Appendix I. MATR Data Construction
The IMF’s Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions (hereafter “AREAER”) is freely available online from 1999 through 2020. We extended the relevant series back in time through 1949 by hand, examining changes to the relevant variables recorded in hard copies of AREAER. We have also filled in some missing AREAER data, using information on the relevant country-variable combination at an earlier (if possible) or later (if necessary) date for the same country-variable combination when there are no “changes” to the country-variable combination recorded in AREAER.
We focus on five categories of the data: II (Exchange Measures); VII (Imports and Import Payments); VIII (Exports and Export Proceeds); IX (Payments for Invisible Transactions and Current Transfers); and IX & X (Payments and Proceed from Invisible Transactions and Current Transfers) We are most interested in the components of the Imports and Import Payments category, and its immediate sub-components: (i) foreign exchange budget; (ii) financing requirement for imports; (iii) documentation requirements for release of foreign exchange for imports; (iv) import licenses and other nontariff measures; (v) import taxes and/or tariffs; and (vi) state import monopoly31, and Export and Export Payments category, and its immediate sub-components: (i) repatriation requirements; (ii) financing requirements; (iii) documentation requirements; (iv) export licenses and (v) export taxes and/or tariffs.
We restrict ourselves to the six AREAER categories and their immediate sub-components, though there are up to four levels of sub-components. In all cases, these variables are binary dummy variables, with unity in any sub-component meaning that all higher-level aggregates should be unity.32
Rules of Coding
Coding. Restriction is coded as 1, absence of restriction as 0, missing/unavailable as n/a
Dating. Recent AREAER volumes includes about 180 country descriptions; these are the primary source of our text-based data analysis. Most of the country descriptions include, at the very top, a date (e.g., “data as of Dec 31, XXXX”). For any given year (e.g., 2001), most of the country descriptions are dated the preceding year (e.g., 2000). The latter year (2000) is coded as the relevant data year for all countries, so 2001 AREAER report data is relevant for 2000. (This is true even if a few countries in, say, the 2001 AREAER quote data for a date in 2001 or 1999, not 2000.)
Announced future changes. Sometimes a country will state in AREAER that it is changing policy in the future (e.g., in the 2001 AREAER country x states it will change policy in 2002, though it hadn’t as of 2000). In that case, the announced future policy change is dated to the announced future date (2002 in the example).
Investigating the changes section. At the end of each country description, there is a “Changes Section” which describes changes during, e.g., 2000. Usually, any change of relevance was investigated. However, we’ve found changes in the text that are not reported in the “Changes Section”. In these cases, we take the changes in the main text.
Granularity. We collect data as granular as reasonably possible. Thus, for instance, we collect data on VII_D_1, an indicator of “Positive list, AREAER” as well as that for VII_D “licenses and other nontariff measures”.
Frequency. We check for changes from year to year in all issues of AREAER via examining the country text descriptions.
Summary Dummy Variable Tables. There are summary tables of indicators included in each AREAER, though the content of these changes in 1996. We have cross-checked to ensure that they are always coherent with the variables we code (though most of the variables we code are not in the summary tables).
Absence of Change indicates status quo. Suppose that a given variable takes a certain value in a given year for which we have actual data, e.g., 1999 (the earliest available year for which IMF data is currently available). Then absent any information of relevance in 1998, the variable will be coded as having the same value in 1999 and 1998.
Appendix Table A1.1
List of Economies
Appendix Table A1.1
List of Economies
| Angola | Dominican Republic | Kuwait | Romania |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | Algeria | Lao PD Republic | Russian Federation |
| United Arab Emirates | Ecuador | Lebanon | Rwanda |
| Argentina | Egypt | Liberia | Saudi Arabia |
| Armenia | Eritrea | Sri Lanka | Sudan |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Spain | Lesotho | Senegal |
| Australia | Estonia | Lithuania | Singapore |
| Austria | Ethiopia | Latvia | Solomon Islands |
| Azerbaijan | Finland | Morocco | Sierra Leone |
| Burundi | Fiji | Moldova, Republic of | El Salvador |
| Belgium | France Micronesia, Fed. | Madagascar | Slovakia |
| Benin | States | Maldives | Slovenia |
| Burkina Faso | Gabon | Mexico | Sweden |
| Bangladesh | United Kingdom | Marshall Islands | Syrian Arab Republic |
| Bulgaria | Georgia | Mali | Chad |
| Bahrain | Ghana | Myanmar | Togo |
| Bahamas | Guinea | Mongolia | Thailand |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Gambia | Mozambique | Tajikistan |
| Belarus | Guinea-Bissau | Mauritania | Turkmenistan |
| Belize | Greece | Malawi | Timor-Leste |
| Bolivia | Guatemala | Malaysia | Tonga |
| Brazil | Hong Kong | Namibia | Tunisia |
| Barbados | Honduras | Niger | Turkey |
| Brunei Darussalam | Croatia | Nigeria | Tuvalu |
| Bhutan | Haiti | Nicaragua | Tanzania, United Republic of |
| Botswana | Hungary | Netherlands | Uganda |
| Central African Republic | Indonesia | Norway | Ukraine |
| Canada | India | Nepal | Uruguay |
| Switzerland | Ireland | New Zealand | United States |
| Chile | Iraq | Oman | Uzbekistan |
| China | Israel | Pakistan | Venezuela |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Italy | Panama | Viet Nam |
| Cameroon | Jamaica | Peru | Vanuatu |
| Congo | Japan | Philippines | Yemen |
| Colombia | Kazakhstan | Palau | South Africa |
| Costa Rica | Kenya | Papua New Guinea | Zambia |
| Czech Republic | Kyrgyzstan | Poland | Zimbabwe |
| Germany | Cambodia | Portugal | |
| Dominica | Kiribati | Paraguay | |
| Denmark | Korea, Republic of | Qatar |
Appendix Table A1.1
List of Economies
| Angola | Dominican Republic | Kuwait | Romania |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | Algeria | Lao PD Republic | Russian Federation |
| United Arab Emirates | Ecuador | Lebanon | Rwanda |
| Argentina | Egypt | Liberia | Saudi Arabia |
| Armenia | Eritrea | Sri Lanka | Sudan |
| Antigua and Barbuda | Spain | Lesotho | Senegal |
| Australia | Estonia | Lithuania | Singapore |
| Austria | Ethiopia | Latvia | Solomon Islands |
| Azerbaijan | Finland | Morocco | Sierra Leone |
| Burundi | Fiji | Moldova, Republic of | El Salvador |
| Belgium | France Micronesia, Fed. | Madagascar | Slovakia |
| Benin | States | Maldives | Slovenia |
| Burkina Faso | Gabon | Mexico | Sweden |
| Bangladesh | United Kingdom | Marshall Islands | Syrian Arab Republic |
| Bulgaria | Georgia | Mali | Chad |
| Bahrain | Ghana | Myanmar | Togo |
| Bahamas | Guinea | Mongolia | Thailand |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Gambia | Mozambique | Tajikistan |
| Belarus | Guinea-Bissau | Mauritania | Turkmenistan |
| Belize | Greece | Malawi | Timor-Leste |
| Bolivia | Guatemala | Malaysia | Tonga |
| Brazil | Hong Kong | Namibia | Tunisia |
| Barbados | Honduras | Niger | Turkey |
| Brunei Darussalam | Croatia | Nigeria | Tuvalu |
| Bhutan | Haiti | Nicaragua | Tanzania, United Republic of |
| Botswana | Hungary | Netherlands | Uganda |
| Central African Republic | Indonesia | Norway | Ukraine |
| Canada | India | Nepal | Uruguay |
| Switzerland | Ireland | New Zealand | United States |
| Chile | Iraq | Oman | Uzbekistan |
| China | Israel | Pakistan | Venezuela |
| Côte d’Ivoire | Italy | Panama | Viet Nam |
| Cameroon | Jamaica | Peru | Vanuatu |
| Congo | Japan | Philippines | Yemen |
| Colombia | Kazakhstan | Palau | South Africa |
| Costa Rica | Kenya | Papua New Guinea | Zambia |
| Czech Republic | Kyrgyzstan | Poland | Zimbabwe |
| Germany | Cambodia | Portugal | |
| Dominica | Kiribati | Paraguay | |
| Denmark | Korea, Republic of | Qatar |
Appendix Table A1.2
List of Economies
Appendix Table A1.2
List of Economies
| Country | 1976 | 1986 | 1996 | 2006 | 2016 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angola | 17 | 17 | 18 | ||
| Argentina | 18 | 14 | 8 | 15 | 13 |
| Australia | 15 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 |
| Brazil | 19 | 19 | 19 | 15 | 14 |
| Canada | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 7 |
| Switzerland | 7 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Chile | 17 | 15 | 13 | 4 | 5 |
| China | 17 | 19 | 15 | 14 | 14 |
| Germany | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| Eritrea | 13 | 18 | 19 | ||
| Spain | 17 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 5 |
| Finland | 14 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| France | 14 | 13 | 7 | 5 | 6 |
| Guinea | 19 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 17 |
| Hong Kong | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Indonesia | 14 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
| India | 19 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 18 |
| Israel | 17 | 16 | 11 | 2 | 3 |
| Italy | 16 | 15 | 8 | 6 | 5 |
| Japan | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Korea | 15 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 6 |
| Mexico | 6 | 13 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Myanmar | 19 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 18 |
| Netherlands | 10 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
| Pakistan | 19 | 19 | 15 | 16 | 15 |
| Panama | 6 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| Philippines | 14 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 12 |
| S. Arabia | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Singapore | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Syria | 19 | 18 | |||
| Turkey | 17 | 15 | 12 | 11 | 11 |
| Venezuela | 11 | 16 | 9 | 15 | 17 |
| S. Africa | 14 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 16 |
| Zimbabwe | 18 | 16 | 19 | 12 |
Appendix Table A1.2
List of Economies
| Country | 1976 | 1986 | 1996 | 2006 | 2016 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angola | 17 | 17 | 18 | ||
| Argentina | 18 | 14 | 8 | 15 | 13 |
| Australia | 15 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 |
| Brazil | 19 | 19 | 19 | 15 | 14 |
| Canada | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 7 |
| Switzerland | 7 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Chile | 17 | 15 | 13 | 4 | 5 |
| China | 17 | 19 | 15 | 14 | 14 |
| Germany | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| Eritrea | 13 | 18 | 19 | ||
| Spain | 17 | 9 | 5 | 4 | 5 |
| Finland | 14 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| France | 14 | 13 | 7 | 5 | 6 |
| Guinea | 19 | 18 | 17 | 18 | 17 |
| Hong Kong | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Indonesia | 14 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
| India | 19 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 18 |
| Israel | 17 | 16 | 11 | 2 | 3 |
| Italy | 16 | 15 | 8 | 6 | 5 |
| Japan | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Korea | 15 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 6 |
| Mexico | 6 | 13 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Myanmar | 19 | 20 | 19 | 19 | 18 |
| Netherlands | 10 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
| Pakistan | 19 | 19 | 15 | 16 | 15 |
| Panama | 6 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 4 |
