Front Matter
Author:
Joseph Goh 0000000404811396 https://isni.org/isni/0000000404811396 International Monetary Fund

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Mr. Heedon Kang
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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0743-9094
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Zhi Xing Koh 0000000404811396 https://isni.org/isni/0000000404811396 International Monetary Fund

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Jin Way Lim 0000000404811396 https://isni.org/isni/0000000404811396 International Monetary Fund

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Cheng Wei Ng 0000000404811396 https://isni.org/isni/0000000404811396 International Monetary Fund

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Galen Sher 0000000404811396 https://isni.org/isni/0000000404811396 International Monetary Fund

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Chris Yao 0000000404811396 https://isni.org/isni/0000000404811396 International Monetary Fund

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Front Matter Page

Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Contents

  • I. Motivation

  • II. Financial Stability Implications of Cyber Risk

  • A. Microprudential Risks Posed by Cyber Events

  • B. Systemic Risk Transmission Channels of Cyber Events

  • C. Systemicity of Cyber Events

  • III. Analysis of Cyber Risk to Financial Institutions

  • A. Reinterpreting Traditional Risk Analyses as Cyber Risk Analyses

  • B. Key Indicators

  • C. Monitoring Risk Without Cybersecurity Incident Data

  • D. Data Sources, Event Studies and Value-at-Risk

  • E. A Cyber Risk Assessment Matrix (Cyber RAM)

  • F. Stress Tests on Cyber Risk in Singapore

  • G. Analysis of Cyber Risks Posed by Outsourcing Relationships

  • H. Mapping the Network of Financial and Cyber Exposures

  • IV. Approaches to Cybersecurity in the Singapore Financial Sector

  • A. Regulatory Approach

  • B. Efforts by Financial Institutions

  • V. Conclusions

  • References

  • Appendix

  • I. Example data reporting templates

  • Figures

  • 1. Cyber Risk and Systemic Risk: Transmission Channels

  • 2. Systemic Risk of Various Cyber Events

  • 3. Frequency of Cybersecurity Incidents

  • 4. Severity of Cyberattacks

  • 5. An Example of a Financial—Cyber Network Map

  • Tables

  • 1. Cyber Risk Assessment Matrix for Banks

  • 2. Bottom-up Estimates of Banks’ Losses from a Cyberattack

  • Collapse
  • Expand
Cyber Risk Surveillance: A Case Study of Singapore
Author:
Joseph Goh
,
Mr. Heedon Kang
,
Zhi Xing Koh
,
Jin Way Lim
,
Cheng Wei Ng
,
Galen Sher
, and
Chris Yao