Back Matter

The apparent contradiction between trade liberalization and continuing high trade tax revenue raises the important question of how, precisely, the one affects the other. Although policymakers generally recognize the long-term benefits of trade liberalization, some have argued for at least a slower pace, in part because of revenue concerns. This paper seeks to address these issues in three complimentary ways: through an overview of the factors that may have a bearing on the question, through a review of trends in trade tax revenue both globally and in selected countries, and through econometric analysis.

Appendix I Summary Measures for the Countries in the Comparative Analysis

Table 8.

Argentina: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Sources: Argentine authorities; IMF staff estimates; and IMF, International Financial Statistics; and World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

^¹In pesos from 1980 to 1984; in thousands of pesos from 1985 to 1988; in millions of pesos beginning 1989.

^²Nominal figures are derived from the product of the ratio of the variable to GDP and GDP in national currency

Table 8.

Argentina: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Measure			1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1991	1995
GDP (at current market prices,
	in pesos)¹		3,840	7,474	21,852	109,500	790,920	5,305	9,984	23,332	111,062	3,244	68,922	180,898	226,847	257,570	281,645	280,000
Exchange rate
	(in pesos to the U.S. dollar)		0.02	0.04	0.26	1.05	0.01	0.06	0.09	0.21	0.88	0.04	0.49	0.95	0.99	1.00	1.00	1.00
Value of trade = value of imports + exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		19.25	20.54	13.40	12.34	12.68	12.21	11.58	12.18	14.46	13.77	16.43	20.25	27.11	28.66	37.43	41.09
	In pesos¹		354	904	3,473	12,993	86	735	1,092	2,611	12,653	583	8,013	19,312	26,853	28,631	37,395	41,080
	In percent of GDP		9.21	12.10	15.89	11.87	10.86	13.85	10.93	11.19	11.39	17.97	11.63	10.68	11.84	11.12	13.28	14.67
Value of imports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		10.17	10.53	5.58	4.50	4.59	3.81	4.72	5.82	5.32	4.20	4.08	8.28	14.87	15.54	21.59	20.12
	In pesos¹		187	464	1,446	4,743	31	230	445	1,248	4,658	178	1,989	7,891	14,733	15,528	21,570	20,118
	In percent of GDP		4.87	6.20	6.62	4.33	3.93	4.33	4.46	5.35	4.19	5.48	2.89	4.36	6.49	6.03	7.66	7.18
Value of exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		9.08	10.01	7.82	7.83	8.10	8.40	6.85	6.36	9.13	9.57	12.35	11.98	12.23	13.12	15.84	20.97
	In pesos¹		167	441	2,027	8,250	55	505	646	1,364	7,995	405	6,024	11,422	12,120	13,103	15,825	20,962
	In percent of GDP		4.34	5.90	9.27	7.53	6.94	9.52	6.47	5.85	7.20	12.49	8.74	6.31	5.34	5.09	5.62	7.49
Tax revenue
	In pesos^1,²		564	957	2,469	11,060	83,047	806	1,528	3,360	14,660	431	8,477	25,507	37,203	43,787	47,035	44,800
	In percent of GDP		14.70	12.80	11.30	10.10	10.50	15.20	15.30	14.40	13.20	13.30	12.30	14.10	16.40	17.00	16.70	16.00
International trade taxes
	In pesos^1,²		58	97	262	1,643	11,864	133	200	373	1,444	91	965	1,628	1,815	2,576	2,816	1,960
	In percent of GDP		1.50	1.30	1.20	1.50	1.50	2.50	2.00	1.60	1.30	2.80	1.40	0.90	0.80	1.00	1.00	0.70
	In percent of total revenue		10.20	10.16	10.62	14.85	14.29	16.45	13.07	11.11	9.85	21.05	11.38	6.38	4.88	5.88	5.99	4.38
Import duties in pesos
	In pesos^1,²		42	75	153	548	3,955	37	90	257	888	16	207	724	1,815	2,576	2,816	1,960
	In percent of GDP		1.10	1.00	0.70	0.50	0.50	0.70	0.90	1.10	0.80	0.50	0.30	0.40	0.80	1.00	1.00	0.70
Collected international trade tax rate = international trade taxes/value of trade (in percent)			16.29	10.74	7.55	12.64	13.81	18.05	18.29	14.30	11.41	15.58	12.04	8.43	6.76	9.00	7.53	4.77
Collected tariff rate = import duties/value of imports (in percent)¹,²			22.61	16.12	10.57	11.54	12.73	16.18	20.17	20.57	19.07	9.13	10.40	9.17	12.32	16.59	13.06	9.74
Domestic taxes on goods and services
	In pesos¹,²		253.44	560.55	1,398.53	5,913.00	12.73	355.44	718.85	1,446.58	6,330.53	168.69	3,928.55	13,024.66	19,735.69	21,378.31	22,249.96	22,120.00
	In percent of GDP		6.60	7.50	6.40	5.40	5.50	6.70	7.20	6.20	5.70	5.20	5.70	7.20	8.70	8.30	7.90	7.90
	In percent of total tax revenue		44.90	58.59	56.64	53.47	52.38	44.08	47.06	43.06	43.18	39.10	46.34	51.06	53.05	48.82	47.31	49.38
Fiscal balance
	In pesos¹		−119.50	−406.10	−923.00	−8,231.60	−29,980.30	−283.70	−239.40	−628.30	−1,487.10	−21.50	−226.10	−963.00	−73.00	−1,574.00	−1,885.70	−1,426.00
	In percent of GDP		−3.11	−5.43	−4.22	−7.52	−3.79	−5.35	−2.40	−2.69	−1.34	−0.66	−0.33	−0.53	−0.03	−0.61	−0.67	−0.51
Current account balance
	In billions of U.S. dollars		2.57	5.72	2.92	2.44	2.49	0.95	2.86	4.23	1.57	1.09	4.66	0.43	6.47	7.85	10.34	4.30
	In percent of GDP
		Excluding official transfers	1.23	3.37	3.46	2.34	2.14	1.08	2.70	3.90	1.23	1.34	3.30	0.23	2.83	3.05	3.67	1.54
		Including official transfers	1.23	3.37	3.46	2.34	2.14	1.08	2.70	3.90	1.23	1.34	3.30	0.23	2.83	3.05	3.67	1.54

Sources: Argentine authorities; IMF staff estimates; and IMF, International Financial Statistics; and World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

^¹In pesos from 1980 to 1984; in thousands of pesos from 1985 to 1988; in millions of pesos beginning 1989.

^²Nominal figures are derived from the product of the ratio of the variable to GDP and GDP in national currency

Table 8.