| Philippines | 14 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 12 |
| S. Arabia | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Singapore | 9 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Syria | 19 | 18 | |||
| Turkey | 17 | 15 | 12 | 11 | 11 |
| Venezuela | 11 | 16 | 9 | 15 | 17 |
| S. Africa | 14 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 16 |
| Zimbabwe | 18 | 16 | 19 | 12 |
Appendix Table A1.3
Examples of Narrative Records in AREAER, 2016
Appendix Table A1.3
Examples of Narrative Records in AREAER, 2016
| Measure | Sub-Component | AREAER | Country | Example/Text | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Report | Page | ||||
| II. Exchange measures | II.A. Restrictions and/or multiple currency practices | 2016 | 22 | Angola | “Restrictions on the making of payments and transfers for current international transactions. … [including]: (i) limits on the availability of foreign exchange for invisible transactions, such as travel, medical or educational allowances; and (ii) limits on unrequited transfers to foreign-based individuals and institutions. In addition, Angola maintained three exchange restrictions … from: (i) the discriminatory application of the 0.015 percent stamp tax on foreign exchange operations; (ii) the operation of the priority list for access to US dollars at the official exchange rate; and (iii) a special tax of 10 percent on transfers to non-residents under contracts for foreign technical assistance or management services. Angola also maintains three multiple currency practices …” |
| II.B. Exchange measures imposed for security reasons | 2016 | 252 | The Bahamas | “Restrictions on Bahamas-licensed banks and financial institutions regarding transactions with: (i) the Democratic Republic of the Congo; (ii) the Islamic Republic of Iran; (iii) the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; and (iv) Osama bin Laden, the Al-Qaida organization | |
| IV. Restrictions to payments | IV.A. Prescription of currency requirements | 2016 | 617–618 | Cameroon | “the monetary unit is the CFA franc, the sole official currency and legal tender in all CEMAC members, and all transactions among residents are required to be settled in domestic currency” |
| IV.B. Payments arrangements | 2016 | 944 | Denmark | Denmark had payments arrangements since it was bound by regional arrangements, as Denmark was a member of the EU. | |
| IV.C. Administration of control | 2016 | 1017 | Egypt | Egypt had administration of control since “Banks [were] authorized to execute foreign exchange transactions within the framework of a general authorization …” | |
| IV.D. Payment arrears | 2016 | 1312 | Guinea | Guinea had payments arrears “with various financial institutions | |
| IV.F. Controls on exports and imports of banknotes | 2016 | 316 | Bangladesh | “Residents and nonresidents may take out up to Tk 5,000 in domestic currency.” | |
| VII. Import Restrictions | VII.A. Foreign exchange budget | 2016 | 1328 | Guinea-Bissau | The country had a foreign exchange budget, meaning an a priori allocation of a certain amount of foreign exchange for the importation of specific types of goods.. |
| VII.B. Financing requirements for imports | 2016 | 1497 | India | The country had a financing requirement for imports (minimum financing and advance payment requirements) though “The RBI allows requests from exporters through their AD Category-I banks to offset export receivables against import payables of the same foreign buyer and supplier, subject to certain terms and conditions.” | |
| VII.C. Documentation requirements for release of forex for imports | 2016 | 1681–1682 | Kazakhstan | “… importers … [were obligated to] submit to the bank a foreign trade contract or other corroborating document.” | |
| VII.D. Import licenses and other nontariff measures | 2016 | 1812 | Laos | The country required import licenses for 25 categories of goods, mostly for quality control, safety, or animal quarantine, but some (e.g., for cement) to limit the overall level of imports. | |
| VII.E. Import taxes and/or tariffs | 2016 | 1941 | Macedonia | The country had an average unweighted tariff rate for industrial products was 6.1 percent and for agricultural products 15.7 percent. | |
| VII.F. State Import Monopoly | 2016 | 2359 | Niger | The government of Niger, through the Société Nigérienne des Produits Pétroliers, had a monopoly on hydrocarbon imports. | |
| VIII. Export Restrictions | VIII.A. Repatriation requirements | 2016 | 341 | Barbados | The country had repatriation requirements on export proceeds “Proceeds must be repatriated within six months.” |
| VIII.B. Financing requirements | 2016 | 1163 | Eritrea | “Exports may be made under LCs -Letters of Credit- on an advance-payment or consignment basis.” | |
| VIII.C. Documentation requirements | 2016 | 1210 | Fiji | The country required a confirmation of receipt of export proceeds six months after export of goods. | |
| VIII.D. Export licenses | 2016 | 931 | Croatia | “Exports are free of licensing requirements, except certain products (e.g., weapons, narcotics, dual-use items) for which permits must be obtained.” | |
| VIII.E. Export taxes | 2016 | 1970 | Liberia | “Export taxes are imposed on processed and unprocessed goods at rates of zero and 2.5 percent, respectively; on diamonds at a rate of 3 percent; and on iron ore at a rate of 4.5 percent.” | |
| IX. Payments and X. Proceeds for Invisibles Restrictions | IX.A. Payments for Invisibles, Transfers & Current Transfers | 2016 | 3121 | Sri Lanka | “Indicative limits and bona fide tests are applied to all these transactions.” |
| X.A. Repatriation requirements on Proceeds | 2016 | 3198 | Suriname | The country had repatriation requirements on invisible proceeds. | |
| X.A.1. Surrender Requirements on Proceeds | 2016 | 3578 | Ukraine | The country had a 75 percent surrender requirement | |
| X.B. Restrictions on use of funds | 2016 | 767 | China | The country had restriction on use of funds from invisibles | |
Appendix Table A1.3
Examples of Narrative Records in AREAER, 2016
| Measure | Sub-Component | AREAER | Country | Example/Text | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Report | Page | ||||
| II. Exchange measures | II.A. Restrictions and/or multiple currency practices | 2016 | 22 | Angola | “Restrictions on the making of payments and transfers for current international transactions. … [including]: (i) limits on the availability of foreign exchange for invisible transactions, such as travel, medical or educational allowances; and (ii) limits on unrequited transfers to foreign-based individuals and institutions. In addition, Angola maintained three exchange restrictions … from: (i) the discriminatory application of the 0.015 percent stamp tax on foreign exchange operations; (ii) the operation of the priority list for access to US dollars at the official exchange rate; and (iii) a special tax of 10 percent on transfers to non-residents under contracts for foreign technical assistance or management services. Angola also maintains three multiple currency practices …” |
| II.B. Exchange measures imposed for security reasons | 2016 | 252 | The Bahamas | “Restrictions on Bahamas-licensed banks and financial institutions regarding transactions with: (i) the Democratic Republic of the Congo; (ii) the Islamic Republic of Iran; (iii) the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea; and (iv) Osama bin Laden, the Al-Qaida organization | |
| IV. Restrictions to payments | IV.A. Prescription of currency requirements | 2016 | 617–618 | Cameroon | “the monetary unit is the CFA franc, the sole official currency and legal tender in all CEMAC members, and all transactions among residents are required to be settled in domestic currency” |
| IV.B. Payments arrangements | 2016 | 944 | Denmark | Denmark had payments arrangements since it was bound by regional arrangements, as Denmark was a member of the EU. | |
| IV.C. Administration of control | 2016 | 1017 | Egypt | Egypt had administration of control since “Banks [were] authorized to execute foreign exchange transactions within the framework of a general authorization …” | |
| IV.D. Payment arrears | 2016 | 1312 | Guinea | Guinea had payments arrears “with various financial institutions | |
| IV.F. Controls on exports and imports of banknotes | 2016 | 316 | Bangladesh | “Residents and nonresidents may take out up to Tk 5,000 in domestic currency.” | |
| VII. Import Restrictions | VII.A. Foreign exchange budget | 2016 | 1328 | Guinea-Bissau | The country had a foreign exchange budget, meaning an a priori allocation of a certain amount of foreign exchange for the importation of specific types of goods.. |
| VII.B. Financing requirements for imports | 2016 | 1497 | India | The country had a financing requirement for imports (minimum financing and advance payment requirements) though “The RBI allows requests from exporters through their AD Category-I banks to offset export receivables against import payables of the same foreign buyer and supplier, subject to certain terms and conditions.” | |
| VII.C. Documentation requirements for release of forex for imports | 2016 | 1681–1682 | Kazakhstan | “… importers … [were obligated to] submit to the bank a foreign trade contract or other corroborating document.” | |
| VII.D. Import licenses and other nontariff measures | 2016 | 1812 | Laos | The country required import licenses for 25 categories of goods, mostly for quality control, safety, or animal quarantine, but some (e.g., for cement) to limit the overall level of imports. | |
| VII.E. Import taxes and/or tariffs | 2016 | 1941 | Macedonia | The country had an average unweighted tariff rate for industrial products was 6.1 percent and for agricultural products 15.7 percent. | |
| VII.F. State Import Monopoly | 2016 | 2359 | Niger | The government of Niger, through the Société Nigérienne des Produits Pétroliers, had a monopoly on hydrocarbon imports. | |
| VIII. Export Restrictions | VIII.A. Repatriation requirements | 2016 | 341 | Barbados | The country had repatriation requirements on export proceeds “Proceeds must be repatriated within six months.” |
| VIII.B. Financing requirements | 2016 | 1163 | Eritrea | “Exports may be made under LCs -Letters of Credit- on an advance-payment or consignment basis.” | |
| VIII.C. Documentation requirements | 2016 | 1210 | Fiji | The country required a confirmation of receipt of export proceeds six months after export of goods. | |
| VIII.D. Export licenses | 2016 | 931 | Croatia | “Exports are free of licensing requirements, except certain products (e.g., weapons, narcotics, dual-use items) for which permits must be obtained.” | |
| VIII.E. Export taxes | 2016 | 1970 | Liberia | “Export taxes are imposed on processed and unprocessed goods at rates of zero and 2.5 percent, respectively; on diamonds at a rate of 3 percent; and on iron ore at a rate of 4.5 percent.” | |
| IX. Payments and X. Proceeds for Invisibles Restrictions | IX.A. Payments for Invisibles, Transfers & Current Transfers | 2016 | 3121 | Sri Lanka | “Indicative limits and bona fide tests are applied to all these transactions.” |
| X.A. Repatriation requirements on Proceeds | 2016 | 3198 | Suriname | The country had repatriation requirements on invisible proceeds. | |
| X.A.1. Surrender Requirements on Proceeds | 2016 | 3578 | Ukraine | The country had a 75 percent surrender requirement | |
| X.B. Restrictions on use of funds | 2016 | 767 | China | The country had restriction on use of funds from invisibles | |
Appendix Table A1.4
Large Changes in MATR, With and Without Recessions. Recession years are shown in black italic.
