8	17.8	40.4
		Public enterprises	9.3	9.8	12.8	5.8	8.0	11.2
		Households and others	4.7	59.2	203.9	301.3	1.3	0.8
Net lending			9.9	13.7	62.6	65.0	64.0	28.3

Source: Data provided by the Thai authorities.

^¹/Includes remuneration annual salary adjustments, overtime, and travel expenses.

^²/Includes pensions.

Table 10.

Thailand: Central Government Expenditure, Classified by Purpose, 1995/96–2000/01

(In billions of baht)

Source: Data provided by the Thai authorities.

Table 10.

Thailand: Central Government Expenditure, Classified by Purpose, 1995/96–2000/01

(In billions of baht)

					1995/96	1996/97	1997/98	1998/99	1999/00	2000/01
Total expenditure					758.0	957.7	1,051.7	1,160.2	883.3	1,013.0

Current expenditure					485.3	530.6	532.2	596.5	655.5	789.1
	General public services				32.2	32.7	31.1	35.6	39.3	83.0
	Defense				91.6	98.3	84.3	73.1	71.5	73.0
	Public order and safety				39.3	40.7	41.6	44.4	47.7	51.8
	Education				133.1	146.4	154.7	170.9	171.7	181.3
	Health				48.4	51.7	55.5	63.4	61.5	65.8
	Social security and welfare				28.2	33.3	34.8	37.0	56.4	60.2
	Housing and community amenities				6.6	6.3	6.0	9.4	14.1	18.8
	Recreational, cultural, and religious				4.8	5.0	5.8	5.9	5.3	5.3
	Economic services				61.2	62.7	61.5	72.4	91.4	140.4
		Fuel and energy			2.3	2.4	3.4	1.7	9.1	8.4
		Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries			37.9	39.1	30.7	40.7	44.1	43.4
		Mining and mineral			2.6	3.0	3.3	4.6	4.6	11.5
		Transportation and communication			9.6	9.7	14.0	10.4	13.3	34.1
			Road transport		5.1	5.3	9.3	4.8	6.8	12.2
			Water transport		0.4	0.3	0.4	0.7	0.4	0.0
			Railway and other transport		2.1	1.8	1.9	2.4	3.4	1.9
			Communication		2.0	2.3	2.4	2.5	2.6	0.0
		Other			8.8	8.5	10.1	15.0	20.5	63.0
	Other				39.9	53.5	56.9	84.4	96.5	109.5
		Interest payments			10.2	15.3	8.7	44.7	56.6	63.7
				Domestic	6.2	11.4	1.7	35.1	46.1	n.a
				External	4.0	3.9	7.0	9.6	10.5	n.a
		Unclassified			29.7	38.2	48.2	39.7	39.9	45.8

Capital expenditure					272.7	427.1	519.5	563.7	227.8	223.9
	General public services				10.1	11.5	8.9	5.1	7.0	3.9
	Defense				n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	2.2	1.9
	Public order and safety				7.4	10.2	10.7	9.5	7.2	7.4
	Education				25.9	48.5	41.8	29.8	23.9	19.8
	Health				13.4	25.6	22.4	12.2	7.9	6.5
	Social security and welfare				n.a	n.a	n.a	n.a	0.1	0.1
	Housing and community amenities				34.2	45.5	34.6	38.3	31.1	32.5
	Recreational, cultural, and religious				2.9	7.7	7.7	4.2	2.2	1.6
	Economic services				167.2	266.2	380.0	454.6	139.3	129.9
		Fuel and energy			0.7	1.0	1.4	0.8	0.8	1.3
		Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries			40.5	44.2	33.0	30.4	26.9	33.4
		Mining and mineral			1.0	1.4	0.9	3.7	1.6	1.8
		Transportation and communication			100.1	133.4	121.8	94.7	92.2	71.2
		Road transport			95.5	123.6	109.0	87.8	86.1	71.1
		Water transport			0.8	2.2	3.8	2.6	3.3	0.0
		Railway and other transport			3.1	6.4	8.3	4.1	2.5	0.0
		Communication			0.7	1.2	0.7	0.2	0.4	0.0
		Other			24.9	86.2	222.9	325.0	17.7	22.2
		Other			11.6	11.9	13.4	10	6.9	20.5

Source: Data provided by the Thai authorities.