Argentina: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Measure			1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1991	1995
GDP (at current market prices,
	in pesos)¹		3,840	7,474	21,852	109,500	790,920	5,305	9,984	23,332	111,062	3,244	68,922	180,898	226,847	257,570	281,645	280,000
Exchange rate
	(in pesos to the U.S. dollar)		0.02	0.04	0.26	1.05	0.01	0.06	0.09	0.21	0.88	0.04	0.49	0.95	0.99	1.00	1.00	1.00
Value of trade = value of imports + exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		19.25	20.54	13.40	12.34	12.68	12.21	11.58	12.18	14.46	13.77	16.43	20.25	27.11	28.66	37.43	41.09
	In pesos¹		354	904	3,473	12,993	86	735	1,092	2,611	12,653	583	8,013	19,312	26,853	28,631	37,395	41,080
	In percent of GDP		9.21	12.10	15.89	11.87	10.86	13.85	10.93	11.19	11.39	17.97	11.63	10.68	11.84	11.12	13.28	14.67
Value of imports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		10.17	10.53	5.58	4.50	4.59	3.81	4.72	5.82	5.32	4.20	4.08	8.28	14.87	15.54	21.59	20.12
	In pesos¹		187	464	1,446	4,743	31	230	445	1,248	4,658	178	1,989	7,891	14,733	15,528	21,570	20,118
	In percent of GDP		4.87	6.20	6.62	4.33	3.93	4.33	4.46	5.35	4.19	5.48	2.89	4.36	6.49	6.03	7.66	7.18
Value of exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		9.08	10.01	7.82	7.83	8.10	8.40	6.85	6.36	9.13	9.57	12.35	11.98	12.23	13.12	15.84	20.97
	In pesos¹		167	441	2,027	8,250	55	505	646	1,364	7,995	405	6,024	11,422	12,120	13,103	15,825	20,962
	In percent of GDP		4.34	5.90	9.27	7.53	6.94	9.52	6.47	5.85	7.20	12.49	8.74	6.31	5.34	5.09	5.62	7.49
Tax revenue
	In pesos^1,²		564	957	2,469	11,060	83,047	806	1,528	3,360	14,660	431	8,477	25,507	37,203	43,787	47,035	44,800
	In percent of GDP		14.70	12.80	11.30	10.10	10.50	15.20	15.30	14.40	13.20	13.30	12.30	14.10	16.40	17.00	16.70	16.00
International trade taxes
	In pesos^1,²		58	97	262	1,643	11,864	133	200	373	1,444	91	965	1,628	1,815	2,576	2,816	1,960
	In percent of GDP		1.50	1.30	1.20	1.50	1.50	2.50	2.00	1.60	1.30	2.80	1.40	0.90	0.80	1.00	1.00	0.70
	In percent of total revenue		10.20	10.16	10.62	14.85	14.29	16.45	13.07	11.11	9.85	21.05	11.38	6.38	4.88	5.88	5.99	4.38
Import duties in pesos
	In pesos^1,²		42	75	153	548	3,955	37	90	257	888	16	207	724	1,815	2,576	2,816	1,960
	In percent of GDP		1.10	1.00	0.70	0.50	0.50	0.70	0.90	1.10	0.80	0.50	0.30	0.40	0.80	1.00	1.00	0.70
Collected international trade tax rate = international trade taxes/value of trade (in percent)			16.29	10.74	7.55	12.64	13.81	18.05	18.29	14.30	11.41	15.58	12.04	8.43	6.76	9.00	7.53	4.77
Collected tariff rate = import duties/value of imports (in percent)¹,²			22.61	16.12	10.57	11.54	12.73	16.18	20.17	20.57	19.07	9.13	10.40	9.17	12.32	16.59	13.06	9.74
Domestic taxes on goods and services
	In pesos¹,²		253.44	560.55	1,398.53	5,913.00	12.73	355.44	718.85	1,446.58	6,330.53	168.69	3,928.55	13,024.66	19,735.69	21,378.31	22,249.96	22,120.00
	In percent of GDP		6.60	7.50	6.40	5.40	5.50	6.70	7.20	6.20	5.70	5.20	5.70	7.20	8.70	8.30	7.90	7.90
	In percent of total tax revenue		44.90	58.59	56.64	53.47	52.38	44.08	47.06	43.06	43.18	39.10	46.34	51.06	53.05	48.82	47.31	49.38
Fiscal balance
	In pesos¹		−119.50	−406.10	−923.00	−8,231.60	−29,980.30	−283.70	−239.40	−628.30	−1,487.10	−21.50	−226.10	−963.00	−73.00	−1,574.00	−1,885.70	−1,426.00
	In percent of GDP		−3.11	−5.43	−4.22	−7.52	−3.79	−5.35	−2.40	−2.69	−1.34	−0.66	−0.33	−0.53	−0.03	−0.61	−0.67	−0.51
Current account balance
	In billions of U.S. dollars		2.57	5.72	2.92	2.44	2.49	0.95	2.86	4.23	1.57	1.09	4.66	0.43	6.47	7.85	10.34	4.30
	In percent of GDP
		Excluding official transfers	1.23	3.37	3.46	2.34	2.14	1.08	2.70	3.90	1.23	1.34	3.30	0.23	2.83	3.05	3.67	1.54
		Including official transfers	1.23	3.37	3.46	2.34	2.14	1.08	2.70	3.90	1.23	1.34	3.30	0.23	2.83	3.05	3.67	1.54

Sources: Argentine authorities; IMF staff estimates; and IMF, International Financial Statistics; and World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

^¹In pesos from 1980 to 1984; in thousands of pesos from 1985 to 1988; in millions of pesos beginning 1989.

^²Nominal figures are derived from the product of the ratio of the variable to GDP and GDP in national currency

Table 9.

Malawi: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Sources: Ministry of Finance; IMF staff estimates; and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

Table 9.

Malawi: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Measure			1985/86	1986/87	1987/88	1988/89	1989/90	1990/91	1991/92	1992/93	1993/94	1994/95	1995/96	1996/97
GDP (at current market prices, in millions of kwacha)			2,010.20	2,332.50	2,992.20	3,660.50	4,558.60	5,338.50	6,252.60	7,255.20	9,648.10	13,867.50	24,743.10	34,912.80
Exchange rates (in kwacha to the U.S. dollar)			1.72	1.86	2.21	2.56	2.76	2.73	2.80	3.60	4.40	8.74	15.28	15.29
Value of trade = value of imports + exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		0.54	0.51	0.57	0.66	0.67	0.90	1.09	1.11	0.96	0.93	0.96	1.10
	In millions of kwacha		923	940	1,258	1,701	1,859	2,462	3,059	3,999	4,213	8,104	14,678	16,888
	In percent of GDP		45.89	40.31	42.06	46.46	40.79	46.12	48.92	55.12	43.67	58.44	59.32	48.37
Value of imports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		0.29	0.26	0.29	0.37	0.40	0.49	0.62	0.71	0.63	0.55	0.56	0.61
	In millions of kwacha		493	478	643	949	1,118	1,339	1,725	2,567	2,787	4,847	8,514	9,350
	In percent of GDP		24.52	20.49	21.50	25.92	24.52	25.08	27.59	35.38	28.89	34.95	34.41	26.78
Value of exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		0.25	0.25	0.28	0.29	0.27	0.41	0.48	0.40	0.32	0.37	0.40	0.49
	In millions of kwacha		430	462	615	752	742	1,123	1,333	1,432	1,426	3,257	6,164	7,537
	In percent of GDP		21.37	19.82	20.56	20.54	16.27	21.04	21.32	19.74	14.78	23.48	24.91	21.59
Tax revenue
	In millions of kwacha		373.40	391.10	450.20	653.60	844.70	888.10	1,021.70	1,126.70	1,407.60	2,031.50	3,854.40	5,651.20
	In percent of GDP		18.58	16.77	15.05	17.86	18.53	16.64	16.34	15.53	14.59	14.65	15.58	16.19
International trade taxes
	In millions of kwacha		92.60	80.20	86.60	113.80	152.20	162.80	211.50	256.40	269.90	458.60	1,121.40	1,358.70
	In percent of GDP		4.61	3.44	2.89	3.11	3.34	3.05	3.38	3.53	2.80	3.31	4.53	3.89
	In percent of total tax revenue		24.80	20.51	19.24	17.41	18.02	18.33	20.70	22.76	19.17	22.57	29.09	24.04
Import duties
	In millions of kwacha		74.30	75.80	86.40	117.10	152.20	162.80	210.00	255.50	267.90	457.00	746.40	1,018.20
	In percent of GDP		3.70	3.25	2.89	3.20	3.34	3.05	3.36	3.52	2.78	3.30	3.02	2.92
Collected international trade tax rate = international trade taxes/value of trade (in percent)			10.04	8.53	6.88	6.69	8.19	6.61	6.92	6.41	6.41	5.66	7.64	8.05
Collected tariff rate = import duties/value of imports (in percent)			15.07	15.86	13.43	12.34	13.62	12.16	12.17	9.95	9.61	9.43	8.77	10.89
Domestic taxes on goods and services
	In millions of kwacha		129.30	146.20	189.70	258.40	336.30	347.20	391.00	423.00	619.40	816.60	1,439.90	1,965.00
	In percent of GDP		6.43	6.27	6.34	7.06	7.38	6.50	6.25	5.83	6.42	5.89	5.82	5.63
	In percent of total tax revenue		34.63	37.38	42.14	39.53	39.81	39.09	38.27	37.54	44.00	40.20	37.36	34.77
Budget deficit excluding grants
	In millions of kwacha		−201.50	−304.10	−273.10	−266.80	−301.40	−359.00	−395.00	−1,048.00	−799.00	−3,891.60	−3,427.30	−2,793.70
	In percent of GDP		−10.02	−13.04	−9.13	−7.29	−6.61	−6.72	−6.32	−14.44	−8.28	−28.06	−13.85	−8.00
Budget deficit including grants
	In millions of kwacha		−156.70	−224.50	−197.00	−57.70	−91.50	−246.30	−187.00	−874.00	−515.00	−2,376.30	−1,441.10	−1,086.00
	In percent of GDP		−7.80	−9.62	−6.58	−1.58	−2.01	−4.61	−2.99	−12.05	−5.34	−17.14	−5.82	−3.11
Current account balance
	In billions of U.S. dollars		−0.07	−0.04	−0.03	−0.02	−0.14	−0.06	−0.15	−0.22	−0.22	−0.15	−0.11	−0.11
	In percent of GDP
		Excluding official transfers	−8.55	−5.98	−5.19	−8.23	−13.97	−8.02	−9.77	−19.99	−16.96	−17.93	−15.95	−8.49
		Including official transfers	−6.38	−3.54	−2.60	−1.36	−9.07	−3.52	−7.05	−12.08	−11.00	−11.42	−7.84	−5.19