Appendix Table A1.4
Large Changes in MATR, With and Without Recessions. Recession years are shown in black italic.
| Country Code (ISO3) | Year of the Episode | Sign of the Change | Country Code (ISO3) | Year of the Episode | Sign of the Change | Country Code (ISO3) | Year of the Episode | Sign of the Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGO | 1991 | -1 | BEN | 1987 | 1 | CIV | 1995 | -1 |
| AGO | 1996 | 1 | BFA | 2005 | 1 | CMR | 1967 | -1 |
| AGO | 2001 | -1 | BGR | 2006 | -1 | CMR | 1968 | 1 |
| AGO | 2018 | -1 | BHR | 1997 | -1 | CMR | 2006 | -1 |
| ARE | 2004 | 1 | BHR | 2004 | 1 | COG | 1967 | -1 |
| ARG | 1958 | -1 | BIH | 1997 | -1 | COG | 1968 | 1 |
| ARG | 1964 | 1 | BIH | 1998 | -1 | COG | 2006 | -1 |
| ARG | 1967 | -1 | BIH | 2001 | -1 | COG | 2008 | 1 |
| ARG | 1970 | 1 | BIH | 2003 | 1 | COL | 1955 | -1 |
| ARG | 1977 | -1 | BIH | 2012 | 1 | COL | 1966 | 1 |
| ARG | 1983 | 1 | BLR | 1998 | 1 | COL | 1991 | -1 |
| ARG | 1986 | -1 | BLR | 1999 | -1 | COL | 1993 | -1 |
| ARG | 1989 | -1 | BLR | 2006 | -1 | COL | 2004 | -1 |
| ARG | 1991 | -1 | BOL | 1956 | -1 | COL | 2007 | 1 |
| ARG | 1992 | -1 | BOL | 1982 | 1 | COL | 2008 | -1 |
| ARG | 2001 | 1 | BOL | 1998 | -1 | CRI | 1961 | -1 |
| ARG | 2003 | -1 | BRA | 1999 | -1 | CRI | 1966 | 1 |
| ARG | 2010 | -1 | BRA | 2002 | -1 | CRI | 1969 | -1 |
| ARG | 2011 | 1 | BRA | 2008 | -1 | CRI | 1971 | 1 |
| ARG | 2016 | -1 | BRA | 2015 | 1 | CRI | 1980 | -1 |
| ARG | 2017 | -1 | BRN | 2008 | 1 | CRI | 1994 | -1 |
| ARG | 2019 | 1 | BWA | 1999 | -1 | CRI | 2011 | -1 |
| ARM | 1998 | -1 | CAF | 1967 | -1 | CZE | 1995 | -1 |
| ARM | 2000 | 1 | CAF | 1968 | 1 | CZE | 2001 | -1 |
| AUS | 1983 | -1 | CAF | 1999 | 1 | CZE | 2006 | 1 |
| AUS | 1984 | -1 | CAN | 1966 | 1 | DEU | 1958 | -1 |
| AUT | 1950 | 1 | CHE | 1976 | -1 | DEU | 1959 | -1 |
| AUT | 1955 | -1 | CHE | 1979 | -1 | DEU | 1996 | -1 |
| AUT | 1989 | -1 | CHL | 1961 | 1 | DMA | 2005 | -1 |
| AZE | 1994 | -1 | CHL | 1978 | -1 | DNK | 1973 | -1 |
| AZE | 1995 | -1 | CHL | 1999 | -1 | DNK | 1988 | -1 |
| AZE | 1996 | 1 | CHL | 2001 | -1 | DOM | 1964 | 1 |
| BDI | 1998 | 1 | CHL | 2006 | -1 | DOM | 1987 | -1 |
| BDI | 2010 | -1 | CHN | 1996 | -1 | DOM | 2000 | -1 |
| BEL | 1990 | -1 | CHN | 2017 | 1 | DOM | 2001 | -1 |
| DOM | 2003 | -1 | GRC | 1953 | -1 | IRQ | 2006 | -1 |
| DOM | 2004 | -1 | GRC | 1996 | -1 | ISR | 1996 | -1 |
| ECU | 1961 | 1 | GRC | 2015 | 1 | ISR | 1998 | -1 |
| ECU | 1996 | -1 | GRC | 2019 | -1 | ISR | 1999 | -1 |
| ECU | 2003 | -1 | GTM | 1962 | 1 | ITA | 1990 | -1 |
| ECU | 2014 | -1 | GTM | 1963 | 1 | JAM | 1991 | -1 |
| EGY | 1994 | -1 | GTM | 1973 | -1 | JAM | 2007 | -1 |
| EGY | 2003 | 1 | GTM | 1980 | 1 | JPN | 1972 | -1 |
| EGY | 2004 | -1 | GTM | 1988 | 1 | JPN | 1979 | -1 |
| EGY | 2014 | 1 | GTM | 1989 | -1 | JPN | 1998 | -1 |
| ERI | 1996 | -1 | GTM | 2001 | -1 | JPN | 2003 | 1 |
| ERI | 2004 | 1 | HKG | 1972 | -1 | KAZ | 1993 | -1 |
| ESP | 1967 | 1 | HND | 1969 | 1 | KAZ | 1995 | -1 |
| ESP | 1986 | -1 | HND | 1980 | 1 | KAZ | 2000 | -1 |
| ESP | 1989 | -1 | HND | 1992 | -1 | KEN | 1995 | -1 |
| ESP | 2002 | -1 | HND | 2000 | -1 | KEN | 1996 | -1 |
| EST | 1994 | -1 | HND | 2010 | 1 | KGZ | 1999 | 1 |
| ETH | 1959 | 1 | HRV | 2001 | 1 | KHM | 1971 | -1 |
| ETH | 1997 | 1 | HRV | 2003 | -1 | KOR | 1981 | -1 |
| FIN | 1991 | -1 | HTI | 1979 | -1 | KOR | 1995 | -1 |
| FIN | 1994 | -1 | HTI | 1981 | 1 | KOR | 2016 | -1 |
| FRA | 1965 | -1 | HTI | 1984 | -1 | KWT | 1972 | -1 |
| FRA | 1967 | -1 | HTI | 1987 | -1 | LAO | 1958 | -1 |
| FRA | 1968 | 1 | HTI | 1996 | -1 | LAO | 1962 | 1 |
| FRA | 1990 | -1 | HUN | 1998 | -1 | LAO | 1988 | -1 |
| FRA | 2001 | -1 | HUN | 2000 | -1 | LAO | 2003 | 1 |
| GAB | 1967 | -1 | IDN | 1982 | -1 | LAO | 2008 | -1 |
| GAB | 1968 | 1 | IRL | 1965 | 1 | LBN | 2002 | -1 |
| GAB | 2006 | -1 | IRL | 1980 | -1 | LBN | 2004 | 1 |
| GBR | 1979 | -1 | IRL | 1990 | -1 | LBR | 1986 | 1 |
| GBR | 1980 | -1 | IRL | 1992 | -1 | LBR | 1998 | -1 |
| GEO | 2012 | -1 | IRL | 1993 | -1 | LKA | 1977 | -1 |
| GMB | 1989 | -1 | IRQ | 1994 | 1 | LKA | 1992 | -1 |
| GMB | 1990 | -1 | IRQ | 2004 | -1 | LKA | 1993 | -1 |
| GNB | 2006 | 1 | IRQ | 2005 | 1 | MAR | 1961 | 1 |
| MAR | 1976 | 1 | NIC | 1962 | -1 | PER | 1997 | -1 |
| MDA | 1993 | -1 | NIC | 1978 | 1 | PHL | 1960 | -1 |
| MDA | 2001 | 1 | NIC | 1986 | -1 | PHL | 1966 | 1 |
| MDG | 1967 | -1 | NIC | 1992 | -1 | PNG | 1989 | 1 |
| MDG | 1968 | 1 | NIC | 2004 | 1 | PNG | 1993 | 1 |
| MDG | 1973 | -1 | NLD | 1953 | -1 | PNG | 2001 | 1 |
| MDG | 1997 | -1 | NLD | 1954 | -1 | PNG | 2005 | -1 |
| MDV | 1982 | -1 | NLD | 1977 | -1 | PNG | 2016 | 1 |
| MDV | 2009 | 1 | NLD | 1992 | -1 | POL | 2002 | -1 |
| MEX | 1982 | 1 | NOR | 1973 | -1 | POL | 2008 | -1 |
| MEX | 1991 | -1 | NOR | 1991 | -1 | PRT | 1992 | -1 |
| MEX | 1992 | -1 | NPL | 1964 | 1 | PRY | 1950 | 1 |
| MLI | 1986 | -1 | NPL | 1993 | -1 | PRY | 1951 | -1 |
| MLI | 2000 | 1 | NPL | 2017 | 1 | PRY | 1956 | -1 |
| MLI | 2004 | 1 | NZL | 1984 | -1 | PRY | 1957 | -1 |
| MMR | 1991 | -1 | NZL | 1985 | -1 | PRY | 1971 | 1 |
| MNG | 2000 | 1 | OMN | 1973 | -1 | PRY | 1973 | -1 |
| MOZ | 1995 | -1 | PAK | 1996 | -1 | PRY | 1997 | -1 |
| MRT | 1967 | -1 | PAK | 1998 | 1 | PRY | 2002 | 1 |
| MRT | 1968 | 1 | PAK | 2000 | -1 | PRY | 2003 | -1 |
| MRT | 1996 | -1 | PAK | 2007 | -1 | PRY | 2007 | -1 |
| MRT | 2001 | -1 | PAK | 2008 | 1 | ROU | 1989 | -1 |
| MVM | 1988 | -1 | PAN | 1997 | -1 | ROU | 1991 | -1 |
| MWI | 1995 | -1 | PAN | 2007 | 1 | ROU | 2002 | -1 |
| MWI | 1997 | 1 | PER | 1959 | -1 | RUS | 1998 | 1 |
| MWI | 2003 | -1 | PER | 7960 | -1 | RUS | 2002 | -1 |
| MWI | 2005 | 1 | PER | 1966 | 1 | RUS | 2007 | -1 |
| MYS | 2014 | -1 | PER | 1967 | 1 | RWA | 1973 | 1 |
| NAM | 1995 | -1 | PER | 1969 | 1 | RWA | 2009 | -1 |
| NER | 1967 | -1 | PER | 1978 | -1 | SAU | 1959 | -1 |
| NER | 1968 | 1 | PER | 1979 | -1 | SDN | 1993 | 1 |
| NER | 1994 | -1 | PER | 1987 | 1 | SDN | 1996 | -t |
| NER | 1996 | -1 | PER | 1988 | -1 | SDN | 1999 | -1 |
| NER | 2009 | 1 | PER | 1991 | -1 | SDN | 2007 | -1 |
| NGA | 1986 | -1 | PER | 1993 | -1 | SEN | 1967 | -1 |
| SEN | 1968 | 1 | UGA | 1998 | -1 | |||
| SGP | 1978 | -1 | UKR | 1993 | 1 | |||
| SLE | 1993 | -1 | UKR | 1995 | 1 | |||
| SLE | 1996 | 1 | UKR | 1996 | -1 | |||
| SLE | 2005 | -1 | UKR | 1997 | 1 | |||
| SLV | 1961 | 1 | UKR | 1998 | -1 | |||
| SLV | 1990 | -1 | UKR | 2018 | -1 | |||
| SLV | 1992 | -1 | UZB | 1997 | 1 | |||
| SLV | 1996 | -1 | UZB | 2000 | 1 | |||
| SVK | 1961 | 1 | UZB | 2003 | -1 | |||
| SVK | 1990 | -1 | UZB | 2017 | 1 | |||
| SVK | 1992 | -1 | VEN | 1963 | -1 | |||
| SVK | 1996 | -1 | VEN | 1966 | 1 | |||
| SVN | 1996 | -1 | VEN | 1983 | 1 | |||
| SVN | 2003 | -1 | VEN | 1989 | -1 | |||
| SWE | 1984 | -1 | VEN | 1996 | -1 | |||
| SWE | 1989 | -1 | VEN | 1997 | -1 | |||
| SWE | 1996 | -1 | VEN | 2002 | 1 | |||
| TCD | 1967 | -1 | VEN | 2014 | 1 | |||
| TCD | 1968 | 1 | VNM | 1976 | -1 | |||
| TCD | 2006 | -1 | YEM | 1994 | -1 | |||
| TCD | 2008 | 1 | YEM | 1996 | -1 | |||
| THA | 2004 | -1 | YEM | 2001 | 1 | |||
| TJK | 1995 | -1 | ZAF | 1976 | 1 | |||
| TJK | 2002 | -1 | ZAF | 1983 | -1 | |||
| TKM | 2004 | 1 | ZAF | 1996 | 1 | |||
| TON | 1989 | -1 | ZMB | 1992 | -1 | |||
| TUN | 1994 | -1 | ZMB | 1993 | -1 | |||
| TUN | 1996 | -1 | ZMB | 1995 | -1 | |||
| TUR | 1989 | -1 | ZMB | 1996 | -1 | |||
| TZA | 1993 | -1 | ZMB | 1997 | 1 | |||
| TZA | 1994 | -1 | ZWE | 1995 | -1 | |||
| TZA | 2000 | 1 | ZWE | 1999 | 1 | |||
| UGA | 1992 | -1 | ZWE | 2008 | -1 | |||
| UGA | 1993 | -1 | ZWE | 2010 | -1 |
Appendix Table A1.4
Large Changes in MATR, With and Without Recessions. Recession years are shown in black italic.
