Front Matter Page
©1998 International Monetary Fund
February 1998
IMF Staff Country Report No. 98/14
Mali: Statistical Annex
This Statistical Annex report on Mali was prepared by a staff team of the International Monetary Fund as background documentation for the periodic consultation with this member country. As such, the views expressed in this document are those of the staff team and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Mali or the Executive Board of the IMF.
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Front Matter Page
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
MALI
Statistical Annex
Prepared by a staff team consisting of Mr. Diogo (head), Mr. Peroz, Mr. Cady, Mrs. Desclercs, and Mr. Henstridge (all AFR)
Approved by the African Department
December 5, 1997
Contents
Basic Data
Selected Social and Demographic Indicators
Tables
1. Gross Domestic Product at Constant 1987 Prices, 1991-96
2. Origin and Use of Resources, 1991-96
3. Agricultural Production, Marketing, and Official Producer Prices, 1990/91-1996/97
4. Cereals—Cultivated Area and Rainfall, 1990/91-1996/97
5. Quarterly Retail Prices for Cereals, 1990/97
6. Office du Niger: Indicators of Activity, 1989/90-1996/97
7. Implementation of the Public Investment Program, 1991-96
8. The 1994 Investment Budget, the 1995-97 Public Investment Program, and Existing Commitments for Public Investment, 1998-2000
9. Livestock Exports, Slaughtering, and Herd Size, 1991-95
10. Index of Industrial Production, 1991-96
11. Quarterly Index of Consumer Prices in Bamako, 1994-97
12. Evolution of Minimum Wages and Salaries in the Public Sector, 1990-96
13. Evolution of Employment in the Central and Regional Governments and the Public Enterprise Sector, 1991-96
14. Operating Results of Major Public Enterprises, 1991-96
15. Consolidated Government Operations, 1991-96
16. Government Revenue, 1991-96
17. Government Revenue Performance, 1991-96
18. Government Expenditure, 1991-96
19. Consolidated Operations of the Special Funds and the Annexed Budgets, 1991-96
20. Government Wage Bill and Employees, 1991-97
21. Deposit Money Banks in December 1996
22. Monetary Survey, 1991-96
23. Summary Accounts of the Central Bank, 1991-96
24. Summary Accounts of the Deposit Money Banks, 1991-96
25. Claims on the Government, 1991-96
26. Foreign Assets and Liabilities of the Banking system, 1991-96
27. Interest Rates, 1993-96
28. Rediscount Rates Applied by the Central Bank, 1989-97
29. Interest Rates in the Money Market, 1991-97
30. Lending Rates Applied by Commercial Banks, 1986-96
31. Deposit Rates Applied by Commercial Banks, 1988-96
32. Balance of Payments, 1991-96 (in CFA francs)
33. Balance of Payments, 1991-96 (in SDRs)
34. Composition of Exports, f.o.b., 1991-96
35. Composition of Imports, c.i.f., 1991-96
36. Direction of Trade, 1991-96
37. Terms of Trade, Indices, 1991-96
38. Foreign Aid, 1991-96
39. External Disbursed Public Debt Outstanding by Creditor, 1991-96
40. Structure and Terms of New Loan Commitments, 1991-96
41. Debt Service on Medium- and Long-Term External Public Debt, 1991-96
42. Nominal and Real Effective Exchange Rate Indices, 1990-97
Appendix Summary of the Tax System as of June 30, 1997
Mali - Basic Data 1/
Data may not add up owing to rounding.
In percent of exports of goods and nonfactor services; after debt cancellation; before debt relief; excluding debt service due to the People’s Republic of China and Russia.