Sources: Ministry of Finance; IMF staff estimates; and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

Table 9.

Malawi: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Measure			1985/86	1986/87	1987/88	1988/89	1989/90	1990/91	1991/92	1992/93	1993/94	1994/95	1995/96	1996/97
GDP (at current market prices, in millions of kwacha)			2,010.20	2,332.50	2,992.20	3,660.50	4,558.60	5,338.50	6,252.60	7,255.20	9,648.10	13,867.50	24,743.10	34,912.80
Exchange rates (in kwacha to the U.S. dollar)			1.72	1.86	2.21	2.56	2.76	2.73	2.80	3.60	4.40	8.74	15.28	15.29
Value of trade = value of imports + exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		0.54	0.51	0.57	0.66	0.67	0.90	1.09	1.11	0.96	0.93	0.96	1.10
	In millions of kwacha		923	940	1,258	1,701	1,859	2,462	3,059	3,999	4,213	8,104	14,678	16,888
	In percent of GDP		45.89	40.31	42.06	46.46	40.79	46.12	48.92	55.12	43.67	58.44	59.32	48.37
Value of imports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		0.29	0.26	0.29	0.37	0.40	0.49	0.62	0.71	0.63	0.55	0.56	0.61
	In millions of kwacha		493	478	643	949	1,118	1,339	1,725	2,567	2,787	4,847	8,514	9,350
	In percent of GDP		24.52	20.49	21.50	25.92	24.52	25.08	27.59	35.38	28.89	34.95	34.41	26.78
Value of exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		0.25	0.25	0.28	0.29	0.27	0.41	0.48	0.40	0.32	0.37	0.40	0.49
	In millions of kwacha		430	462	615	752	742	1,123	1,333	1,432	1,426	3,257	6,164	7,537
	In percent of GDP		21.37	19.82	20.56	20.54	16.27	21.04	21.32	19.74	14.78	23.48	24.91	21.59
Tax revenue
	In millions of kwacha		373.40	391.10	450.20	653.60	844.70	888.10	1,021.70	1,126.70	1,407.60	2,031.50	3,854.40	5,651.20
	In percent of GDP		18.58	16.77	15.05	17.86	18.53	16.64	16.34	15.53	14.59	14.65	15.58	16.19
International trade taxes
	In millions of kwacha		92.60	80.20	86.60	113.80	152.20	162.80	211.50	256.40	269.90	458.60	1,121.40	1,358.70
	In percent of GDP		4.61	3.44	2.89	3.11	3.34	3.05	3.38	3.53	2.80	3.31	4.53	3.89
	In percent of total tax revenue		24.80	20.51	19.24	17.41	18.02	18.33	20.70	22.76	19.17	22.57	29.09	24.04
Import duties
	In millions of kwacha		74.30	75.80	86.40	117.10	152.20	162.80	210.00	255.50	267.90	457.00	746.40	1,018.20
	In percent of GDP		3.70	3.25	2.89	3.20	3.34	3.05	3.36	3.52	2.78	3.30	3.02	2.92
Collected international trade tax rate = international trade taxes/value of trade (in percent)			10.04	8.53	6.88	6.69	8.19	6.61	6.92	6.41	6.41	5.66	7.64	8.05
Collected tariff rate = import duties/value of imports (in percent)			15.07	15.86	13.43	12.34	13.62	12.16	12.17	9.95	9.61	9.43	8.77	10.89
Domestic taxes on goods and services
	In millions of kwacha		129.30	146.20	189.70	258.40	336.30	347.20	391.00	423.00	619.40	816.60	1,439.90	1,965.00
	In percent of GDP		6.43	6.27	6.34	7.06	7.38	6.50	6.25	5.83	6.42	5.89	5.82	5.63
	In percent of total tax revenue		34.63	37.38	42.14	39.53	39.81	39.09	38.27	37.54	44.00	40.20	37.36	34.77
Budget deficit excluding grants
	In millions of kwacha		−201.50	−304.10	−273.10	−266.80	−301.40	−359.00	−395.00	−1,048.00	−799.00	−3,891.60	−3,427.30	−2,793.70
	In percent of GDP		−10.02	−13.04	−9.13	−7.29	−6.61	−6.72	−6.32	−14.44	−8.28	−28.06	−13.85	−8.00
Budget deficit including grants
	In millions of kwacha		−156.70	−224.50	−197.00	−57.70	−91.50	−246.30	−187.00	−874.00	−515.00	−2,376.30	−1,441.10	−1,086.00
	In percent of GDP		−7.80	−9.62	−6.58	−1.58	−2.01	−4.61	−2.99	−12.05	−5.34	−17.14	−5.82	−3.11
Current account balance
	In billions of U.S. dollars		−0.07	−0.04	−0.03	−0.02	−0.14	−0.06	−0.15	−0.22	−0.22	−0.15	−0.11	−0.11
	In percent of GDP
		Excluding official transfers	−8.55	−5.98	−5.19	−8.23	−13.97	−8.02	−9.77	−19.99	−16.96	−17.93	−15.95	−8.49
		Including official transfers	−6.38	−3.54	−2.60	−1.36	−9.07	−3.52	−7.05	−12.08	−11.00	−11.42	−7.84	−5.19

Sources: Ministry of Finance; IMF staff estimates; and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

Table 10.

Morocco: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Source: Moroccan authorities; IMF staff estimates; and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

Table 10.

