Appendix V Statistical Tables

International Monetary Fund

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Author: International Monetary Fund

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Keywords:: OP; GATT publication; trade; GATT classification; GATT document; industrial country; import penetration; trade data; purchase price; OECD country; Imports; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; Tariffs; Exports; Trade barriers; Africa; Australia and New Zealand; North America; Eastern Europe; Europe

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Abstract

List of Tables

List of Tables

Al. Shares in World Merchandise Exports, 1963-86
A2. Shares in World Exports of Manufactures, 1963-86
A3. Depth of Tariff Reductions and Post-Tokyo Round Tariff Averages
A4. Importance of GATT Tariff Bindings in Industrial Countries
A5. Regional Trading Groups: Share of Intra-Area Exports in World Exports, 1960-86
A6. Industrial Countries: Antidumping Investigations and Actions, 1981-87
A7. Industrial Countries: Countervailing Investigations and Actions, 1981-86
A8. Group of Five Countries: Imports Affected by Selected Nontariff Measures
A9. United States: Investigations of Unfair Trade Practices Abroad and Safeguard Petitions, 1980-87
A10. Japan: Geographical Composition of Foreign Direct Investment in Manufacturing by Sector, 1981 and 1988
A11. Subsidies as Percent of GDP
A12. Government Research and Development Funding of Manufacturing Industry
A13. OECD Countries: Subsidy Shares in Officially Supported Export Credits by Destination, 1979-85
A14. Federal Republic of Germany: Nominal and Effective Protection in Industry
A15. Rates of Growth and Market Shares for World Exports by Areas and Commodity Groups, 1973-86
A16. Selected Developing Countries and Areas: Ratios of Imports and Exports to GDP, 1963-86
A17. Exports of Manufactures, Shares in Market Growth, and Growth Rates by Area and Sector, 1973 and 1985
A18. Developing Countries: Selected Import Ratios, 1973-86
A19. Developing Countries: Trade with Industrial Countries as a Percent of Total Trade
A20. Area Distribution of World Trade
A21. Selected Developing Countries: Import Duties
A22, Selected Average Tariffs by Income Groups
A23. Frequency of Use of Nontariff Measures by Sectors and Income Groups
A24. Developing Countries: Summary of Trade Measures, October 1985—April 1988
A25. OECD Preference-Giving Countries’ Imports from GSP Beneficiary Countries, 1972-86
A26. GSP Schemes in High Tariff and Other Items in the EC, Japan, and the United States, 1984
A27. GATT Membership
A28. Multilateral Trade Negotiation Agreements: Status of Acceptances
A29. Recourse to Article XIX of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1978-87
A30. GATT Consultations on Balance of Payments Restrictions, 1978-June 1988
A31. GATT Panels, 1978-June 1988
A32. Estimates of the Direct Budgetary and Consumer Cost of Agricultural Policy, Averages for 1979-81 and 1984-86
A33. Producer Subsidy Equivalents (PSEs), Classified by Type of Support, 1982-86
A34. Producer Subsidy Equivalents (PSEs), Averages for 1979-81 and 1984-86
A35. United States: Agricultural Support, 1976-87
A36. United States: Quantitative Restrictions on Agricultural Imports
A37. United States: Support Program for Dairy Products, 1980-87
A38. United States: Direct Payments to Wheat Farmers, 1980-87
A39. United States: Domestic Support Program for Wheat, 1979-87
A40, European Community: Average Degree of Self-Supply in Selected Agricultural Products, 1956-86 144
A41. European Community: European Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund—Guarantee Section, Expenditures by Sector, 1976-88
A42. European Community: Target Prices for Selected Commodities, 1980/81-1987/88 146
A43. European Community: Average Increase in Common Agricultural Prices, 1984/85-1987/88 146
A44. Japan: Self-Sufficiency Rates of Major Agricultural Products
A45. Japan: Administrative Prices of Major Agricultural Products
A46. Japan: Nominal Protection Coefficients, 1983-87
A47. Japan: Expenditure on Agricultural Support, 1975-88
A48. Nominal Protection Coefficients (NPCs) for Wheat (Bread) in Selected Developing Countries
A49. Butter: World Commodity Balance and Trade, 1981-88
A50. Cheese: World Commodity Balance and Trade, 1981-88
A51 Wheat: World Commodity Balance and Trade, 1981/82-1987/88
A52. Beef and Veal: World Commodity Balance and Trade, 1981-88
A53. Sugar: World Commodity Balance, 1981/82-1987/88
A54. Sugar: World Trade, 1984-87
A55. Effects on Global Welfare of Liberalization by Industrial Countries
A56. Effects on International Prices of Liberalization of Food Markets
A57. Effects on Trade Flows of Liberalization by Industrial Countries
A58. Steel Production, Apparent Consumption, and Employment in OECD Countries, 1973-88
A59. Steel: Capacity Utilization and Import Penetration, 1978-88
A60. Steel: World Exports, Imports, and Trade Balance, 1980-88
A61 Steel: United States—Apparent Supply of Steel Mill Products, 1977-86
A62. Textiles and Clothing: Employment in Industrial Countries, 1973-86
A63. Textiles and Clothing: Imports of Selected Industrial Countries, 1973-86
A64. Textiles and Clothing: Bilateral Agreements Under Article 4 of the Multifiber Arrangement Maintained in Early 1988
A65. Motor Vehicles: Production, Apparent Consumption, and Import Penetration in Selected Industrial Countries, 1980-86
A66. Motor Vehicles: Industrial Countries’ Exports of Automotive Products by Area, 1980-86
A67. Motor Vehicles: Impact of Trade Restraints on Japanese Cars in Four Countries
A68. Shipbuilding: World Production and Shares of Major Producers, 1976-87
A69. Shipbuilding: New Orders, 1978 and 1984-87
A70. Electronic Products: Trade of Industrial Countries, 1980-86
A71. Footwear: European Community—Production, Trade, Apparent Consumption, and Employment, 1975-87
A72. Commercial Jet Aircraft: Relative Market Shares, 1974-86