| Area, population, and GDP per capita | |||||||||
| Area | 1,240,190 square kilometers | ||||||||
| Population (1995) | 9.2 million | ||||||||
| Growth rate | 3.2 percent | ||||||||
| GDP per capita (1995) | US$268 | ||||||||
| 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | ||||
| Est. | |||||||||
| Gross domestic product at current prices | (In billions of CFA francs) | ||||||||
| Total (at current prices) | 682.1 | 753.5 | 755.1 | 1,028.7 | 1,231.0 | 1,360.7 | |||
| (In percent of nominal GDP) | |||||||||
| Consumption | 93.1 | 95.6 | 93.6 | 92.9 | 90.5 | 89.2 | |||
| Gross domestic savings | 6.9 | 4.4 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 9.5 | 10.8 | |||
| Investment | 22.8 | 21.9 | 21.9 | 26.0 | 26.0 | 26.5 | |||
| Resource gap | -15.9 | -17.5 | -15.5 | -18.9 | -16.5 | -15.7 | |||
| (In percent of real GDP) | |||||||||
| Primary sector | 46.7 | 49.3 | 46.3 | 48.5 | 49.7 | 48.4 | |||
| Secondary sector | 16.8 | 16.2 | 17.2 | 16.9 | 17.1 | 17.9 | |||
| Tertiary sector | 36.5 | 34.5 | 36.5 | 34.6 | 33.2 | 33.7 | |||
| (Annual change in percent) | |||||||||
| Real GDP | -0.9 | 8.4 | -2.4 | 2.3 | 6.4 | 4.0 | |||
| Nominal GDP | 1.1 | 10.5 | 0.2 | 36.2 | 19.7 | 10.5 | |||
| Prices | |||||||||
| GDP deflator | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 33.2 | 12.5 | 6.3 | |||
| Index of consumer prices in Bamako | 1.5 | -5.9 | -0.6 | 24.8 | 12.4 | 6.5 | |||
| (In billions of CFA francs) | |||||||||
| Government finance | |||||||||
| Revenue | 109.6 | 100.7 | 104.7 | 138.9 | 177.3 | 216.8 | |||
| Budgetary revenue | 96.3 | 89.1 | 94.0 | 126.0 | 160.7 | 195.9 | |||
| Annexed budgets and special funds | 13.3 | 11.6 | 10.7 | 12.9 | 16.6 | 20.9 | |||
| Grants | 56.2 | 53.6 | 42.0 | 97.8 | 92.4 | 96.5 | |||
| Expenditure | 192.3 | 183.4 | 177.3 | 280.1 | 306.9 | 324.7 | |||
| Budgetary expenditure | 169.8 | 161.8 | 161.2 | 268.4 | 291.9 | 304.0 | |||
| Of which: externally financed investment | 64.5 | 60.0 | 58.5 | 115.0 | 133.5 | 137.4 | |||
| Annexed budgets and special funds | 11.8 | 11.0 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 14.5 | 20.7 | |||
| Extrabudgetary | 2.3 | 8.9 | 5.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| Reconstruction expenditure | 8.4 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| Overall deficit, commitment basis | |||||||||
| Excluding grants | -82.8 | -82.7 | -72.6 | -141.2 | -129.0 | -107.9 | |||
| Including grants | -26.6 | -29.1 | -30.6 | -43.4 | -36.6 | -11.3 | |||
| Overall deficit, cash basis | -30.1 | -24.2 | -22.5 | -73.1 | -50.7 | -30.3 | |||
| Financing (net) | 30.1 | 24.2 | 22.5 | 73.1 | 50.7 | 30.3 | |||
| External (net) | 42.2 | 32.8 | 25.5 | 76.7 | 90.9 | 82.1 | |||
| Banking system (net) | -10.8 | -5.4 | -1.3 | -4.5 | -39.6 | -46.0 | |||
| Other | -1.3 | -3.2 | -1.7 | 0.9 | -0.6 | -5.8 | |||
| Monetary survey (end-of-year) | |||||||||
| Net foreign assets 2/ | 65.4 | 67.8 | 76.8 | 204.3 | 240.6 | 212.7 | |||
| Net domestic assets | 95.0 | 95.6 | 99.3 | 138.8 | 145.3 | 116.0 | |||
| Credit to the government (net) | 23.4 | 20.7 | 28.3 | 49.2 | 16.6 | -23.7 | |||
| Credit to the economy | 63.3 | 68.7 | 71.4 | 83.1 | 131.6 | 173.2 | |||