Morocco: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Measure			1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995
GDP (at current market prices,
	in millions of dirhams)		74,090	79,034	92,898	99,143	112,345	129,507	154,725	156,690	181,230	193,931	212,820	242,360	242,910	249,223	279,295	276,878
Exchange rates
	(in dirham to the U.S. dollar)		3.9	5.2	6.0	7.1	8.8	10.1	9.1	8.4	8.2	8.5	8.2	8.7	8.5	9.3	9.2	8.5
Value of trade = value of imports + exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		6.2	6.2	5.9	5.4	5.7	5.7	5.9	6.6	8.0	8.3	10.5	10.5	10.7	11.9	13.2	16.1
	In millions of dirham		24,490.0	31,867.0	35,456.0	38,239.0	50,578.0	57,121.0	53,797.0	55,435.0	65,544.7	70,670.0	86,625.5	91,729.0	91,074.9	110,807.0	121,166.0	137,829.0
	In percent of GDP		33.1	40.3	38.2	38.6	45.0	44.1	34.8	35.4	36.0	36.4	40.7	37.8	37.5	44.5	43.4	49.8
Value of imports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		3.8	3.8	3.8	3.3	3.6	3.5	3.5	3.9	4.4	5.0	6.3	6.3	6.7	7.0	7.6	9.3
	In millions of dirhams		14,845.0	19,864.0	22,986.0	23,482.0	31,460.0	35,370.0	31,691.0	32,184.0	35,789.2	42,400.0	51,767.5	54,445.0	57,114.9	64,911.0	70,201.0	79,149.0
	In percent of GDP		20.0	25.1	24.7	23.7	28.0	27.3	20.5	20.5	19.6	21.9	24.3	22.5	23.5	26.0	25.1	28.6
Value of exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		2.5	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.4	2.8	3.6	3.3	4.2	4.3	4.0	4.9	5.5	6.9
	In millions of dirhams		9,645.0	12,003.0	12,470.0	14,757.0	19,118.0	21,751.0	22,106.0	23,251.0	29,755.4	28,270.0	34,858.0	37,284.0	33,960.0	45,896.0	50,965.0	58,680.0
	In percent of GDP		13.0	15.2	13.4	14.9	17.0	16.8	14.3	14.8	16.3	14.6	16.4	15.4	14.0	18.4	18.2	21.1
Tax revenue
	In millions of dirhams		13,888.0	15,321.0	18,141.0	19,093.0	21,173.0	23,695.0	27,835.0	30,702.0	37,577.0	40,458.0	46,462.0	50,452.0	57,952.0	57,868.0	59,386.0	60,885.0
	In percent of GDP		18.7	19.4	19.5	19.3	18.8	18.3	18.0	19.6	20.6	20.9	21.8	20.8	23.9	23.2	21.3	22.0
International trade taxes
	In millions of dirhams		4,121.0	4,892.0	5,792.0	5,262.0	5,627.0	5,771.0	5,600.0	5,639.0	7,345.0	8,512.0	10,038.0	11,466.0	12,286.0	12,556.0	12,990.0	11,843.0
	In percent of GDP		5.6	6.2	6.2	5.3	5.0	4.5	3.6	3.6	4.0	4.4	4.7	4.7	5.1	5.0	4.7	4.3
	In percent of total tax revenue		29.7	31.9	31.9	27.6	26.6	24.4	20.1	18.4	19.5	21.0	21.6	22.7	21.2	21.7	21.9	19.5
Import duties
	In millions of dirhams		3,907.0	4,635.0	5,546.0	5,039.0	5,331.0	5,438.0	5,376.0	5,456.0	7,176.0	8,335.0	9,875.0	11,346.0	12,258.0	12,547.0	12,978.0	11,811.0
	In percent of GDP		5.3	5.9	6.0	5.1	4.7	4.2	3.5	3.5	3.9	4.3	4.6	4.7	5.0	5.0	4.6	4.3
Collected international trade tax rate = international trade taxes/value of trade (in percent)			16.8	15.4	16.3	13.8	11.1	10.1	10.4	10.2	11.2	12.0	11.6	12.5	13.5	11.3	10.7	8.6
Collected tariff rate = import duties/value of imports (in percent)			26.3	23.3	24.1	21.5	16.9	15.4	17.0	17.0	20.1	19.7	19.1	20.8	21.5	19.3	18.5	14.9
Domestic taxes on goods and services
	In millions of dirhams		5,806.0	6,040.0	7,813.0	8,693.0	9,561.0	10,847.0	14,710.0	16,530.0	19,923.0	20,469.0	20,926.0	23,042.0	26,380.0	27,528.0	28,629.0	30,299.0
	In percent of GDP		7.8	7.6	8.4	8.8	8.5	8.4	9.5	10.5	10.9	10.6	9.8	9.5	10.9	11.0	10.3	10.9
	In percent of total tax revenue		41.8	39.4	43.1	45.5	45.2	45.8	52.8	53.8	53.0	50.6	45.0	45.7	45.5	47.6	48.2	49.8
Overall fiscal balance
Payment-order basis,
	in millions of dirhams		−7,510.0	−11,098.0	−11,522.0	−11,985.0	−12,575.0	−12,457.0	−8,290.0	−9,270.0	−8,397.0	−11,589.0	−7,526.0	−7,515.0	−5,338.0	−7,521.0	−8,854.0	−14,553.0
	In percent of GDP		−10.1	−14.0	−12.4	−12.1	−11.2	−9.6	−5.4	−5.9	−4.6	−6.0	−3.5	−3.1	−2.2	−3.0	−3.2	−5.3
Overall fiscal balance
	Cash basis, in millions of dirhams		−7,246.0	−11,229.0	−8,561.0	−11,413.0	−9,061.0	−11,104.0	−8,834.0	−9,938.0	−10,482.0	−9,389.0	−9,830.0	−7,518.0	−4,997.0	−8,932.0	−9,143.0	−9,430.0
	In percent of GDP		−9.8	−14.2	−9.2	−11.5	−8.1	−8.6	−5.7	−6.3	−5.8	−4.8	−4.6	−3.1	−2.1	−3.6	−3.3	−3.4
Current account balance
	In billions of U.S. dollars		−1.5	−1.6	−1.9	−1.0	−1.4	−0.7	−0.7	−0.2	−0.2	−0.2	−0.1	−0.1	−0.6	−0.5	−0.7	−1.5
In percent of GDP
		Excluding official transfers	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	0.68	−4.81	−2.71	−2.11	−2.37	−2.08	−2.53	−4.91
		Including official transfers	−7.76	−10.75	−12.29	−7.32	−10.95	−5.79	−3.88	−1.07	−1.08	−4.65	−0.36	−0.22	−2.03	−1.97	−2.35	−4.69

Source: Moroccan authorities; IMF staff estimates; and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

Table 10.