Table 10.

Thailand: Central Government Expenditure, Classified by Purpose, 1995/96–2000/01

(In billions of baht)

			1995/96	1996/97	1997/98	1998/99	1999/00	2000/01
Total expenditure			758.0	957.7	1,051.7	1,160.2	883.3	1,013.0

Current expenditure			485.3	530.6	532.2	596.5	655.5	789.1
	General public services		32.2	32.7	31.1	35.6	39.3	83.0
	Defense		91.6	98.3	84.3	73.1	71.5	73.0
	Public order and safety		39.3	40.7	41.6	44.4	47.7	51.8
	Education		133.1	146.4	154.7	170.9	171.7	181.3
	Health		48.4	51.7	55.5	63.4	61.5	65.8
	Social security and welfare		28.2	33.3	34.8	37.0	56.4	60.2
	Housing and community amenities		6.6	6.3	6.0	9.4	14.1	18.8
	Recreational, cultural, and religious		4.8	5.0	5.8	5.9	5.3	5.3
	Economic services		61.2	62.7	61.5	72.4	91.4	140.4
		Fuel and energy	2.3	2.4	3.4	1.7	9.1	8.4
		Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries	37.9	39.1	30.7	40.7	44.1	43.4
		Mining and mineral	2.6	3.0	3.3	4.6	4.6	11.5
		Transportation and communication	9.6	9.7

1. Social and Demographic Indicators
Area (thousand sq. km.)^1/			513,199.5	Labor force distribution (2001)^5/
					Percent of labor force in
Population (2001)^1/						Agriculture	41.8
	Total (million)		62.3			Industry	16.1
	Annual rate of population increase (percent)		0.7			Services	42.1
	Density (per sq. kilometer)		121.4
	Urban population in percent of total population		28.6	Education (2001)
	Rural population in percent of total population		71.4		Adult literacy rate, in percent ^6/		92.7
	Population aged 12 and over (million)		51.4		Enrollment rates, in percent ^7/
						Primary education	43.0
Population characteristics (2001)^2/						Secondary education	28.8
	Life expectancy at birth, in years ^3/		70.2			Tertiary education	13.3
	Crude birth rate (per thousand)		16.8
	Crude death rate (per thousand)		8.0	Health (2001)^8/
	Infant mortality (per thousand live births)		28.6		Population per physician		3.395
	Under 5 mortality rate (per thousand)				Population per hospital bed		445
					Population with access to safe water, percent
Income distribution (2001)						of which: rural population
	Percent of private income received
		by highest 10 percent of households		GDP (2001)
		by lowest 20 percent of households			In billions of baht		5,099.6
	Average minimum wage (in baht/day) ^4/		165.0		In millions of U.S. dollars		114,658
					Per capita, in U.S. dollars		1,822

1. Social and Demographic Indicators
Area (thousand sq. km.)^1/			513,199.5	Labor force distribution (2001)^5/
					Percent of labor force in
Population (2001)^1/						Agriculture	41.8
	Total (million)		62.3			Industry	16.1
	Annual rate of population increase (percent)		0.7			Services	42.1
	Density (per sq. kilometer)		121.4
	Urban population in percent of total population		28.6	Education (2001)
	Rural population in percent of total population		71.4		Adult literacy rate, in percent ^6/		92.7
	Population aged 12 and over (million)		51.4		Enrollment rates, in percent ^7/
						Primary education	43.0
Population characteristics (2001)^2/						Secondary education	28.8
	Life expectancy at birth, in years ^3/		70.2			Tertiary education	13.3
	Crude birth rate (per thousand)		16.8
	Crude death rate (per thousand)		8.0	Health (2001)^8/
	Infant mortality (per thousand live births)		28.6		Population per physician		3.395
	Under 5 mortality rate (per thousand)				Population per hospital bed		445
					Population with access to safe water, percent
Income distribution (2001)						of which: rural population
	Percent of private income received
		by highest 10 percent of households		GDP (2001)
		by lowest 20 percent of households			In billions of baht		5,099.6
	Average minimum wage (in baht/day) ^4/		165.0		In millions of U.S. dollars		114,658
					Per capita, in U.S. dollars		1,822

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