| Other items (net) | 8.3 | 6.1 | -0.4 | 6.5 | -1.3 | -31.4 | |||
| Medium- and long-term | |||||||||
| External liabilities | -8.4 | -6.2 | -5.7 | -11.1 | -8.9 | -10.3 | |||
| Money and quasi-money | 152.0 | 157.2 | 170.4 | 234.8 | 283.5 | 317.3 | |||
| Balance of payments | (In millions of SDRs) | ||||||||
| Exports, f.o.b. | 271.1 | 257.1 | 250.2 | 235.0 | 298.2 | 307.3 | |||
| Imports, c.i.f. | -499.3 | -510.8 | -485.6 | -439.4 | -525.0 | -548.9 | |||
| Services (net) | -85.0 | -128.3 | -78.5 | -73.3 | -84.9 | -89.5 | |||
| Of which: interest | -26.4 | -29.2 | -24.2 | -27.5 | -21.4 | -18.7 | |||
| Private transfers (net) | 51.0 | 52.5 | 66.9 | 59.2 | 63.1 | 61.9 | |||
| Current account (excluding grants) | -262.1 | -329.6 | -247.0 | -218.5 | -248.6 | -269.2 | |||
| Unrequited public transfers (net) | 232.2 | 254.7 | 170.2 | 169.0 | 147.1 | 167.1 | |||
| Current account (including grants) | -30.0 | -74.8 | -76.7 | -49.4 | -101.5 | -102.1 | |||
| Capital (net) | 41.9 | 3.0 | -17.7 | 57.5 | 80.7 | 97.1 | |||
| Official capital (net) | 47.7 | 9.1 | -12.9 | 31.2 | 60.9 | 55.5 | |||
| Disbursements | 127.8 | 103.8 | 76.7 | 115.3 | 145.4 | 137.4 | |||
| Amortization | -80.1 | -94.7 | -89.6 | -84.1 | -84.5 | -82.0 | |||
| Private capital (net) | -5.7 | -6.2 | -4.8 | 26.3 | 19.8 | 41.6 | |||
| Debt relief | 61.7 | 78.9 | 77.5 | 65.2 | 59.2 | 55.2 | |||
| Errors and omissions | 27.5 | -12.6 | 20.7 | 12.2 | 6.2 | 37.7 | |||
| Overall balance | 101.1 | -5.6 | 3.8 | 85.5 | 44.6 | 87.8 | |||
| Foreign assets (net) (increases -) | -100.6 | -5.4 | -17.2 | -60.6 | -49.0 | -87.9 | |||
| Of which: IMF (net) | -6.9 | 5.6 | 3.3 | 22.3 | 24.3 | 15.7 | |||
| Revaluation adjustment | -3.4 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 0.0 | |||
| Changes in payments arrears Reduction (-) | 2.9 | 9.9 | 12.6 | -24.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| Official foreign reserves and liabilities (end-of-year) | |||||||||
| Gross reserves | 214.8 | 227.5 | 256.8 | 149.2 | 217.7 | 309.5 | |||
| Gross liabilities | -57.8 | -56.5 | -54.3 | -84.4 | -106.3 | -118.6 | |||
| (In millions of SDRs) | |||||||||
| Outstanding external debt | |||||||||
| (end-of-period) | 1,939.9 | 1,989.8 | 2,017.0 | 1,825.1 | 1,876.6 | 2,003.6 | |||
| Of which: Fund credit | 42.0 | 47.6 | 51.4 | 74.1 | 99.0 | 113.5 | |||
| (In percent) 2/ | |||||||||
| Debt service ratio | |||||||||
| Scheduled debt service 2/ | 16.6 | 18.5 | 18.8 | 22.8 | 16.3 | 14.4 | |||
| Excluding the Fund | 13.7 | 16.3 | 16.4 | 20.1 | 14.6 | 12.6 | |||
| (CFA francs per SDR and per U.S dollar) | |||||||||
| Exchange rates | |||||||||
| Period average | |||||||||
| SDR | 385.9 | 372.7 | 395.3 | 795.0 | 757.1 | 742.8 | |||
| U.S. dollar | 282.1 | 264.7 | 283.2 | 555.2 | 499.2 | 511.6 | |||
| End of period | |||||||||
| SDR | 370.5 | 378.6 | 404.9 | 780.4 | 728.4 | 753.1 | |||
| U.S. dollar | 259.0 | 275.3 | 294.8 | 534.6 | 490.0 | 523.7 | |||
| (1990 = 100) | |||||||||
| Trade-weighted effective exchange rate index | |||||||||
| Nominal | 98.6 | 102.2 | 103.7 | 53.4 | 55.3 | 55.1 | |||
| Real (CPI-based) | 96.3 | 90.9 | 88.9 | 55.1 | 62.0 | 64.1 | |||
Data may not add up owing to rounding.