Morocco: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Measure			1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995
GDP (at current market prices,
	in millions of dirhams)		74,090	79,034	92,898	99,143	112,345	129,507	154,725	156,690	181,230	193,931	212,820	242,360	242,910	249,223	279,295	276,878
Exchange rates
	(in dirham to the U.S. dollar)		3.9	5.2	6.0	7.1	8.8	10.1	9.1	8.4	8.2	8.5	8.2	8.7	8.5	9.3	9.2	8.5
Value of trade = value of imports + exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		6.2	6.2	5.9	5.4	5.7	5.7	5.9	6.6	8.0	8.3	10.5	10.5	10.7	11.9	13.2	16.1
	In millions of dirham		24,490.0	31,867.0	35,456.0	38,239.0	50,578.0	57,121.0	53,797.0	55,435.0	65,544.7	70,670.0	86,625.5	91,729.0	91,074.9	110,807.0	121,166.0	137,829.0
	In percent of GDP		33.1	40.3	38.2	38.6	45.0	44.1	34.8	35.4	36.0	36.4	40.7	37.8	37.5	44.5	43.4	49.8
Value of imports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		3.8	3.8	3.8	3.3	3.6	3.5	3.5	3.9	4.4	5.0	6.3	6.3	6.7	7.0	7.6	9.3
	In millions of dirhams		14,845.0	19,864.0	22,986.0	23,482.0	31,460.0	35,370.0	31,691.0	32,184.0	35,789.2	42,400.0	51,767.5	54,445.0	57,114.9	64,911.0	70,201.0	79,149.0
	In percent of GDP		20.0	25.1	24.7	23.7	28.0	27.3	20.5	20.5	19.6	21.9	24.3	22.5	23.5	26.0	25.1	28.6
Value of exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		2.5	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.4	2.8	3.6	3.3	4.2	4.3	4.0	4.9	5.5	6.9
	In millions of dirhams		9,645.0	12,003.0	12,470.0	14,757.0	19,118.0	21,751.0	22,106.0	23,251.0	29,755.4	28,270.0	34,858.0	37,284.0	33,960.0	45,896.0	50,965.0	58,680.0
	In percent of GDP		13.0	15.2	13.4	14.9	17.0	16.8	14.3	14.8	16.3	14.6	16.4	15.4	14.0	18.4	18.2	21.1
Tax revenue
	In millions of dirhams		13,888.0	15,321.0	18,141.0	19,093.0	21,173.0	23,695.0	27,835.0	30,702.0	37,577.0	40,458.0	46,462.0	50,452.0	57,952.0	57,868.0	59,386.0	60,885.0
	In percent of GDP		18.7	19.4	19.5	19.3	18.8	18.3	18.0	19.6	20.6	20.9	21.8	20.8	23.9	23.2	21.3	22.0
International trade taxes
	In millions of dirhams		4,121.0	4,892.0	5,792.0	5,262.0	5,627.0	5,771.0	5,600.0	5,639.0	7,345.0	8,512.0	10,038.0	11,466.0	12,286.0	12,556.0	12,990.0	11,843.0
	In percent of GDP		5.6	6.2	6.2	5.3	5.0	4.5	3.6	3.6	4.0	4.4	4.7	4.7	5.1	5.0	4.7	4.3
	In percent of total tax revenue		29.7	31.9	31.9	27.6	26.6	24.4	20.1	18.4	19.5	21.0	21.6	22.7	21.2	21.7	21.9	19.5
Import duties
	In millions of dirhams		3,907.0	4,635.0	5,546.0	5,039.0	5,331.0	5,438.0	5,376.0	5,456.0	7,176.0	8,335.0	9,875.0	11,346.0	12,258.0	12,547.0	12,978.0	11,811.0
	In percent of GDP		5.3	5.9	6.0	5.1	4.7	4.2	3.5	3.5	3.9	4.3	4.6	4.7	5.0	5.0	4.6	4.3
Collected international trade tax rate = international trade taxes/value of trade (in percent)			16.8	15.4	16.3	13.8	11.1	10.1	10.4	10.2	11.2	12.0	11.6	12.5	13.5	11.3	10.7	8.6
Collected tariff rate = import duties/value of imports (in percent)			26.3	23.3	24.1	21.5	16.9	15.4	17.0	17.0	20.1	19.7	19.1	20.8	21.5	19.3	18.5	14.9
Domestic taxes on goods and services
	In millions of dirhams		5,806.0	6,040.0	7,813.0	8,693.0	9,561.0	10,847.0	14,710.0	16,530.0	19,923.0	20,469.0	20,926.0	23,042.0	26,380.0	27,528.0	28,629.0	30,299.0
	In percent of GDP		7.8	7.6	8.4	8.8	8.5	8.4	9.5	10.5	10.9	10.6	9.8	9.5	10.9	11.0	10.3	10.9
	In percent of total tax revenue		41.8	39.4	43.1	45.5	45.2	45.8	52.8	53.8	53.0	50.6	45.0	45.7	45.5	47.6	48.2	49.8
Overall fiscal balance
Payment-order basis,
	in millions of dirhams		−7,510.0	−11,098.0	−11,522.0	−11,985.0	−12,575.0	−12,457.0	−8,290.0	−9,270.0	−8,397.0	−11,589.0	−7,526.0	−7,515.0	−5,338.0	−7,521.0	−8,854.0	−14,553.0
	In percent of GDP		−10.1	−14.0	−12.4	−12.1	−11.2	−9.6	−5.4	−5.9	−4.6	−6.0	−3.5	−3.1	−2.2	−3.0	−3.2	−5.3
Overall fiscal balance
	Cash basis, in millions of dirhams		−7,246.0	−11,229.0	−8,561.0	−11,413.0	−9,061.0	−11,104.0	−8,834.0	−9,938.0	−10,482.0	−9,389.0	−9,830.0	−7,518.0	−4,997.0	−8,932.0	−9,143.0	−9,430.0
	In percent of GDP		−9.8	−14.2	−9.2	−11.5	−8.1	−8.6	−5.7	−6.3	−5.8	−4.8	−4.6	−3.1	−2.1	−3.6	−3.3	−3.4
Current account balance
	In billions of U.S. dollars		−1.5	−1.6	−1.9	−1.0	−1.4	−0.7	−0.7	−0.2	−0.2	−0.2	−0.1	−0.1	−0.6	−0.5	−0.7	−1.5
In percent of GDP
		Excluding official transfers	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	0.68	−4.81	−2.71	−2.11	−2.37	−2.08	−2.53	−4.91
		Including official transfers	−7.76	−10.75	−12.29	−7.32	−10.95	−5.79	−3.88	−1.07	−1.08	−4.65	−0.36	−0.22	−2.03	−1.97	−2.35	−4.69

Source: Moroccan authorities; IMF staff estimates; and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

Table 11.

Philippines: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Sources: Philippine authorities; IMF staff estimates; and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

Table 11.

Philippines: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Measure			1985	1986	1987	1936	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995
GNP (at current market prices, in billions of pesos)			595.10	619.80	673.10	795.20	913.80	1,078.00	1,255.00	1,375.00	1,500.00	1,737.00	1,968.00
Exchange rate (in pesos to the U.S. dollar)			18.61	20.39	20.57	21.09	21.70	24.30	27.50	25.50	27.12	26.42	25.71
Value of trade = value of imports + exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		9.77	9.89	12.46	15.23	18.24	20.39	20.89	24.34	28.97	34.82	43.84
	In billions of pesos		181.72	201.53	256.21	321.34	395.81	495.53	574.50	620.75	785.72	919.84	1,127.07
	In percent of GNP		30.54	32.52	38.06	40.41	43.31	45.97	45.78	45.15	52.38	52.96	57.27
Value of imports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		5.14	5.04	6.74	8.16	10.42	12.21	12.05	14.52	17.60	21.33	26.38
	In billions of pesos		95.59	102.83	138.56	172.11	226.09	296.63	331.40	370.24	477.23	563.60	678.20
	In percent of GNP		16.06	16.59	20.59	21.64	24.74	27.52	26.41	26.93	31.82	32.45	34.46
Value of exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		4.63	4.84	5.72	7.07	7.82	8.18	8.84	9.82	11.38	13.48	17.46
	In billions of pesos		86.13	98.71	117.65	149.22	169.72	198.89	243.11	250.51	308.49	356.24	448.87
	In percent of GNP		14.17	15.93	17.48	18.77	18.57	18.45	19.37	18.22	20.57	20.51	22.81
Tax revenue
	In billions of pesos		61.19	65.40	85.50	90.40	122.50	151.70	182.30	208.70	230.30	271.40	310.60
	In percent of GNP		10.28	10.55	12.70	11.37	13.41	14.07	14.53	15.18	15.35	15.62	15.78
International trade taxes
	In billions of pesos		18.17	17.80	26.00	25.60	38.90	46.50	65.00	73.60	82.70	82.30	97.90
	In percent of GNP		3.05	2.87	3.86	3.22	4.26	4.31	5.18	5.35	5.51	4.74	4.97
	In percent of total tax revenue		29.70	27.22	30.41	28.32	31.76	30.65	35.66	35.27	35.91	30.32	31.52
Import duties
	In billions of pesos		15.97	16.80	25.70	25.00	38.40	45.90	64.40	72.90	82.00	81.60	97.60
	In percent of GNP		2.68	2.71	3.82	3.14	4.20	4.26	5.13	5.30	5.47	4.70	4.96
Collected international trade tax rate = international trade taxes/value of trade (in percent)			10.00	8.83	10.15	7.97	9.83	9.38	11.31	11.86	10.53	8.95	8.69
Collected tariff rate = import duties/value of imports (in percent)			16.70	16.34	18.55	14.53	16.98	15.47	19.43	19.69	17.18	14.48	14.39
Domestic taxes on goods and services
	In billions of pesos		22.93	26.70	35.90	33.00	42.00	49.20	49.60	55.40	63.30	76.10	84.40
	In percent of GNP		3.85	4.31	5.33	4.15	4.60	4.56	3.95	4.03	4.25	4.38	4.29
	In percent of total tax revenue		37.48	40.83	41.99	36.50	34.29	32.43	27.21	26.55	27.70	28.04	27.17
Overall deficit excluding grants
	In percent of GNP		−1.88	−5.05	−2.99	−2.92	−2.14	−3.45	−2.10	−1.16	−1.46	−0.00	−0.19
		Excluding central bank restructuring (in percent of GNP)	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	0.94	0.57
Current account balance
	In billions of U.S. dollars		0.52	1.21	0.20	0.32	−1.46	−2.70	−1.03	−0.86	−3.02	−2.95	−3.26
	In percent of GDP
		Excluding official transfers	…	…	…	…	…	−6.92	−3.05	−2.27	−6.10	−5.34	−5.01
		Including official transfers	1.70	4.04	0.60	0.84	−3.41	−6.11	−2.27	−1.62	−5.55	−4.60	−4.40

Sources: Philippine authorities; IMF staff estimates; and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

Table 11.