| Country Code (ISO3) | Year of the Episode | Sign of the Change | Country Code (ISO3) | Year of the Episode | Sign of the Change | Country Code (ISO3) | Year of the Episode | Sign of the Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGO | 1991 | -1 | BEN | 1987 | 1 | CIV | 1995 | -1 |
| AGO | 1996 | 1 | BFA | 2005 | 1 | CMR | 1967 | -1 |
| AGO | 2001 | -1 | BGR | 2006 | -1 | CMR | 1968 | 1 |
| AGO | 2018 | -1 | BHR | 1997 | -1 | CMR | 2006 | -1 |
| ARE | 2004 | 1 | BHR | 2004 | 1 | COG | 1967 | -1 |
| ARG | 1958 | -1 | BIH | 1997 | -1 | COG | 1968 | 1 |
| ARG | 1964 | 1 | BIH | 1998 | -1 | COG | 2006 | -1 |
| ARG | 1967 | -1 | BIH | 2001 | -1 | COG | 2008 | 1 |
| ARG | 1970 | 1 | BIH | 2003 | 1 | COL | 1955 | -1 |
| ARG | 1977 | -1 | BIH | 2012 | 1 | COL | 1966 | 1 |
| ARG | 1983 | 1 | BLR | 1998 | 1 | COL | 1991 | -1 |
| ARG | 1986 | -1 | BLR | 1999 | -1 | COL | 1993 | -1 |
| ARG | 1989 | -1 | BLR | 2006 | -1 | COL | 2004 | -1 |
| ARG | 1991 | -1 | BOL | 1956 | -1 | COL | 2007 | 1 |
| ARG | 1992 | -1 | BOL | 1982 | 1 | COL | 2008 | -1 |
| ARG | 2001 | 1 | BOL | 1998 | -1 | CRI | 1961 | -1 |
| ARG | 2003 | -1 | BRA | 1999 | -1 | CRI | 1966 | 1 |
| ARG | 2010 | -1 | BRA | 2002 | -1 | CRI | 1969 | -1 |
| ARG | 2011 | 1 | BRA | 2008 | -1 | CRI | 1971 | 1 |
| ARG | 2016 | -1 | BRA | 2015 | 1 | CRI | 1980 | -1 |
| ARG | 2017 | -1 | BRN | 2008 | 1 | CRI | 1994 | -1 |
| ARG | 2019 | 1 | BWA | 1999 | -1 | CRI | 2011 | -1 |
| ARM | 1998 | -1 | CAF | 1967 | -1 | CZE | 1995 | -1 |
| ARM | 2000 | 1 | CAF | 1968 | 1 | CZE | 2001 | -1 |
| AUS | 1983 | -1 | CAF | 1999 | 1 | CZE | 2006 | 1 |
| AUS | 1984 | -1 | CAN | 1966 | 1 | DEU | 1958 | -1 |
| AUT | 1950 | 1 | CHE | 1976 | -1 | DEU | 1959 | -1 |
| AUT | 1955 | -1 | CHE | 1979 | -1 | DEU | 1996 | -1 |
| AUT | 1989 | -1 | CHL | 1961 | 1 | DMA | 2005 | -1 |
| AZE | 1994 | -1 | CHL | 1978 | -1 | DNK | 1973 | -1 |
| AZE | 1995 | -1 | CHL | 1999 | -1 | DNK | 1988 | -1 |
| AZE | 1996 | 1 | CHL | 2001 | -1 | DOM | 1964 | 1 |
| BDI | 1998 | 1 | CHL | 2006 | -1 | DOM | 1987 | -1 |
| BDI | 2010 | -1 | CHN | 1996 | -1 | DOM | 2000 | -1 |
| BEL | 1990 | -1 | CHN | 2017 | 1 | DOM | 2001 | -1 |
| DOM | 2003 | -1 | GRC | 1953 | -1 | IRQ | 2006 | -1 |
| DOM | 2004 | -1 | GRC | 1996 | -1 | ISR | 1996 | -1 |
| ECU | 1961 | 1 | GRC | 2015 | 1 | ISR | 1998 | -1 |
| ECU | 1996 | -1 | GRC | 2019 | -1 | ISR | 1999 | -1 |
| ECU | 2003 | -1 | GTM | 1962 | 1 | ITA | 1990 | -1 |
| ECU | 2014 | -1 | GTM | 1963 | 1 | JAM | 1991 | -1 |
| EGY | 1994 | -1 | GTM | 1973 | -1 | JAM | 2007 | -1 |
| EGY | 2003 | 1 | GTM | 1980 | 1 | JPN | 1972 | -1 |
| EGY | 2004 | -1 | GTM | 1988 | 1 | JPN | 1979 | -1 |
| EGY | 2014 | 1 | GTM | 1989 | -1 | JPN | 1998 | -1 |
| ERI | 1996 | -1 | GTM | 2001 | -1 | JPN | 2003 | 1 |
| ERI | 2004 | 1 | HKG | 1972 | -1 | KAZ | 1993 | -1 |
| ESP | 1967 | 1 | HND | 1969 | 1 | KAZ | 1995 | -1 |
| ESP | 1986 | -1 | HND | 1980 | 1 | KAZ | 2000 | -1 |
| ESP | 1989 | -1 | HND | 1992 | -1 | KEN | 1995 | -1 |
| ESP | 2002 | -1 | HND | 2000 | -1 | KEN | 1996 | -1 |
| EST | 1994 | -1 | HND | 2010 | 1 | KGZ | 1999 | 1 |
| ETH | 1959 | 1 | HRV | 2001 | 1 | KHM | 1971 | -1 |
| ETH | 1997 | 1 | HRV | 2003 | -1 | KOR | 1981 | -1 |
| FIN | 1991 | -1 | HTI | 1979 | -1 | KOR | 1995 | -1 |
| FIN | 1994 | -1 | HTI | 1981 | 1 | KOR | 2016 | -1 |
| FRA | 1965 | -1 | HTI | 1984 | -1 | KWT | 1972 | -1 |
| FRA | 1967 | -1 | HTI | 1987 | -1 | LAO | 1958 | -1 |
| FRA | 1968 | 1 | HTI | 1996 | -1 | LAO | 1962 | 1 |
| FRA | 1990 | -1 | HUN | 1998 | -1 | LAO | 1988 | -1 |
| FRA | 2001 | -1 | HUN | 2000 | -1 | LAO | 2003 | 1 |
| GAB | 1967 | -1 | IDN | 1982 | -1 | LAO | 2008 | -1 |
| GAB | 1968 | 1 | IRL | 1965 | 1 | LBN | 2002 | -1 |
| GAB | 2006 | -1 | IRL | 1980 | -1 | LBN | 2004 | 1 |
| GBR | 1979 | -1 | IRL | 1990 | -1 | LBR | 1986 | 1 |
| GBR | 1980 | -1 | IRL | 1992 | -1 | LBR | 1998 | -1 |
| GEO | 2012 | -1 | IRL | 1993 | -1 | LKA | 1977 | -1 |
| GMB | 1989 | -1 | IRQ | 1994 | 1 | LKA | 1992 | -1 |
| GMB | 1990 | -1 | IRQ | 2004 | -1 | LKA | 1993 | -1 |
| GNB | 2006 | 1 | IRQ | 2005 | 1 | MAR | 1961 | 1 |
| MAR | 1976 | 1 | NIC | 1962 | -1 | PER | 1997 | -1 |
| MDA | 1993 | -1 | NIC | 1978 | 1 | PHL | 1960 | -1 |
| MDA | 2001 | 1 | NIC | 1986 | -1 | PHL | 1966 | 1 |
| MDG | 1967 | -1 | NIC | 1992 | -1 | PNG | 1989 | 1 |
| MDG | 1968 | 1 | NIC | 2004 | 1 | PNG | 1993 | 1 |
| MDG | 1973 | -1 | NLD | 1953 | -1 | PNG | 2001 | 1 |
| MDG | 1997 | -1 | NLD | 1954 | -1 | PNG | 2005 | -1 |
| MDV | 1982 | -1 | NLD | 1977 | -1 | PNG | 2016 | 1 |
| MDV | 2009 | 1 | NLD | 1992 | -1 | POL | 2002 | -1 |
| MEX | 1982 | 1 | NOR | 1973 | -1 | POL | 2008 | -1 |
| MEX | 1991 | -1 | NOR | 1991 | -1 | PRT | 1992 | -1 |
| MEX | 1992 | -1 | NPL | 1964 | 1 | PRY | 1950 | 1 |
| MLI | 1986 | -1 | NPL | 1993 | -1 | PRY | 1951 | -1 |
| MLI | 2000 | 1 | NPL | 2017 | 1 | PRY | 1956 | -1 |
| MLI | 2004 | 1 | NZL | 1984 | -1 | PRY | 1957 | -1 |
| MMR | 1991 | -1 | NZL | 1985 | -1 | PRY | 1971 | 1 |
| MNG | 2000 | 1 | OMN | 1973 | -1 | PRY | 1973 | -1 |
| MOZ | 1995 | -1 | PAK | 1996 | -1 | PRY | 1997 | -1 |
| MRT | 1967 | -1 | PAK | 1998 | 1 | PRY | 2002 | 1 |
| MRT | 1968 | 1 | PAK | 2000 | -1 | PRY | 2003 | -1 |
| MRT | 1996 | -1 | PAK | 2007 | -1 | PRY | 2007 | -1 |
| MRT | 2001 | -1 | PAK | 2008 | 1 | ROU | 1989 | -1 |
| MVM | 1988 | -1 | PAN | 1997 | -1 | ROU | 1991 | -1 |
| MWI | 1995 | -1 | PAN | 2007 | 1 | ROU | 2002 | -1 |
| MWI | 1997 | 1 | PER | 1959 | -1 | RUS | 1998 | 1 |
| MWI | 2003 | -1 | PER | 7960 | -1 | RUS | 2002 | -1 |
| MWI | 2005 | 1 | PER | 1966 | 1 | RUS | 2007 | -1 |
| MYS | 2014 | -1 | PER | 1967 | 1 | RWA | 1973 | 1 |
| NAM | 1995 | -1 | PER | 1969 | 1 | RWA | 2009 | -1 |
| NER | 1967 | -1 | PER | 1978 | -1 | SAU | 1959 | -1 |
| NER | 1968 | 1 | PER | 1979 | -1 | SDN | 1993 | 1 |
| NER | 1994 | -1 | PER | 1987 | 1 | SDN | 1996 | -t |
| NER | 1996 | -1 | PER | 1988 | -1 | SDN | 1999 | -1 |
| NER | 2009 | 1 | PER | 1991 | -1 | SDN | 2007 | -1 |
| NGA | 1986 | -1 | PER | 1993 | -1 | SEN | 1967 | -1 |
| SEN | 1968 | 1 | UGA | 1998 | -1 | |||
| SGP | 1978 | -1 | UKR | 1993 | 1 | |||
| SLE | 1993 | -1 | UKR | 1995 | 1 | |||
| SLE | 1996 | 1 | UKR | 1996 | -1 | |||
| SLE | 2005 | -1 | UKR | 1997 | 1 | |||
| SLV | 1961 | 1 | UKR | 1998 | -1 | |||
| SLV | 1990 | -1 | UKR | 2018 | -1 | |||
| SLV | 1992 | -1 | UZB | 1997 | 1 | |||
| SLV | 1996 | -1 | UZB | 2000 | 1 | |||
| SVK | 1961 | 1 | UZB | 2003 | -1 | |||
| SVK | 1990 | -1 | UZB | 2017 | 1 | |||
| SVK | 1992 | -1 | VEN | 1963 | -1 | |||
| SVK | 1996 | -1 | VEN | 1966 | 1 | |||
| SVN | 1996 | -1 | VEN | 1983 | 1 | |||
| SVN | 2003 | -1 | VEN | 1989 | -1 | |||
| SWE | 1984 | -1 | VEN | 1996 | -1 | |||
| SWE | 1989 | -1 | VEN | 1997 | -1 | |||
| SWE | 1996 | -1 | VEN | 2002 | 1 | |||
| TCD | 1967 | -1 | VEN | 2014 | 1 | |||
| TCD | 1968 | 1 | VNM | 1976 | -1 | |||
| TCD | 2006 | -1 | YEM | 1994 | -1 | |||
| TCD | 2008 | 1 | YEM | 1996 | -1 | |||
| THA | 2004 | -1 | YEM | 2001 | 1 | |||
| TJK | 1995 | -1 | ZAF | 1976 | 1 | |||
| TJK | 2002 | -1 | ZAF | 1983 | -1 | |||
| TKM | 2004 | 1 | ZAF | 1996 | 1 | |||
| TON | 1989 | -1 | ZMB | 1992 | -1 | |||
| TUN | 1994 | -1 | ZMB | 1993 | -1 | |||
| TUN | 1996 | -1 | ZMB | 1995 | -1 | |||
| TUR | 1989 | -1 | ZMB | 1996 | -1 | |||
| TZA | 1993 | -1 | ZMB | 1997 | 1 | |||
| TZA | 1994 | -1 | ZWE | 1995 | -1 | |||
| TZA | 2000 | 1 | ZWE | 1999 | 1 | |||
| UGA | 1992 | -1 | ZWE | 2008 | -1 | |||
| UGA | 1993 | -1 | ZWE | 2010 | -1 |
Appendix Table A1.5
Exogenous Changes in MATR
Appendix Table A1.5
Exogenous Changes in MATR
| Country | Year | Sign | Description of episode | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angola | 2018 | Liberalization | The measure is created to facilitate long-term investment and not to solve short term economic issues: “On August 10, 2018, the Angolan Government enacted a private investment law aimed at facilitating investment. The law removed the previous requirement that foreign investors identify a local partner with a 35 percent stake prior to investing in priority sectors, thereby allowing foreign investors to own investments in their entirety. The law also eliminated minimum levels of foreign direct investment and established firm sunset clauses for tax incentives. In addition to changes to the investment legal framework, the government created the Agency for Private Investment and Exports Promotion, a state-run agency with the goal of facilitating investment and export processes.” | https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/reports/2021/2021NTE.pdf (p.16) |
| Austria | 1955 | Liberalization | Austrian Independence Treaty is signed. | https://2001–2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/lw/107185.htm |
| Austria | 1989 | Liberalization | Austria applied for the EC in this year. | https://www.austria.org/austria-in-the-eu |
| Bahrain | 2004 | Increase in restrictions | Bahrain signs a Foreign Trade Agreement with the United States. | https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/archives/2004/september/united-states-and-bahrain-sign-free-tra |
| Belarus | 2006 | Liberalization | Exchange Rate measures lifted. Previously, foreign exchange controls were in place to limit imports in the context of balance-of-payments problem. | https://hrcak.srce.hr/18634 |
| Belgium | 1990 | Liberalization | Part of reforms related to The Schengen Agreement on the elimination of border checks, signed in 1985. | https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/schengen-agreement/ |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1997 | Liberalization | The country adopted a new law on Foreign Trade Policy (1997) focused on liberalizing laws. The laws aimed at improving existing and future economic collaboration between BIH and its entities, neighboring and other states and international organizations. | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297550578_Non-tariff_barriers_and_their_impact_on_trade_flows_within_CEFTA_2006_The_case_study_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2001 | Liberalization | Part of EU ascension road map. | http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00003190/01/economic_chalenges_for_bosnia_and_herzegovina_on_the_road_to_membership_in_the_eu.pdf |
| Botswana | 1999 | Liberalization | The liberalization is part of an export-led strategy for the country that started in 1998. “Botswana has shown its commitment to promoting diversification of its economy through export-led industrialization (World Trade Organization, 1998b).” | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287111055_The_Evolution_of_Trade_Policy_in_Botswana (p.23) |