Table A1.

Shares in World Merchandise Exports, 1963-86¹

(In percent)

Sources: GATT, IMF, UN, UNCTAD; and Fund staff estimates. Based on GATT classifications (see Appendix III).

^¹Based on nominal U.S. dollar values.

^²The most recent year for which comprehensive data are available.

^³EC (10): Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

^⁴The newly industrializing economies of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan Province of China.

Table A1.

Shares in World Merchandise Exports, 1963-86¹

(In percent)

			1963	1973	1977	1981	1985	1986²
Total exports			100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Developed countries			67.6	70.8	64.6	63.0	66.3	69.6
	European Community³		33.7	36.7	33.7	30.9	31.1	34.5
		Intra-EC	15.2	19.8	17.1	15.8	17.0	19.7
	Japan		3.5	6.4	7.2	7.8	9.1	9.9
	United States		15.7	12.0	10.2	11.5	10.7	9.7
	Other developed countries		14.6	15.8	13.5	12.8	15.3	15.6
Developing countries			20.3	19.2	25.7	27.6	22.9	19.5
	Four Asian NIEs⁴		1.5	2.9	3.1	4.3	5.9	6.3
	Other developing countries		18.8	16.4	22.6	23.4	17.0	13.3
Eastern trading area			12.1	10.0	9.7	9.4	10.8	10.8

Sources: GATT, IMF, UN, UNCTAD; and Fund staff estimates. Based on GATT classifications (see Appendix III).

^¹Based on nominal U.S. dollar values.

^²The most recent year for which comprehensive data are available.

^³EC (10): Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

^⁴The newly industrializing economies of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan Province of China.

Table A1.

Shares in World Merchandise Exports, 1963-86¹

(In percent)

			1963	1973	1977	1981	1985	1986²
Total exports			100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Developed countries			67.6	70.8	64.6	63.0	66.3	69.6
	European Community³		33.7	36.7	33.7	30.9	31.1	34.5
		Intra-EC	15.2	19.8	17.1	15.8	17.0	19.7
	Japan		3.5	6.4	7.2	7.8	9.1	9.9
	United States		15.7	12.0	10.2	11.5	10.7	9.7
	Other developed countries		14.6	15.8	13.5	12.8	15.3	15.6
Developing countries			20.3	19.2	25.7	27.6	22.9	19.5
	Four Asian NIEs⁴		1.5	2.9	3.1	4.3	5.9	6.3
	Other developing countries		18.8	16.4	22.6	23.4	17.0	13.3
Eastern trading area			12.1	10.0	9.7	9.4	10.8	10.8

Sources: GATT, IMF, UN, UNCTAD; and Fund staff estimates. Based on GATT classifications (see Appendix III).

^¹Based on nominal U.S. dollar values.

^²The most recent year for which comprehensive data are available.