Philippines: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Measure			1985	1986	1987	1936	1989	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995
GNP (at current market prices, in billions of pesos)			595.10	619.80	673.10	795.20	913.80	1,078.00	1,255.00	1,375.00	1,500.00	1,737.00	1,968.00
Exchange rate (in pesos to the U.S. dollar)			18.61	20.39	20.57	21.09	21.70	24.30	27.50	25.50	27.12	26.42	25.71
Value of trade = value of imports + exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		9.77	9.89	12.46	15.23	18.24	20.39	20.89	24.34	28.97	34.82	43.84
	In billions of pesos		181.72	201.53	256.21	321.34	395.81	495.53	574.50	620.75	785.72	919.84	1,127.07
	In percent of GNP		30.54	32.52	38.06	40.41	43.31	45.97	45.78	45.15	52.38	52.96	57.27
Value of imports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		5.14	5.04	6.74	8.16	10.42	12.21	12.05	14.52	17.60	21.33	26.38
	In billions of pesos		95.59	102.83	138.56	172.11	226.09	296.63	331.40	370.24	477.23	563.60	678.20
	In percent of GNP		16.06	16.59	20.59	21.64	24.74	27.52	26.41	26.93	31.82	32.45	34.46
Value of exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		4.63	4.84	5.72	7.07	7.82	8.18	8.84	9.82	11.38	13.48	17.46
	In billions of pesos		86.13	98.71	117.65	149.22	169.72	198.89	243.11	250.51	308.49	356.24	448.87
	In percent of GNP		14.17	15.93	17.48	18.77	18.57	18.45	19.37	18.22	20.57	20.51	22.81
Tax revenue
	In billions of pesos		61.19	65.40	85.50	90.40	122.50	151.70	182.30	208.70	230.30	271.40	310.60
	In percent of GNP		10.28	10.55	12.70	11.37	13.41	14.07	14.53	15.18	15.35	15.62	15.78
International trade taxes
	In billions of pesos		18.17	17.80	26.00	25.60	38.90	46.50	65.00	73.60	82.70	82.30	97.90
	In percent of GNP		3.05	2.87	3.86	3.22	4.26	4.31	5.18	5.35	5.51	4.74	4.97
	In percent of total tax revenue		29.70	27.22	30.41	28.32	31.76	30.65	35.66	35.27	35.91	30.32	31.52
Import duties
	In billions of pesos		15.97	16.80	25.70	25.00	38.40	45.90	64.40	72.90	82.00	81.60	97.60
	In percent of GNP		2.68	2.71	3.82	3.14	4.20	4.26	5.13	5.30	5.47	4.70	4.96
Collected international trade tax rate = international trade taxes/value of trade (in percent)			10.00	8.83	10.15	7.97	9.83	9.38	11.31	11.86	10.53	8.95	8.69
Collected tariff rate = import duties/value of imports (in percent)			16.70	16.34	18.55	14.53	16.98	15.47	19.43	19.69	17.18	14.48	14.39
Domestic taxes on goods and services
	In billions of pesos		22.93	26.70	35.90	33.00	42.00	49.20	49.60	55.40	63.30	76.10	84.40
	In percent of GNP		3.85	4.31	5.33	4.15	4.60	4.56	3.95	4.03	4.25	4.38	4.29
	In percent of total tax revenue		37.48	40.83	41.99	36.50	34.29	32.43	27.21	26.55	27.70	28.04	27.17
Overall deficit excluding grants
	In percent of GNP		−1.88	−5.05	−2.99	−2.92	−2.14	−3.45	−2.10	−1.16	−1.46	−0.00	−0.19
		Excluding central bank restructuring (in percent of GNP)	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	0.94	0.57
Current account balance
	In billions of U.S. dollars		0.52	1.21	0.20	0.32	−1.46	−2.70	−1.03	−0.86	−3.02	−2.95	−3.26
	In percent of GDP
		Excluding official transfers	…	…	…	…	…	−6.92	−3.05	−2.27	−6.10	−5.34	−5.01
		Including official transfers	1.70	4.04	0.60	0.84	−3.41	−6.11	−2.27	−1.62	−5.55	−4.60	−4.40

Sources: Philippine authorities; IMF staff estimates; and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

Table 12.

Poland: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Sources: Polish authorities: IMF staff estimates; and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997)

Table 12.

Poland: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Measure			1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	l996
GDP (at current market prices,
	in billions of zlotys)		80.90	114.90	155.80	212.00	286.80	360.00
Exchange rates (in zlotys to the U.S. dollar)			1.06	1.36	1.81	2.27	2.42	2.70
Value of trade = value of imports + exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		26.79	29.31	31.67	37.95	53.84	64.15
	In billions of zlotys		28.33	39.93	57.16	86.23	130.54	172.95
	In percent of GDP		35.02	34.76	36.69	40.67	45.51	48.04
Value of imports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		12.71	13.48	15.88	17.79	24.70	32.57
	In billions of zlotys		13.44	18.37	28.66	40.42	59.89	87.82
	In percent of GDP		16.61	15.99	18.40	19.06	20.88	24.40
Value of exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		14.08	15.82	15.79	20.16	29.14	31.57
	In billions of zlotys		14.89	21.56	28.50	45.81	70.64	85.12
	In percent of GDP		18.41	18.76	18.29	21.61	24.63	23.65
Tax revenue
	In billions of zlotys		28.50	42.00	60.90	83.30	111.50	140.00
	In percent of GDP		35.23	36.55	39.09	39.29	38.88	38.89
International trade taxes
	In billions of zlotys		1.70	2.70	4.40	7.50	9.10	9.40
	In percent of GDP		2.10	2.35	2.82	3.54	3.17	2.61
	In percent of total tax revenue		5.96	6.43	7.22	9.00	8.16	6.71
Import duties
	In billions of zlotys		1.70	2.70	4.40	7.50	9.10	9.40
	In percent of GDP		2.10	2.35	2.82	3.54	3.17	2.61
Collected international trade tax rate = international trade taxes/value of trade (in percent)			6.00	6.76	7.70	8.70	6.97	5.44
Collected tariff rate = import duties/value of imports (in percent)			12.65	14.69	15.35	18.56	15.19	10.70
Domestic taxes on goods and services
	In billions of zlotys		6.10	10.30	17.80	24.20	32.80	43.50
	In percent of GDP		7.54	8.96	11.42	11.42	11.44	12.08
	In percent of total tax revenue		21.40	24.52	29.23	29.05	29.42	31.07
Fiscal balance
	In billions of zlotys
		Overall	−5.40	−7.60	−4.50	−4.20	−7.80	−7.70
		State budget	−5.70	−8.90	−5.30	−5.40	−9.90	−7.80
		Rest of general government	0.30	1.30	0.80	1.20	2.10	0.10
	In percent of GDP
		Overall	−6.67	−6.61	−2.89	−1.98	−2.72	−2.14
		State budget	−7.05	−7.75	−3.40	−2.55	−3.45	−2.17
		Rest of general government	0.37	1.13	0.51	0.57	0.73	0.03
Current account balance
	In billions of U.S. dollars		−0.90	−1.57	−0.08	−2.13	−3.96	−1.35
	In percent of GDP
		Excluding official transfers	−1.24	−1.54	−0.22	2.12	−3.10	−1.07
		Including official transfers	−1.18	−1.87	−0.10	2.28	−3.35	−1.01

Sources: Polish authorities: IMF staff estimates; and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997)

Table 12.