| Bulgaria | 2006 | Liberalization | Reforms related to EU accession. | https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-508 |
| Costa Rica | 1966 | Increase in restrictions | The country started a long-term plan to develop an Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) to enhance growth in the country. | http://www.fao.org/3/I8308EN/i8308en.pdf |
| Costa Rica | 2011 | Liberalization | Foreign Trade Agreements with the European Union China and Singapore entered into force. | http://www.fao.org/3/I8308EN/i8308en.pdfhttps://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/57577 |
| Croatia | 2003 | Liberalization | Croatia signed its ascension to the Central European Union Free Trade Agreement in December 2002. | http://www.mvep.hr/en/foreign-politics/multilateral-relationsold/central-european-free-trade-agreement-(cefta)/ |
| Eritrea | 1996 | Liberalization | Continuity of the trade liberalization process of Eritrea over the system it inherited from Ethiopia. | https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/1996/cr9666.pdf |
| France | 1967 | Liberalization | The European Communities signs the final Act of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) multilateral negotiations (Kennedy round). | https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1960-1969/1967_en |
| Gabon | 1968 | Increase in restrictions | strategy of protectionism-including tariff barriers, quota restrictions on imports-to foster the development of the industrial sector after the country’s independence. | https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/briefing_note/join/2013/491518/EXPO-INTA_SP(2013)491518_EN.pdf |
| Gambia, The | 1989 | Liberalization | Part of the trade liberalization efforts that started in 1986 to foster long-term developments. | https://www.gafspfund.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Attachment%2011%20The%20Gambia%20Trade%20Policy%202011.pdf |
| Gambia, The | 1990 | Liberalization | As above. | As above. |
| Germany | 1958 | Liberalization | West Germany enters the European Union Monetary Agreement. During the 50’s the country started a liberalization process to integrate in western world. | https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/47235/1/255419112.pdf |
| Haiti | 1996 | Liberalization | The country joined the World Trade Organization. | https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/haiti_e.htm |
| Hungary | 1998 | Liberalization | Hungary underwent major macroeconomic and structural adjustment in its transition to a market economy. | https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp077_e.htm |
| Hungary | 2000 | Liberalization | In 2000, Hungary and the European Union reached agreement on further liberalization of trade in agricultural products. | https://ustr.gov/archive/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2001/2001_NTE_Report/asset_upload_file569_6574.pdfhttps://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/084/03193-9781557757098-en/ch09.xml |
| Ireland | 1992 | Liberalization | In 1992, the Single European Union Act removed other barriers to trade, especially in services. | https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Trade-Agreement-and-Tax-Incentives-The-Irish-Experience.pdf |
| Israel | 1996 | Liberalization | The country signed an agreement with the US to liberalize non-tariff barriers in their agricultural and food sector. Policies related to World Trade Organization accession. | https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/40898/32574_aer771m_002.pdf?v=0 |
| Israel | 1998 | Liberalization | Part of medium-term capital account liberalization that started in 1990. | https://www.boi.org.il/deptdata/neumim/neum190e.pdf |
| Japan | 2003 | Increase in restrictions | Japan bans beef imports after the outbreak of mad cow disease. | https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/29/business/global/japan-to-ease-restrictions-on-us-beef.html |
| Country | Year | Sign | Description of episode | Link |
| Korea | 1995 | Liberalization | “In the financial sector, Korea is radically reforming the foreign exchange system by relaxing its foreign exchange controls and easing restrictions on portfolio investments and capital movement under the five-year Foreign Exchange System Reform Plan from 1995 to 1999. In December 1995, the Foreign Exchange Management Act was amended to better facilitate the liberalization measures in the future.” | https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp040_e.htm |
| Korea | 2016 | Liberalization | The country signs a Free Trade Agreement with Vietnam. | https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogueIdList=236246,235687,235686,235681,234860,233827,233394,233277,232654,230836&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=3&FullTextHash=&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True |
| Lebanon | 2002 | Liberalization | The country signs a Trade Agreement with the European Union. | https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/MzU3OTk3Nzcy |
| Liberia | 1986 | Increase in restrictions | Liberia signs a new constitution. Restrictions on imports of rice were imposed to avoid rice smuggling | https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABD584.pdf |
| Malawi | 1988 | Liberalization | Part of broader structural adjustment program as the country tried to change its development strategy from planned economy. | https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp088_e.htmhttps://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.577.9356&rep=rep1&type=pdfhttps://www.cbd.int/financial/fiscalenviron/mali-structural.pdf |
| Malawi | 1997 | Increase in restrictions | Malawi accepted the obligations under Article VIII of the International Monetary Fund’s Articles of Agreement. The external trading environment was significantly liberalized with a phased reduction of the temporary export levy and import duties, and a decrease of the weighted average tariff rate from 18 per cent in 1994 to about 15 per cent in 1996. | As above. |
| Malawi | 2003 | Liberalization | Malawi was set to start liberalizing against other members of the South African Development Community in 2003. | https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/18645/ACS75340P1336010Box385206B00PUBLIC00.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |
| Malaysia | 2014 | Liberalization | The government implemented structural reforms on a wide front in support of Malaysia’s goal of achieving high-income status by 2020. | https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr1558.pdf |
| Mozambique | 1995 | Liberalization | The country joined the World Trade Organization. | https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/mozambique_e.htm |
| Namibia | 1995 | Liberalization | The country joined the World Trade Organization. | Trade Policy Framework: Namibia (unctad.org) |
| Netherlands | 1953 | Liberalization | Reforms agreed related to the formation of the Organization for European Union Economic Cooperation (OEEC).In signing the Convention that gave birth to the OEEC, the contracting parties agreed, inter alia, to “develop … the maximum possible interchange of goods and services …, [to] continue the efforts already initiated to achieve … a multilateral system of payments among themselves …, [to] cooperate in relaxing restrictions on trade and payments between one another.…”2 The members of the OEEC are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. | https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/024/1955/001/article-A001-en.xml (p.181) |
| Netherlands | 1954 | Liberalization | As above. | In addition to above: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wess/wess_archive/searchable_archive/1954_WESS_Full.pdf |
| Netherlands | 1977 | Liberalization | Deregulation to foster trade linkages with other industrialized countries. | https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/wp9819.pdf |
| Netherlands | 1992 | Liberalization | As above. | As above. |
| Niger | 1996 | Liberalization | The country joined the World Trade Organization. | https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/niger_e.htm |
| Paraguay | 2007 | Liberalization | Memoranda of Understanding on the promotion of trade and investment have been signed by MERCOSUR countries with the Republic of Korea (2009); Singapore (2007); Russia (2006); Guyana (1999); and Trinidad and Tobago (1999). | https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=Q:/WT/TPR/S245-03.pdf |
| Peru | 1960 | Liberalization | Part of the economic program to improved fiscal and monetary management and remove remaining exchange and trade restrictions. | https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/wp12166.pdf |
| Philippines | 1960 | Liberalization | The start of import decontrolling. | https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c9049/c9049.pdfhttps://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Opinion&title=philippine-exports-growth-from-1960-2014&id=129148 |
| Philippines | 1966 | Increase in restrictions | Unwinding of the 1960 reform and more favorable view toward economic planning and government market interventions. An outgrowth of this sentiment was the enactment of a comprehensive system of industrial incentives in 1967, as well as a financial facility for distressed firms set up at DBP in 1966. The Philippine government also intervened more actively in allocating resources among industries after the decontrol episode. The Board of Investments (BOI) that was established by the Industrial Incentives Act of 1967 had substantial discretion in administering the incentives, as well as the authority to limit investments in industries with excess capacity. | Page 9 of: https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c9049/c9049.pdf |
| Poland | 2002 | Liberalization | Liberalization efforts related to accession to EU | https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp136_e.htmhttps://www.ce.uw.edu.pl/pliki/pw/y4-2000_Michalek.pdf |
| Slovak Republic | 1990 | Liberalization | Part of reforms to achieve a market-based economy. Slovakia decontrolled prices opened the economy to foreign investment and liberalized its foreign exchange regime. It has also relaxed/eliminated foreign trade restrictions and privatized many state enterprises. | https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp019_e.htm |