In percent of exports of goods and nonfactor services; after debt cancellation; before debt relief; excluding debt service due to the People’s Republic of China and Russia.
| Area, population, and GDP per capita | |||||||||
| Area | 1,240,190 square kilometers | ||||||||
| Population (1995) | 9.2 million | ||||||||
| Growth rate | 3.2 percent | ||||||||
| GDP per capita (1995) | US$268 | ||||||||
| 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | ||||
| Est. | |||||||||
| Gross domestic product at current prices | (In billions of CFA francs) | ||||||||
| Total (at current prices) | 682.1 | 753.5 | 755.1 | 1,028.7 | 1,231.0 | 1,360.7 | |||
| (In percent of nominal GDP) | |||||||||
| Consumption | 93.1 | 95.6 | 93.6 | 92.9 | 90.5 | 89.2 | |||
| Gross domestic savings | 6.9 | 4.4 | 6.4 | 7.1 | 9.5 | 10.8 | |||
| Investment | 22.8 | 21.9 | 21.9 | 26.0 | 26.0 | 26.5 | |||
| Resource gap | -15.9 | -17.5 | -15.5 | -18.9 | -16.5 | -15.7 | |||
| (In percent of real GDP) | |||||||||
| Primary sector | 46.7 | 49.3 | 46.3 | 48.5 | 49.7 | 48.4 | |||
| Secondary sector | 16.8 | 16.2 | 17.2 | 16.9 | 17.1 | 17.9 | |||
| Tertiary sector | 36.5 | 34.5 | 36.5 | 34.6 | 33.2 | 33.7 | |||
| (Annual change in percent) | |||||||||
| Real GDP | -0.9 | 8.4 | -2.4 | 2.3 | 6.4 | 4.0 | |||
| Nominal GDP | 1.1 | 10.5 | 0.2 | 36.2 | 19.7 | 10.5 | |||
| Prices | |||||||||
| GDP deflator | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 33.2 | 12.5 | 6.3 | |||
| Index of consumer prices in Bamako | 1.5 | -5.9 | -0.6 | 24.8 | 12.4 | 6.5 | |||
| (In billions of CFA francs) | |||||||||
| Government finance | |||||||||
| Revenue | 109.6 | 100.7 | 104.7 | 138.9 | 177.3 | 216.8 | |||
| Budgetary revenue | 96.3 | 89.1 | 94.0 | 126.0 | 160.7 | 195.9 | |||
| Annexed budgets and special funds | 13.3 | 11.6 | 10.7 | 12.9 | 16.6 | 20.9 | |||
| Grants | 56.2 | 53.6 | 42.0 | 97.8 | 92.4 | 96.5 | |||
| Expenditure | 192.3 | 183.4 | 177.3 | 280.1 | 306.9 | 324.7 | |||
| Budgetary expenditure | 169.8 | 161.8 | 161.2 | 268.4 | 291.9 | 304.0 | |||
| Of which: externally financed investment | 64.5 | 60.0 | 58.5 | 115.0 | 133.5 | 137.4 | |||
| Annexed budgets and special funds | 11.8 | 11.0 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 14.5 | 20.7 | |||
| Extrabudgetary | 2.3 | 8.9 | 5.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| Reconstruction expenditure | 8.4 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| Overall deficit, commitment basis | |||||||||
| Excluding grants | -82.8 | -82.7 | -72.6 | -141.2 | -129.0 | -107.9 | |||
| Including grants | -26.6 | -29.1 | -30.6 | -43.4 | -36.6 | -11.3 | |||
| Overall deficit, cash basis | -30.1 | -24.2 | -22.5 | -73.1 | -50.7 | -30.3 | |||
| Financing (net) | 30.1 | 24.2 | 22.5 | 73.1 | 50.7 | 30.3 | |||
| External (net) | 42.2 | 32.8 | 25.5 | 76.7 | 90.9 | 82.1 | |||
| Banking system (net) | -10.8 | -5.4 | -1.3 | -4.5 | -39.6 | -46.0 | |||
| Other | -1.3 | -3.2 | -1.7 | 0.9 | -0.6 | -5.8 | |||
| Monetary survey (end-of-year) | |||||||||
| Net foreign assets 2/ | 65.4 | 67.8 | 76.8 | 204.3 | 240.6 | 212.7 | |||
| Net domestic assets | 95.0 | 95.6 | 99.3 | 138.8 | 145.3 | 116.0 | |||
| Credit to the government (net) | 23.4 | 20.7 | 28.3 | 49.2 | 16.6 | -23.7 | |||