Poland: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Measure			1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	l996
GDP (at current market prices,
	in billions of zlotys)		80.90	114.90	155.80	212.00	286.80	360.00
Exchange rates (in zlotys to the U.S. dollar)			1.06	1.36	1.81	2.27	2.42	2.70
Value of trade = value of imports + exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		26.79	29.31	31.67	37.95	53.84	64.15
	In billions of zlotys		28.33	39.93	57.16	86.23	130.54	172.95
	In percent of GDP		35.02	34.76	36.69	40.67	45.51	48.04
Value of imports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		12.71	13.48	15.88	17.79	24.70	32.57
	In billions of zlotys		13.44	18.37	28.66	40.42	59.89	87.82
	In percent of GDP		16.61	15.99	18.40	19.06	20.88	24.40
Value of exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		14.08	15.82	15.79	20.16	29.14	31.57
	In billions of zlotys		14.89	21.56	28.50	45.81	70.64	85.12
	In percent of GDP		18.41	18.76	18.29	21.61	24.63	23.65
Tax revenue
	In billions of zlotys		28.50	42.00	60.90	83.30	111.50	140.00
	In percent of GDP		35.23	36.55	39.09	39.29	38.88	38.89
International trade taxes
	In billions of zlotys		1.70	2.70	4.40	7.50	9.10	9.40
	In percent of GDP		2.10	2.35	2.82	3.54	3.17	2.61
	In percent of total tax revenue		5.96	6.43	7.22	9.00	8.16	6.71
Import duties
	In billions of zlotys		1.70	2.70	4.40	7.50	9.10	9.40
	In percent of GDP		2.10	2.35	2.82	3.54	3.17	2.61
Collected international trade tax rate = international trade taxes/value of trade (in percent)			6.00	6.76	7.70	8.70	6.97	5.44
Collected tariff rate = import duties/value of imports (in percent)			12.65	14.69	15.35	18.56	15.19	10.70
Domestic taxes on goods and services
	In billions of zlotys		6.10	10.30	17.80	24.20	32.80	43.50
	In percent of GDP		7.54	8.96	11.42	11.42	11.44	12.08
	In percent of total tax revenue		21.40	24.52	29.23	29.05	29.42	31.07
Fiscal balance
	In billions of zlotys
		Overall	−5.40	−7.60	−4.50	−4.20	−7.80	−7.70
		State budget	−5.70	−8.90	−5.30	−5.40	−9.90	−7.80
		Rest of general government	0.30	1.30	0.80	1.20	2.10	0.10
	In percent of GDP
		Overall	−6.67	−6.61	−2.89	−1.98	−2.72	−2.14
		State budget	−7.05	−7.75	−3.40	−2.55	−3.45	−2.17
		Rest of general government	0.37	1.13	0.51	0.57	0.73	0.03
Current account balance
	In billions of U.S. dollars		−0.90	−1.57	−0.08	−2.13	−3.96	−1.35
	In percent of GDP
		Excluding official transfers	−1.24	−1.54	−0.22	2.12	−3.10	−1.07
		Including official transfers	−1.18	−1.87	−0.10	2.28	−3.35	−1.01

Sources: Polish authorities: IMF staff estimates; and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997)

Table 13.

Senegal: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Sources: Senegalese authorities: IMF staff estimates: and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

^¹For some years the authorities did not distinguish between VAT on imports and customs duties: for those years the VAT on imports has been estimated and reclassified under VAT.

Table 13.

Senegal: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Measure			1985/86	1986/87	1987/88	1988/89	1989/90	1990/91	1991/92	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996
GDP (at current market prices, in billions of CFA francs)			1,244.30	1,342.60	1,432.80	1,479.90	1,514.60	1,551.20	1,581.40	1,612.80	1,586.60	2,155.10	2,429.80	2,637.50
Exchange rates (in CFA francs to the U.S. dollar)			449.26	346.30	300.54	297.85	319.01	272.26	282.11	264.69	283.16	555.20	499.10	511.60
Value of trade = value of imports + exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		1.31	1.54	1.63	1.63	1.77	2.06	1.92	2.02	1.79	1.81	2.19	2.25
	In billions of CFA francs		588.62	533.42	488.83	486.80	564.09	560.40	540.78	534.59	507.95	1,006.57	1,090.88	1,152.86
	In percent of GDP		47.31	39.73	34.12	32.89	37.24	36.13	34.20	33.15	32.02	46.71	44.90	43.71
Value of imports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		0.80	0.88	0.96	0.96	1.00	1.16	1.11	1.19	1.09	1.02	1.22	1.27
	In billions of CFA francs		357.47	305.93	287.23	284.66	320.32	317.04	314.33	315.49	307.67	567.45	607.46	648.40
	In percent of GDP		28.73	22.79	20.05	19.24	21.15	20.44	19.88	19.56	19.39	26.33	25.00	24.58
Value of exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		0.51	0.66	0.67	0.68	0.76	0.89	0.80	0.83	0.71	0.79	0.97	0.99
	In billions of CFA francs		231.15	227.49	201.60	202.14	243.77	243.36	226.46	219.10	200.28	439.13	483.42	504.47
	In percent of GDP		18.58	16.94	14.07	13.66	16.09	15.69	14.32	13.59	12.62	20.38	19.90	19.13
Tax revenue
	In billions of CFA francs		185.10	196.00	205.50	196.20	219.00	241.40	264.10	247.10	220.20	267.90	330.30	369.30
	In percent of GDP		14.88	14.60	14.34	13.26	14.46	15.56	16.70	15.32	13.88	12.43	13.59	14.00
International trade taxes
	In billions of CFA francs		55.35	60.15	62.73	55.90	68.33	78.08	86.70	83.55	71.63	93.00	116.78	133.73
	In percent of GDP		4.45	4.48	4.38	3.78	4.51	5.03	5.48	5.18	4.51	4.32	4.81	5.07
	In percent of total tax revenue		29.90	30.69	30.52	28.49	31.20	32.34	32.83	33.81	32.53	34.71	35.35	36.21
Import duties
	In billions of CFA francs’		55.05	59.55	62.03	55.20	68.33	78.08	86.70	33.55	71.63	93.00	116.78	133.73
	In percent of GDP¹		4.42	4.44	4.33	3.73	4.51	5.03	5.48	5.18	4.51	4.32	4.81	5.07
Collected international trade tax rate = international trade taxes/value of trade (in percent)			9.40	11.28	12.83	11.48	12.11	13.93	16.03	15.63	14.10	9.24	10.70	11.60
Collected tariff race = import dudes/value of imports (in percent)			15.40	19.47	21.59	19.39	21.33	24.63	27.58	26.48	23.28	16.39	19.22	20.62
Domestic taxes on goods and services
	In billions of CFA francs		76.35	80.25	79.98	76.60	83.08	88.93	86.30	85.35	79.58	100.00	122.63	139.18
	In percent of GDP		6.14	5.98	5.58	5.18	5.48	5.73	5.46	5.29	5.02	4.64	5.05	5.28
	In percent of total tax revenue		41.25	40.94	38.92	39.04	37.93	36.84	32.68	34.54	36.14	37.33	37.13	37.69
Overall fiscal balance (commitment basis, in percent of GDP)
	Including grants		−2.30	−1.50	−1.20	−2.10	−3.10	−2.00	0.20	−2.50	−3.00	−1.80	−0.20	−0.20
	Excluding grants		−3.80	−2.60	−2.60	−4.00	−4.40	−0.30	−1.00	−3.80	−4.00	−5.70	−3.20	−2.00
Overall fiscal balance (cash basis, in percent of GDP)			−3.30	−3.40	−3.80	−2.40	−1.90	…	0.40	−0.50	−0.20	−9.30	−2.70	−0.20
Current account balance
	In billions of U.S. dollars		−0.27	−0.27	−0.31	−0.41	−0.38	−0.44	−0.45	−0.48	−0.50	−0.19	−0.24	−0.27
	In percent of GDP
		Excluding official transfers	−16.82	−12.09	−11.61	−10.63	−10.22	−8.92	−9.39	−9.09	−9.99	−8.92	−7.56	−6.87
		Including official transfers	−10.54	−7.11	−6.65	−8.32	−8.23	−7.79	−8.20	−7.84	−8.90	−4.94	−4.84	−5.32

Sources: Senegalese authorities: IMF staff estimates: and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

^¹For some years the authorities did not distinguish between VAT on imports and customs duties: for those years the VAT on imports has been estimated and reclassified under VAT.

Table 13.