| Slovak Republic | 1996 | Liberalization | The Slovak Republic formally applied in June 1995 for European Union membership. | As above. |
| Slovenia | 2003 | Liberalization | The country joined the European Union in 2004. | https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/country-profiles/slovenia_en |
| Spain | 1989 | Liberalization | The liberalization is part of a process that started in the 60’s, in line with the accession to the European Union Community and the European Union. | http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/dt10-2002 |
| Sudan | 1999 | Liberalization | Part of Sudan application/accession to the World Trade Organization membership. | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264440643_The_effects_of_trade_policy_reforms_on_the_agricultural_sector_of_Sudan. See Table A1-1 of the report. |
| Sweden | 1984 | Liberalization | Prior to accession to the European Union in 1995, Sweden took unilateral/bilateral efforts to further trading interests and support multilateralism | https://ecipe.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/sweden-2013-from-free-trade-to-protectionism.pdf. For structural reforms: https://academic.oup.com/wbro/article/34/2/274/5522304 |
| Sweden | 1989 | Liberalization | As above. | As above. |
| Sweden | 1996 | Liberalization | Accession to the European Union in 1995. | As above. |
| Tajikistan | 2002 | Liberalization | Part of broader reforms plan and access to WTO. | https://www.imf.org/external/np/pfp/1999/tajik/ |
| Uganda | 1992 | Liberalization | A first generation of trade policy reforms. This was related to the structural reforms to limit state intervention and impose a free market-oriented economy open to international trade. | https://freit.org/WorkingPapers/Papers/Development/FREIT437.pdf |
| Uganda | 1998 | Liberalization | Reforms aimed at simplifying the tariff structure. | As above. |
| Ukraine | 2018 | Liberalization | In 2017, Ukraine acceded to the Pan-Euro-Med Convention, which sets uniform rules of origin for trade in products manufactured in countries with which the EU has FTAs and customs unions. The Pan-Euro-Med Convention entered into force for Ukraine in February 2018. | https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/6-621-3097?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true |
Appendix Table A1.5
Exogenous Changes in MATR
| Country | Year | Sign | Description of episode | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angola | 2018 | Liberalization | The measure is created to facilitate long-term investment and not to solve short term economic issues: “On August 10, 2018, the Angolan Government enacted a private investment law aimed at facilitating investment. The law removed the previous requirement that foreign investors identify a local partner with a 35 percent stake prior to investing in priority sectors, thereby allowing foreign investors to own investments in their entirety. The law also eliminated minimum levels of foreign direct investment and established firm sunset clauses for tax incentives. In addition to changes to the investment legal framework, the government created the Agency for Private Investment and Exports Promotion, a state-run agency with the goal of facilitating investment and export processes.” | https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/reports/2021/2021NTE.pdf (p.16) |
| Austria | 1955 | Liberalization | Austrian Independence Treaty is signed. | https://2001–2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/lw/107185.htm |
| Austria | 1989 | Liberalization | Austria applied for the EC in this year. | https://www.austria.org/austria-in-the-eu |
| Bahrain | 2004 | Increase in restrictions | Bahrain signs a Foreign Trade Agreement with the United States. | https://ustr.gov/about-us/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/archives/2004/september/united-states-and-bahrain-sign-free-tra |
| Belarus | 2006 | Liberalization | Exchange Rate measures lifted. Previously, foreign exchange controls were in place to limit imports in the context of balance-of-payments problem. | https://hrcak.srce.hr/18634 |
| Belgium | 1990 | Liberalization | Part of reforms related to The Schengen Agreement on the elimination of border checks, signed in 1985. | https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/schengen-agreement/ |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1997 | Liberalization | The country adopted a new law on Foreign Trade Policy (1997) focused on liberalizing laws. The laws aimed at improving existing and future economic collaboration between BIH and its entities, neighboring and other states and international organizations. | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297550578_Non-tariff_barriers_and_their_impact_on_trade_flows_within_CEFTA_2006_The_case_study_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2001 | Liberalization | Part of EU ascension road map. | http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00003190/01/economic_chalenges_for_bosnia_and_herzegovina_on_the_road_to_membership_in_the_eu.pdf |
| Botswana | 1999 | Liberalization | The liberalization is part of an export-led strategy for the country that started in 1998. “Botswana has shown its commitment to promoting diversification of its economy through export-led industrialization (World Trade Organization, 1998b).” | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287111055_The_Evolution_of_Trade_Policy_in_Botswana (p.23) |
| Bulgaria | 2006 | Liberalization | Reforms related to EU accession. | https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-508 |
| Costa Rica | 1966 | Increase in restrictions | The country started a long-term plan to develop an Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) to enhance growth in the country. | http://www.fao.org/3/I8308EN/i8308en.pdf |
| Costa Rica | 2011 | Liberalization | Foreign Trade Agreements with the European Union China and Singapore entered into force. | http://www.fao.org/3/I8308EN/i8308en.pdfhttps://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/57577 |
| Croatia | 2003 | Liberalization | Croatia signed its ascension to the Central European Union Free Trade Agreement in December 2002. | http://www.mvep.hr/en/foreign-politics/multilateral-relationsold/central-european-free-trade-agreement-(cefta)/ |
| Eritrea | 1996 | Liberalization | Continuity of the trade liberalization process of Eritrea over the system it inherited from Ethiopia. | https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/1996/cr9666.pdf |
| France | 1967 | Liberalization | The European Communities signs the final Act of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) multilateral negotiations (Kennedy round). | https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1960-1969/1967_en |
| Gabon | 1968 | Increase in restrictions | strategy of protectionism-including tariff barriers, quota restrictions on imports-to foster the development of the industrial sector after the country’s independence. | https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/briefing_note/join/2013/491518/EXPO-INTA_SP(2013)491518_EN.pdf |
| Gambia, The | 1989 | Liberalization | Part of the trade liberalization efforts that started in 1986 to foster long-term developments. | https://www.gafspfund.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Attachment%2011%20The%20Gambia%20Trade%20Policy%202011.pdf |
| Gambia, The | 1990 | Liberalization | As above. | As above. |
| Germany | 1958 | Liberalization | West Germany enters the European Union Monetary Agreement. During the 50’s the country started a liberalization process to integrate in western world. | https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/47235/1/255419112.pdf |
| Haiti | 1996 | Liberalization | The country joined the World Trade Organization. | https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/haiti_e.htm |
| Hungary | 1998 | Liberalization | Hungary underwent major macroeconomic and structural adjustment in its transition to a market economy. | https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp077_e.htm |
| Hungary | 2000 | Liberalization | In 2000, Hungary and the European Union reached agreement on further liberalization of trade in agricultural products. | https://ustr.gov/archive/assets/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2001/2001_NTE_Report/asset_upload_file569_6574.pdfhttps://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/084/03193-9781557757098-en/ch09.xml |
| Ireland | 1992 | Liberalization | In 1992, the Single European Union Act removed other barriers to trade, especially in services. | https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Trade-Agreement-and-Tax-Incentives-The-Irish-Experience.pdf |
| Israel | 1996 | Liberalization | The country signed an agreement with the US to liberalize non-tariff barriers in their agricultural and food sector. Policies related to World Trade Organization accession. | https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/40898/32574_aer771m_002.pdf?v=0 |
| Israel | 1998 | Liberalization | Part of medium-term capital account liberalization that started in 1990. | https://www.boi.org.il/deptdata/neumim/neum190e.pdf |
| Japan | 2003 | Increase in restrictions | Japan bans beef imports after the outbreak of mad cow disease. | https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/29/business/global/japan-to-ease-restrictions-on-us-beef.html |
| Country | Year | Sign | Description of episode | Link |
| Korea | 1995 | Liberalization | “In the financial sector, Korea is radically reforming the foreign exchange system by relaxing its foreign exchange controls and easing restrictions on portfolio investments and capital movement under the five-year Foreign Exchange System Reform Plan from 1995 to 1999. In December 1995, the Foreign Exchange Management Act was amended to better facilitate the liberalization measures in the future.” | https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp040_e.htm |
| Korea | 2016 | Liberalization | The country signs a Free Trade Agreement with Vietnam. | https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S009-DP.aspx?language=E&CatalogueIdList=236246,235687,235686,235681,234860,233827,233394,233277,232654,230836&CurrentCatalogueIdIndex=3&FullTextHash=&HasEnglishRecord=True&HasFrenchRecord=True&HasSpanishRecord=True |
| Lebanon | 2002 | Liberalization | The country signs a Trade Agreement with the European Union. | https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/MzU3OTk3Nzcy |