| Credit to the economy | 63.3 | 68.7 | 71.4 | 83.1 | 131.6 | 173.2 | |||
| Other items (net) | 8.3 | 6.1 | -0.4 | 6.5 | -1.3 | -31.4 | |||
| Medium- and long-term | |||||||||
| External liabilities | -8.4 | -6.2 | -5.7 | -11.1 | -8.9 | -10.3 | |||
| Money and quasi-money | 152.0 | 157.2 | 170.4 | 234.8 | 283.5 | 317.3 | |||
| Balance of payments | (In millions of SDRs) | ||||||||
| Exports, f.o.b. | 271.1 | 257.1 | 250.2 | 235.0 | 298.2 | 307.3 | |||
| Imports, c.i.f. | -499.3 | -510.8 | -485.6 | -439.4 | -525.0 | -548.9 | |||
| Services (net) | -85.0 | -128.3 | -78.5 | -73.3 | -84.9 | -89.5 | |||
| Of which: interest | -26.4 | -29.2 | -24.2 | -27.5 | -21.4 | -18.7 | |||
| Private transfers (net) | 51.0 | 52.5 | 66.9 | 59.2 | 63.1 | 61.9 | |||
| Current account (excluding grants) | -262.1 | -329.6 | -247.0 | -218.5 | -248.6 | -269.2 | |||
| Unrequited public transfers (net) | 232.2 | 254.7 | 170.2 | 169.0 | 147.1 | 167.1 | |||
| Current account (including grants) | -30.0 | -74.8 | -76.7 | -49.4 | -101.5 | -102.1 | |||
| Capital (net) | 41.9 | 3.0 | -17.7 | 57.5 | 80.7 | 97.1 | |||
| Official capital (net) | 47.7 | 9.1 | -12.9 | 31.2 | 60.9 | 55.5 | |||
| Disbursements | 127.8 | 103.8 | 76.7 | 115.3 | 145.4 | 137.4 | |||
| Amortization | -80.1 | -94.7 | -89.6 | -84.1 | -84.5 | -82.0 | |||
| Private capital (net) | -5.7 | -6.2 | -4.8 | 26.3 | 19.8 | 41.6 | |||
| Debt relief | 61.7 | 78.9 | 77.5 | 65.2 | 59.2 | 55.2 | |||
| Errors and omissions | 27.5 | -12.6 | 20.7 | 12.2 | 6.2 | 37.7 | |||
| Overall balance | 101.1 | -5.6 | 3.8 | 85.5 | 44.6 | 87.8 | |||
| Foreign assets (net) (increases -) | -100.6 | -5.4 | -17.2 | -60.6 | -49.0 | -87.9 | |||
| Of which: IMF (net) | -6.9 | 5.6 | 3.3 | 22.3 | 24.3 | 15.7 | |||
| Revaluation adjustment | -3.4 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 0.0 | |||
| Changes in payments arrears Reduction (-) | 2.9 | 9.9 | 12.6 | -24.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
| Official foreign reserves and liabilities (end-of-year) | |||||||||
| Gross reserves | 214.8 | 227.5 | 256.8 | 149.2 | 217.7 | 309.5 | |||
| Gross liabilities | -57.8 | -56.5 | -54.3 | -84.4 | -106.3 | -118.6 | |||
| (In millions of SDRs) | |||||||||
| Outstanding external debt | |||||||||
| (end-of-period) | 1,939.9 | 1,989.8 | 2,017.0 | 1,825.1 | 1,876.6 | 2,003.6 | |||
| Of which: Fund credit | 42.0 | 47.6 | 51.4 | 74.1 | 99.0 | 113.5 | |||
| (In percent) 2/ | |||||||||
| Debt service ratio | |||||||||
| Scheduled debt service 2/ | 16.6 | 18.5 | 18.8 | 22.8 | 16.3 | 14.4 | |||
| Excluding the Fund | 13.7 | 16.3 | 16.4 | 20.1 | 14.6 | 12.6 | |||
| (CFA francs per SDR and per U.S dollar) | |||||||||
| Exchange rates | |||||||||
| Period average | |||||||||
| SDR | 385.9 | 372.7 | 395.3 | 795.0 | 757.1 | 742.8 | |||
| U.S. dollar | 282.1 | 264.7 | 283.2 | 555.2 | 499.2 | 511.6 | |||
| End of period | |||||||||
| SDR | 370.5 | 378.6 | 404.9 | 780.4 | 728.4 | 753.1 | |||
| U.S. dollar | 259.0 | 275.3 | 294.8 | 534.6 | 490.0 | 523.7 | |||
| (1990 = 100) | |||||||||
| Trade-weighted effective exchange rate index | |||||||||
| Nominal | 98.6 | 102.2 | 103.7 | 53.4 | 55.3 | 55.1 | |||
| Real (CPI-based) | 96.3 | 90.9 | 88.9 | 55.1 | 62.0 | 64.1 | |||
Data may not add up owing to rounding.