Senegal: Summary Measures of Economic Performance and Revenue Trends

Measure			1985/86	1986/87	1987/88	1988/89	1989/90	1990/91	1991/92	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996
GDP (at current market prices, in billions of CFA francs)			1,244.30	1,342.60	1,432.80	1,479.90	1,514.60	1,551.20	1,581.40	1,612.80	1,586.60	2,155.10	2,429.80	2,637.50
Exchange rates (in CFA francs to the U.S. dollar)			449.26	346.30	300.54	297.85	319.01	272.26	282.11	264.69	283.16	555.20	499.10	511.60
Value of trade = value of imports + exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		1.31	1.54	1.63	1.63	1.77	2.06	1.92	2.02	1.79	1.81	2.19	2.25
	In billions of CFA francs		588.62	533.42	488.83	486.80	564.09	560.40	540.78	534.59	507.95	1,006.57	1,090.88	1,152.86
	In percent of GDP		47.31	39.73	34.12	32.89	37.24	36.13	34.20	33.15	32.02	46.71	44.90	43.71
Value of imports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		0.80	0.88	0.96	0.96	1.00	1.16	1.11	1.19	1.09	1.02	1.22	1.27
	In billions of CFA francs		357.47	305.93	287.23	284.66	320.32	317.04	314.33	315.49	307.67	567.45	607.46	648.40
	In percent of GDP		28.73	22.79	20.05	19.24	21.15	20.44	19.88	19.56	19.39	26.33	25.00	24.58
Value of exports
	In billions of U.S. dollars		0.51	0.66	0.67	0.68	0.76	0.89	0.80	0.83	0.71	0.79	0.97	0.99
	In billions of CFA francs		231.15	227.49	201.60	202.14	243.77	243.36	226.46	219.10	200.28	439.13	483.42	504.47
	In percent of GDP		18.58	16.94	14.07	13.66	16.09	15.69	14.32	13.59	12.62	20.38	19.90	19.13
Tax revenue
	In billions of CFA francs		185.10	196.00	205.50	196.20	219.00	241.40	264.10	247.10	220.20	267.90	330.30	369.30
	In percent of GDP		14.88	14.60	14.34	13.26	14.46	15.56	16.70	15.32	13.88	12.43	13.59	14.00
International trade taxes
	In billions of CFA francs		55.35	60.15	62.73	55.90	68.33	78.08	86.70	83.55	71.63	93.00	116.78	133.73
	In percent of GDP		4.45	4.48	4.38	3.78	4.51	5.03	5.48	5.18	4.51	4.32	4.81	5.07
	In percent of total tax revenue		29.90	30.69	30.52	28.49	31.20	32.34	32.83	33.81	32.53	34.71	35.35	36.21
Import duties
	In billions of CFA francs’		55.05	59.55	62.03	55.20	68.33	78.08	86.70	33.55	71.63	93.00	116.78	133.73
	In percent of GDP¹		4.42	4.44	4.33	3.73	4.51	5.03	5.48	5.18	4.51	4.32	4.81	5.07
Collected international trade tax rate = international trade taxes/value of trade (in percent)			9.40	11.28	12.83	11.48	12.11	13.93	16.03	15.63	14.10	9.24	10.70	11.60
Collected tariff race = import dudes/value of imports (in percent)			15.40	19.47	21.59	19.39	21.33	24.63	27.58	26.48	23.28	16.39	19.22	20.62
Domestic taxes on goods and services
	In billions of CFA francs		76.35	80.25	79.98	76.60	83.08	88.93	86.30	85.35	79.58	100.00	122.63	139.18
	In percent of GDP		6.14	5.98	5.58	5.18	5.48	5.73	5.46	5.29	5.02	4.64	5.05	5.28
	In percent of total tax revenue		41.25	40.94	38.92	39.04	37.93	36.84	32.68	34.54	36.14	37.33	37.13	37.69
Overall fiscal balance (commitment basis, in percent of GDP)
	Including grants		−2.30	−1.50	−1.20	−2.10	−3.10	−2.00	0.20	−2.50	−3.00	−1.80	−0.20	−0.20
	Excluding grants		−3.80	−2.60	−2.60	−4.00	−4.40	−0.30	−1.00	−3.80	−4.00	−5.70	−3.20	−2.00
Overall fiscal balance (cash basis, in percent of GDP)			−3.30	−3.40	−3.80	−2.40	−1.90	…	0.40	−0.50	−0.20	−9.30	−2.70	−0.20
Current account balance
	In billions of U.S. dollars		−0.27	−0.27	−0.31	−0.41	−0.38	−0.44	−0.45	−0.48	−0.50	−0.19	−0.24	−0.27
	In percent of GDP
		Excluding official transfers	−16.82	−12.09	−11.61	−10.63	−10.22	−8.92	−9.39	−9.09	−9.99	−8.92	−7.56	−6.87
		Including official transfers	−10.54	−7.11	−6.65	−8.32	−8.23	−7.79	−8.20	−7.84	−8.90	−4.94	−4.84	−5.32

Sources: Senegalese authorities: IMF staff estimates: and IMF, World Economic Outlook (October 1997).

^¹For some years the authorities did not distinguish between VAT on imports and customs duties: for those years the VAT on imports has been estimated and reclassified under VAT.

Appendix II Collected Tariff Rates and Tariff Revenue for Selected Countries

Table 14.

Selected Countries: Collected Tariff Rates

(Tariff revenue of a percent of value of imports)

Sources: IMF, Government Finance Statistics, various issues, and World Economic Outlook (October 1997); and OECD, Revenue Statistics, various issues, except as noted.Note: Data are unweighted averages.

^¹Last year for which data are available is 1995 for most countries and an earlier year or 1996 for some countries.

^²Excluding the Czech Republic, Hungary, Luxembourg, and Poland. The OECD data for the countries of the European Union are for tariff collections at the borders of those countries and accordingly differ from the tariff collections on goods used in each EU country to the extent that there is transshipment within the union.

^³Data provided by the country authorities; and IMF staff estimates.

^⁴Korea joined the OECD in December 1996.

Table 14.

Selected Countries: Collected Tariff Rates

(Tariff revenue of a percent of value of imports)

Country	1975	1980	1985	1990	Last Available Year¹
OECD²
Australia	11.25	9.60	9.32	6.65	3.98
Austria	3.75	1.55	1.48	1.46	0.41
Belgium	1.47	1.33	1.06	1.02	0.99
Canada	5.54	4.45	3.68	2.86	1.41
Denmark	1.54	1.01	0.92	0.96	0.82
Finland	3.17	1.90	0.98	1.42	1.01
France	1.58	1.24	0.99	0.92	0.77
Germany	2.43	1.88	1.36	1.44	1.15
Greece	2.83	5.43	4.74	1.40	0.95
Iceland	19.97	17.24	13.28	10.48	1.68
Ireland	1.02	0.90	1.09	0.94	0.97
Italy	0.42	0.67	1.13	1.11	0.84
Japan	3.35	2.72	2.61	2.99	3.65
Mexico	15.27	10.52	9.06	7.56	3.20
Netherlands	1.79	1.48	1.19	1.41	1.52
New Zealand	4.01	4.35	4.74	3.62	4.25
Norway	1.35	0.86	0.77	0.76	1.29
Portugal	4.74	4.99	3.44	3.11	0.87
Spain	5.21	4.03	4.36	4.00	0.99
Sweden	2.41	1.71	2.51	2.59	0.96
Switzerland	2.98	1.54	1.22	1.19	1.21
Turkey	36.12	15.60	8.65	6.40	3.63
United Kingdom	2.38	2.46	1.76	1.52	1.49
United States	4.80	3.18	3.82	3.34	2.59
Africa
Botswana	18.81	23.25	18.46	15.44	19.07
Burundi	24.75	20.46	18.23	…	14.90
Cameroon	22.11	22.43	25.91	19.77	19.03
Congo, Dem. Rep, of	38.65	22.08	18.18	22.89	8.73
Côte d’Ivoire	…	28.07	31.96	22.73	11.73
Ethiopia	34.76	18.98	17.44	21.37	13.97
Gabon	21.63	31.74	24.90	24.68	24.69
Gambia, The	17.18	21.47	26.79	16.05	14.55
Ghana	18.56	14.45	18.06	16.06	11.18
Kenya	14.95	11.78	15.83	14.25	14.28
Lesotho	27.59	…	22.05	18.35	29.00
Malawi²	5.32	11.48	15.07	12.16	10.89
Mauritius	11.12	16.71	22.86	19.22	14.54
Rwanda	25.34	19.92	…	24.70

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Abstract

Appendix I Summary Measures for the Countries in the Comparative Analysis

Appendix II Collected Tariff Rates and Tariff Revenue for Selected Countries