| Liberia | 1986 | Increase in restrictions | Liberia signs a new constitution. Restrictions on imports of rice were imposed to avoid rice smuggling | https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABD584.pdf |
| Malawi | 1988 | Liberalization | Part of broader structural adjustment program as the country tried to change its development strategy from planned economy. | https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp088_e.htmhttps://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.577.9356&rep=rep1&type=pdfhttps://www.cbd.int/financial/fiscalenviron/mali-structural.pdf |
| Malawi | 1997 | Increase in restrictions | Malawi accepted the obligations under Article VIII of the International Monetary Fund’s Articles of Agreement. The external trading environment was significantly liberalized with a phased reduction of the temporary export levy and import duties, and a decrease of the weighted average tariff rate from 18 per cent in 1994 to about 15 per cent in 1996. | As above. |
| Malawi | 2003 | Liberalization | Malawi was set to start liberalizing against other members of the South African Development Community in 2003. | https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/18645/ACS75340P1336010Box385206B00PUBLIC00.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |
| Malaysia | 2014 | Liberalization | The government implemented structural reforms on a wide front in support of Malaysia’s goal of achieving high-income status by 2020. | https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2015/cr1558.pdf |
| Mozambique | 1995 | Liberalization | The country joined the World Trade Organization. | https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/mozambique_e.htm |
| Namibia | 1995 | Liberalization | The country joined the World Trade Organization. | Trade Policy Framework: Namibia (unctad.org) |
| Netherlands | 1953 | Liberalization | Reforms agreed related to the formation of the Organization for European Union Economic Cooperation (OEEC).In signing the Convention that gave birth to the OEEC, the contracting parties agreed, inter alia, to “develop … the maximum possible interchange of goods and services …, [to] continue the efforts already initiated to achieve … a multilateral system of payments among themselves …, [to] cooperate in relaxing restrictions on trade and payments between one another.…”2 The members of the OEEC are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. | https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/024/1955/001/article-A001-en.xml (p.181) |
| Netherlands | 1954 | Liberalization | As above. | In addition to above: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wess/wess_archive/searchable_archive/1954_WESS_Full.pdf |
| Netherlands | 1977 | Liberalization | Deregulation to foster trade linkages with other industrialized countries. | https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/wp9819.pdf |
| Netherlands | 1992 | Liberalization | As above. | As above. |
| Niger | 1996 | Liberalization | The country joined the World Trade Organization. | https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/niger_e.htm |
| Paraguay | 2007 | Liberalization | Memoranda of Understanding on the promotion of trade and investment have been signed by MERCOSUR countries with the Republic of Korea (2009); Singapore (2007); Russia (2006); Guyana (1999); and Trinidad and Tobago (1999). | https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/SS/directdoc.aspx?filename=Q:/WT/TPR/S245-03.pdf |
| Peru | 1960 | Liberalization | Part of the economic program to improved fiscal and monetary management and remove remaining exchange and trade restrictions. | https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/wp12166.pdf |
| Philippines | 1960 | Liberalization | The start of import decontrolling. | https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c9049/c9049.pdfhttps://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Opinion&title=philippine-exports-growth-from-1960-2014&id=129148 |
| Philippines | 1966 | Increase in restrictions | Unwinding of the 1960 reform and more favorable view toward economic planning and government market interventions. An outgrowth of this sentiment was the enactment of a comprehensive system of industrial incentives in 1967, as well as a financial facility for distressed firms set up at DBP in 1966. The Philippine government also intervened more actively in allocating resources among industries after the decontrol episode. The Board of Investments (BOI) that was established by the Industrial Incentives Act of 1967 had substantial discretion in administering the incentives, as well as the authority to limit investments in industries with excess capacity. | Page 9 of: https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c9049/c9049.pdf |
| Poland | 2002 | Liberalization | Liberalization efforts related to accession to EU | https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp136_e.htmhttps://www.ce.uw.edu.pl/pliki/pw/y4-2000_Michalek.pdf |
| Slovak Republic | 1990 | Liberalization | Part of reforms to achieve a market-based economy. Slovakia decontrolled prices opened the economy to foreign investment and liberalized its foreign exchange regime. It has also relaxed/eliminated foreign trade restrictions and privatized many state enterprises. | https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp019_e.htm |
| Slovak Republic | 1996 | Liberalization | The Slovak Republic formally applied in June 1995 for European Union membership. | As above. |
| Slovenia | 2003 | Liberalization | The country joined the European Union in 2004. | https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/country-profiles/slovenia_en |
| Spain | 1989 | Liberalization | The liberalization is part of a process that started in the 60’s, in line with the accession to the European Union Community and the European Union. | http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_en/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/dt10-2002 |
| Sudan | 1999 | Liberalization | Part of Sudan application/accession to the World Trade Organization membership. | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264440643_The_effects_of_trade_policy_reforms_on_the_agricultural_sector_of_Sudan. See Table A1-1 of the report. |
| Sweden | 1984 | Liberalization | Prior to accession to the European Union in 1995, Sweden took unilateral/bilateral efforts to further trading interests and support multilateralism | https://ecipe.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/sweden-2013-from-free-trade-to-protectionism.pdf. For structural reforms: https://academic.oup.com/wbro/article/34/2/274/5522304 |
| Sweden | 1989 | Liberalization | As above. | As above. |
| Sweden | 1996 | Liberalization | Accession to the European Union in 1995. | As above. |
| Tajikistan | 2002 | Liberalization | Part of broader reforms plan and access to WTO. | https://www.imf.org/external/np/pfp/1999/tajik/ |
| Uganda | 1992 | Liberalization | A first generation of trade policy reforms. This was related to the structural reforms to limit state intervention and impose a free market-oriented economy open to international trade. | https://freit.org/WorkingPapers/Papers/Development/FREIT437.pdf |
| Uganda | 1998 | Liberalization | Reforms aimed at simplifying the tariff structure. | As above. |
| Ukraine | 2018 | Liberalization | In 2017, Ukraine acceded to the Pan-Euro-Med Convention, which sets uniform rules of origin for trade in products manufactured in countries with which the EU has FTAs and customs unions. The Pan-Euro-Med Convention entered into force for Ukraine in February 2018. | https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/6-621-3097?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true |
Appendix Table A1.6
Exogenous Changes in MATR, Not Part of Broader Reform Packages
Appendix Table A1.6
Exogenous Changes in MATR, Not Part of Broader Reform Packages
| Country Code (ISO3) | Year of the Episode | Sign of the Change | Country Code (ISO3) | Year of the Episode | Sign of the Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGO | 2018 | -1 | LBR | 1986 | 1 |
| AUT | 1955 | -1 | MOZ | 1995 | -1 |
| AUT | 1989 | -1 | MWI | 1988 | -1 |
| BGR | 2006 | -1 | MWI | 1997 | 1 |
| BHR | 2004 | 1 | MWI | 2003 | -1 |
| BIH | 1997 | -1 | MYS | 2014 | -1 |
| BIH | 2001 | -1 | NAM | 1995 | -1 |
| BLR | 2006 | -1 | NER | 1996 | -1 |
| BWA | 1999 | -1 | NLD | 1953 | -1 |
| CRI | 1966 | 1 | NLD | 1954 | -1 |
| CRI | 2011 | -1 | NLD | 1977 | -1 |
| DEU | 1958 | -1 | NLD | 1992 | -1 |
| ERI | 1996 | -1 | PER | 1960 | -1 |
| ESP | 1989 | -1 | PHL | 1960 | -1 |
| FRA | 1967 | -1 | PHL | 1966 | 1 |
| GAB | 1968 | 1 | PRY | 2007 | -1 |
| GMB | 1989 | -1 | SDN | 1999 | -1 |
| GMB | 1990 | -1 | SVK | 1990 | -1 |
| HRV | 2003 | -1 | SVK | 1996 | -1 |
| HTI | 1996 | -1 | SVN | 2003 | -1 |
| HUN | 1998 | -1 | SWE | 1984 | -1 |
| HUN | 2000 | -1 | SWE | 1989 | -1 |
| ISR | 1996 | -1 | SWE | 1996 | -1 |
| JPN | 2003 | 1 | TJK | 2002 | -1 |
| KOR | 1995 | -1 | UGA | 1998 | -1 |
| KOR | 2016 | -1 | UKR | 2018 | -1 |
| LBN | 2002 | -1 |
Appendix Table A1.6
Exogenous Changes in MATR, Not Part of Broader Reform Packages
| Country Code (ISO3) | Year of the Episode | Sign of the Change | Country Code (ISO3) | Year of the Episode | Sign of the Change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGO | 2018 | -1 | LBR | 1986 | 1 |
| AUT | 1955 | -1 | MOZ | 1995 | -1 |
| AUT | 1989 | -1 | MWI | 1988 | -1 |
| BGR | 2006 | -1 | MWI | 1997 | 1 |
| BHR | 2004 | 1 | MWI | 2003 | -1 |
| BIH | 1997 | -1 | MYS | 2014 | -1 |
| BIH | 2001 | -1 | NAM | 1995 | -1 |
| BLR | 2006 | -1 | NER | 1996 | -1 |
| BWA | 1999 | -1 | NLD | 1953 | -1 |
| CRI | 1966 | 1 | NLD | 1954 | -1 |
| CRI | 2011 | -1 | NLD | 1977 | -1 |
| DEU | 1958 | -1 | NLD | 1992 | -1 |
| ERI | 1996 | -1 | PER | 1960 | -1 |
| ESP | 1989 | -1 | PHL | 1960 | -1 |
| FRA | 1967 | -1 | PHL | 1966 | 1 |
| GAB | 1968 | 1 | PRY | 2007 | -1 |
| GMB | 1989 | -1 | SDN | 1999 | -1 |
| GMB | 1990 | -1 | SVK | 1990 | -1 |
| HRV | 2003 | -1 | SVK | 1996 | -1 |
| HTI | 1996 | -1 | SVN | 2003 | -1 |
| HUN | 1998 | -1 | SWE | 1984 | -1 |
| HUN | 2000 | -1 | SWE | 1989 | -1 |
| ISR | 1996 | -1 | SWE | 1996 | -1 |
| JPN | 2003 | 1 | TJK | 2002 | -1 |
| KOR | 1995 | -1 | UGA | 1998 | -1 |
| KOR | 2016 | -1 | UKR | 2018 | -1 |
| LBN | 2002 | -1 |
MATR country coverage over time, by region
Citation: IMF Working Papers 2022, 001; 10.5089/9781616359645.001.A999
Y axis indicates the number of countries that have data for that particular year.