In percent of exports of goods and nonfactor services; after debt cancellation; before debt relief; excluding debt service due to the People’s Republic of China and Russia.
Mali: Selected Social and Demographic Indicators 1/
Average for 1989-94, unless otherwise indicated.
| Area | Gross national product (1996) | |||||||
| Total (sq. km.) | 1,240,190 | Per capita (US$) | 240 | |||||
| Agricultural (percent of total) | 26.4 | (World Bank Atlas methodology) | ||||||
| Of which: under irrigation | 0.91 | |||||||
| Population (1996) | Population density | |||||||
| Total (million) | 10.1 | General density (per sq. km) | 7.4 | |||||
| Rate of growth (percent a year) | 3.1 | Density per sq. km. of agricultural land | 26.5 | |||||
| Population characteristics | Health | |||||||
| Crude birth rate (per thousand; 1993) | 50.1 | Population per physician (in thousands) | 19.4 | |||||
| Crude death rate (per thousand; 1993) | 18.7 | Population per hospital bed | ||||||
| Life expectancy at birth (years; 1994) | 49.0 | (1970-75 estimate) | 1,463.0 | |||||
| Urban population (percent of total; 1994) | 26.4 | Infant mortality rate (per thousand live births) | 125.0 | |||||
| Access to safe water | Education | |||||||
| 1988 | 1994 | |||||||
| In percent of population | Enrollment rates (in percent of school age population) | |||||||
| Total | 22.7 | 48.8 | ||||||
| Urban | 48.0 | 100.0 | Primary (1996) | 42 | ||||
| Rural | 17.0 | 36.0 | Secondary | 9 | ||||
| Pupil-teacher ratio (in percent) | ||||||||
| Nutrition | Primary | 61 | ||||||
| Secondary | 16 | |||||||
| Per capita supply of | ||||||||
| Calories (per day) | 2,314 | |||||||
| Proteins (grams per day) | 64 | |||||||
Average for 1989-94, unless otherwise indicated.
| Area | Gross national product (1996) | |||||||
| Total (sq. km.) | 1,240,190 | Per capita (US$) | 240 | |||||
| Agricultural (percent of total) | 26.4 | (World Bank Atlas methodology) | ||||||
| Of which: under irrigation | 0.91 | |||||||
| Population (1996) | Population density | |||||||
| Total (million) | 10.1 | General density (per sq. km) | 7.4 | |||||
| Rate of growth (percent a year) | 3.1 | Density per sq. km. of agricultural land | 26.5 | |||||
| Population characteristics | Health | |||||||
| Crude birth rate (per thousand; 1993) | 50.1 | Population per physician (in thousands) | 19.4 | |||||
| Crude death rate (per thousand; 1993) | 18.7 | Population per hospital bed | ||||||
| Life expectancy at birth (years; 1994) | 49.0 | (1970-75 estimate) | 1,463.0 | |||||
| Urban population (percent of total; 1994) | 26.4 | Infant mortality rate (per thousand live births) | 125.0 | |||||
| Access to safe water | Education | |||||||
| 1988 | 1994 | |||||||
| In percent of population | Enrollment rates (in percent of school age population) | |||||||
| Total | 22.7 | 48.8 | ||||||
| Urban | 48.0 | 100.0 | Primary (1996) | 42 | ||||
| Rural | 17.0 | 36.0 | Secondary | 9 | ||||
| Pupil-teacher ratio (in percent) | ||||||||
| Nutrition | Primary | 61 | ||||||
| Secondary | 16 | |||||||
| Per capita supply of | ||||||||
| Calories (per day) | 2,314 | |||||||
| Proteins (grams per day) | 64 | |||||||
Average for 1989-94, unless otherwise indicated.