MATR country coverage over time, by region
Citation: IMF Working Papers 2022, 001; 10.5089/9781616359645.001.A999
Y axis indicates the number of countries that have data for that particular year.MATR country coverage over time, by region
Citation: IMF Working Papers 2022, 001; 10.5089/9781616359645.001.A999
Y axis indicates the number of countries that have data for that particular year.
MATR changes over time, 1976–2016
Citation: IMF Working Papers 2022, 001; 10.5089/9781616359645.001.A999
MATR changes over time, 1976–2016
Citation: IMF Working Papers 2022, 001; 10.5089/9781616359645.001.A999
MATR changes over time, 1976–2016
Citation: IMF Working Papers 2022, 001; 10.5089/9781616359645.001.A999
Perturbations of MATR
Citation: IMF Working Papers 2022, 001; 10.5089/9781616359645.001.A999
The figure above shows scatterplots of MATR (on the Y axis) versus alternative aggregations of the Index.Variant 1 includes sum of: VII_A ;VII_B ;VII_C ;VII_D ;VII_E ;VII_F ;VIII_A ;VIII_B ;VIII_C ;VIII_D and VIII_E.Variant 2 includes sum of: IV_A ;IV_B ;IV_C ;IV_D ;IV_E ;IV_F ;VII_A ;VII_B ;VII_C ;VII_D ;VII_E ;VII_F; IX_A_1; VIII_A ;VIII_B ;VIII_C ;VIII_D ;VIII_E ;X_A and X_B.Variant 3 includes sum of: II_A ;II_B ;IV_A ;IV_B ;IV_C ;IV_D ;IV_E ;IV_F ;VII_A ;VII_B ;VII_C ;VII_D ;VII_E ;VII_F; IX_A_1 ;IX_A_2 ;IX_A_3 ;IX_A_4 ;IX_A_5 ;IX_A_6;IX_A_7 ;VIII_A ;VIII_B ;VIII_C ;VIII_D and VIII_E.Variant 4 includes sum of: III_F ;III_G ;II_A ;II_B ;IV_A_1 ;IV_A_2 ;IV_B_1 ;IV_B_2 ;IV_C ;IV_D_1 ;IV_D_2 ;IV_E_1; IV_E_2 ;IV_F_1 ;IV_F_2 ;VII_B_1 ;VII_A ;VII_B_2;VII_B_3 ;VII_C_1 ;VII_C_2 ;VII_C_3 ;VII_C_4 ;VII_C_5 ;VII_D_1; VII_D_2 ;VII_D_3 ;VII_D_4 ;VII_D_5 ;VII_E_1 ;VII_F ;VIII_A_1 ;VIII_C_1 ;VIII_B ;VIII_C_2 ;VIII_C_3; VIII_C_4; VIII_C_5; VIII_D_1 ;VIII_D_2 ;VIII_E_1 ;VIII_E_2 ;IX_A_1 ;IX_A_2 ;IX_A_3 ;IX_A_4 ;IX_A_5 ;IX_A_6 ;IX_A_7 ;X_B; X_A_1_a and X_A_1_b.
Perturbations of MATR
Citation: IMF Working Papers 2022, 001; 10.5089/9781616359645.001.A999
The figure above shows scatterplots of MATR (on the Y axis) versus alternative aggregations of the Index.Variant 1 includes sum of: VII_A ;VII_B ;VII_C ;VII_D ;VII_E ;VII_F ;VIII_A ;VIII_B ;VIII_C ;VIII_D and VIII_E.Variant 2 includes sum of: IV_A ;IV_B ;IV_C ;IV_D ;IV_E ;IV_F ;VII_A ;VII_B ;VII_C ;VII_D ;VII_E ;VII_F; IX_A_1; VIII_A ;VIII_B ;VIII_C ;VIII_D ;VIII_E ;X_A and X_B.Variant 3 includes sum of: II_A ;II_B ;IV_A ;IV_B ;IV_C ;IV_D ;IV_E ;IV_F ;VII_A ;VII_B ;VII_C ;VII_D ;VII_E ;VII_F; IX_A_1 ;IX_A_2 ;IX_A_3 ;IX_A_4 ;IX_A_5 ;IX_A_6;IX_A_7 ;VIII_A ;VIII_B ;VIII_C ;VIII_D and VIII_E.Variant 4 includes sum of: III_F ;III_G ;II_A ;II_B ;IV_A_1 ;IV_A_2 ;IV_B_1 ;IV_B_2 ;IV_C ;IV_D_1 ;IV_D_2 ;IV_E_1; IV_E_2 ;IV_F_1 ;IV_F_2 ;VII_B_1 ;VII_A ;VII_B_2;VII_B_3 ;VII_C_1 ;VII_C_2 ;VII_C_3 ;VII_C_4 ;VII_C_5 ;VII_D_1; VII_D_2 ;VII_D_3 ;VII_D_4 ;VII_D_5 ;VII_E_1 ;VII_F ;VIII_A_1 ;VIII_C_1 ;VIII_B ;VIII_C_2 ;VIII_C_3; VIII_C_4; VIII_C_5; VIII_D_1 ;VIII_D_2 ;VIII_E_1 ;VIII_E_2 ;IX_A_1 ;IX_A_2 ;IX_A_3 ;IX_A_4 ;IX_A_5 ;IX_A_6 ;IX_A_7 ;X_B; X_A_1_a and X_A_1_b.Perturbations of MATR
Citation: IMF Working Papers 2022, 001; 10.5089/9781616359645.001.A999
The figure above shows scatterplots of MATR (on the Y axis) versus alternative aggregations of the Index.Variant 1 includes sum of: VII_A ;VII_B ;VII_C ;VII_D ;VII_E ;VII_F ;VIII_A ;VIII_B ;VIII_C ;VIII_D and VIII_E.Variant 2 includes sum of: IV_A ;IV_B ;IV_C ;IV_D ;IV_E ;IV_F ;VII_A ;VII_B ;VII_C ;VII_D ;VII_E ;VII_F; IX_A_1; VIII_A ;VIII_B ;VIII_C ;VIII_D ;VIII_E ;X_A and X_B.Variant 3 includes sum of: II_A ;II_B ;IV_A ;IV_B ;IV_C ;IV_D ;IV_E ;IV_F ;VII_A ;VII_B ;VII_C ;VII_D ;VII_E ;VII_F; IX_A_1 ;IX_A_2 ;IX_A_3 ;IX_A_4 ;IX_A_5 ;IX_A_6;IX_A_7 ;VIII_A ;VIII_B ;VIII_C ;VIII_D and VIII_E.Variant 4 includes sum of: III_F ;III_G ;II_A ;II_B ;IV_A_1 ;IV_A_2 ;IV_B_1 ;IV_B_2 ;IV_C ;IV_D_1 ;IV_D_2 ;IV_E_1; IV_E_2 ;IV_F_1 ;IV_F_2 ;VII_B_1 ;VII_A ;VII_B_2;VII_B_3 ;VII_C_1 ;VII_C_2 ;VII_C_3 ;VII_C_4 ;VII_C_5 ;VII_D_1; VII_D_2 ;VII_D_3 ;VII_D_4 ;VII_D_5 ;VII_E_1 ;VII_F ;VIII_A_1 ;VIII_C_1 ;VIII_B ;VIII_C_2 ;VIII_C_3; VIII_C_4; VIII_C_5; VIII_D_1 ;VIII_D_2 ;VIII_E_1 ;VIII_E_2 ;IX_A_1 ;IX_A_2 ;IX_A_3 ;IX_A_4 ;IX_A_5 ;IX_A_6 ;IX_A_7 ;X_B; X_A_1_a and X_A_1_b.Appendix II. Other Data
Appendix Table A2.1
Other Trade Indicators
Appendix Table A2.1
Other Trade Indicators
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