^³EC (10): Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

^⁴The newly industrializing economies of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan Province of China.

Table A2.

Shares in World Exports of Manufactures,¹ 1963-86²

(In percent)

Sources: GATT, IMF, UN, UNCTAD; and Fund staff estimates. Based on GATT classifications (see Appendix III).

^¹Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) categories 5 through 8 minus 68.

^²Based on nominal U.S. dollar values.

^³EC (10): Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

^⁴The newly industrializing economies of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan Province of China.

Table A2.

Shares in World Exports of Manufactures,¹ 1963-86²

(In percent)

			1963	1973	1977	1981	1985	1986
Total exports			100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100,0	100.0
Developed countries			80.9	83.1	82.6	80.8	79.0	79.6
	European Community³		44.0	46.5	45.0	40.1	39.9	42.6
		Intra-EC	20.6	22.8	20.9	18.9	20.3	23.0
	Japan		…	10.0	11.9	13.3	14.2	14.1
	United States		…	12.3	12.0	13.9	12.0	10.3
	Other developed countries		…	14.3	13.8	13.4	12.8	12.6
Developing countries			5.8	6.9	8.0	10.7	12.2	11.8
	Four Asian NIEs⁴		…	3.7	4.2	6.2	7.9	7.9
	Other developing countries		…	3.2	3.8	4.5	4.2	3.9
Eastern trading area			13.3	10.0	9.3	8.6	8.9	8.6

Sources: GATT, IMF, UN, UNCTAD; and Fund staff estimates. Based on GATT classifications (see Appendix III).

^¹Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) categories 5 through 8 minus 68.

^²Based on nominal U.S. dollar values.

^³EC (10): Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

^⁴The newly industrializing economies of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan Province of China.

Table A2.

Shares in World Exports of Manufactures,¹ 1963-86²

(In percent)

			1963	1973	1977	1981	1985	1986
Total exports			100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100,0	100.0
Developed countries			80.9	83.1	82.6	80.8	79.0	79.6
	European Community³		44.0	46.5	45.0	40.1	39.9	42.6
		Intra-EC	20.6	22.8	20.9	18.9	20.3	23.0
	Japan		…	10.0	11.9	13.3	14.2	14.1
	United States		…	12.3	12.0	13.9	12.0	10.3
	Other developed countries		…	14.3	13.8	13.4	12.8	12.6
Developing countries			5.8	6.9	8.0	10.7	12.2	11.8
	Four Asian NIEs⁴		…	3.7	4.2	6.2	7.9	7.9
	Other developing countries		…	3.2	3.8	4.5	4.2	3.9
Eastern trading area			13.3	10.0	9.3	8.6	8.9	8.6

Sources: GATT, IMF, UN, UNCTAD; and Fund staff estimates. Based on GATT classifications (see Appendix III).

^¹Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) categories 5 through 8 minus 68.

^²Based on nominal U.S. dollar values.

^³EC (10): Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.

^⁴The newly industrializing economies of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan Province of China.

Table A3.

Depth of Tariff Reductions and Post-Tokyo Round Tariff Averages

(In percent)

Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Secretariat.

^¹The standard deviation of the average tariff rates shown exceeds one in all the countries listed.

Table A3.

Depth of Tariff Reductions and Post-Tokyo Round Tariff Averages

(In percent)

		All Industrial Products		Raw Materials		Semi-Finished manufactures		Finished Manufactures
		Depth of cut	Tariff average	Depth of cut	Tariff average	Depth of cut	Tariff average	Depth of cut	Tariff average
Average of nine countries¹	Weighted	34	4.7	64	0.3	30	4.0	34	6.5
	Unweighted	39	6.4	37	1.6	36	6.2	40	7.1
United States	Weighted	31	4.4	77	0.2	33	3.0	29	5.7
	Unweighted	44	6.3	45	1.8	39	6.1	46	7.0
Canada	Weighted	38	7.9	69	0.5	30	8.3	39	8.3
	Unweighted	42	7.3	48	2.6	44	6.6	40	8.1
Japan	Weighted	49	2.8	67	0.5	30	4.6	52	6.0
	Unweighted	42	6.0	45	1.4	36	6.3	45	6.4
European Community	Weighted	29	4.7	15	0.2	27	4.2	29	6.9
	Unweighted	30	6.4	16	1.6	30	6.2	29	7.0
Austria	Weighted	13	7.8	9	0.8	19	4.7	13	16.1
	Unweighted	31	8.1	27	1.9	29	7.3	32	9.1
Finland	Weighted	21	5.5	60	0.3	13	5.9	22	6.1
	Unweighted	14	11.4	40	0.5	10	11.7	16	12.0
Norway	Weighted	25	3.2	39	0.0	21	1.4	25	4.2
	Unweighted	22	6.7	29	0.9	20	5.4	22	7.8
Sweden	Weighted	28	4.1	21	0.0	38	3.3	26	4.9
	Unweighted	20	4.8	27	0.4	15	5.1	22	5.1
Switzerland	Weighted	23	2.3	28	0.2	25	1.2	22	3.1
	Unweighted	24	2.9	15	1.5	23	2.8	25	3.0

Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Secretariat.

^¹The standard deviation of the average tariff rates shown exceeds one in all the countries listed.

Table A3.

Depth of Tariff Reductions and Post-Tokyo Round Tariff Averages

(In percent)

		All Industrial Products		Raw Materials		Semi-Finished manufactures		Finished Manufactures
		Depth of cut	Tariff average	Depth of cut	Tariff average	Depth of cut	Tariff average	Depth of cut	Tariff average
Average of nine countries¹	Weighted	34	4.7	64	0.3	30	4.0	34	6.5
	Unweighted	39	6.4	37	1.6	36	6.2	40	7.1
United States	Weighted	31	4.4	77	0.2	33	3.0	29	5.7
	Unweighted	44	6.3	45	1.8	39	6.1	46	7.0
Canada	Weighted	38	7.9	69	0.5	30	8.3	39	8.3
	Unweighted	42	7.3	48	2.6	44	6.6	40	8.1
Japan	Weighted	49	2.8	67	0.5	30	4.6	52	6.0
	Unweighted	42	6.0	45	1.4	36	6.3	45	6.4
European Community	Weighted	29	4.7	15	0.2	27	4.2	29	6.9
	Unweighted	30	6.4	16	1.6	30	6.2	29	7.0
Austria	Weighted	13	7.8	9	0.8	19	4.7	13	16.1
	Unweighted	31	8.1	27	1.9	29	7.3	32	9.1
Finland	Weighted	21	5.5	60	0.3	13	5.9	22	6.1
	Unweighted	14	11.4	40	0.5	10	11.7	16	12.0
Norway	Weighted	25	3.2	39	0.0	21	1.4	25	4.2
	Unweighted	22	6.7	29	0.9	20	5.4	22	7.8
Sweden	Weighted	28	4.1	21	0.0	38	3.3	26	4.9
	Unweighted	20	4.8	27	0.4	15	5.1	22	5.1
Switzerland	Weighted	23	2.3	28	0.2	25	1.2	22	3.1
	Unweighted	24	2.9	15	1.5	23	2.8	25	3.0

Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Secretariat.

^¹The standard deviation of the average tariff rates shown exceeds one in all the countries listed.

Table A4.

Importance of GATT Tariff Bindings in Industrial Countries¹

(In percent)

Sources: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

^{^¹}Tariff bindings are upper limits on tariffs agreed to in GATT. All data refer to 1984 except Australia (1980/81) and New Zealand (1983/84). Since the launching of the Uruguay Round in 1986, Australia and New Zealand have offered to bind a larger proportion of their tariffs.

^²Refers to imports subject to a most-favored-nation tariff.

Table A4.

Importance of GATT Tariff Bindings in Industrial Countries¹

(In percent)

		Bound Tariffs
		Share in tariff lines	Share in imports²
United States
	Agriculture	90	87
	Industry	100	100
	Total	98	99
Canada
	Agriculture	90	98
	Industry	98	98
	Total	96	98
Japan
	Agriculture	60	63
	Industry	97	86
	Total	91	81
European Community
	Agriculture	63	69
	Industry	99	99
	Total	88	93
Austria
	Agriculture	55	75
	Industry	96	94
	Total	88	91
Finland
	Agriculture	51	89
	Industry	97	99
	Total	90	97
Norway
	Agriculture	67	96
	Industry	95	99
	Total	90	99
Sweden
	Agriculture	46	78
	Industry	97	97
	Total	88	94
Switzerland
	Agriculture	44	57
	Industry	99	100
	Total	90	93
Australia
	Agriculture	26	36
	Industry	11	24
	Total	12	25
New Zealand
	Agriculture	48	59
	Industry	39	47
	Total	41	48
All markets
	Agriculture	61	74
	Industry	87	95
	Total	82	92

Sources: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

^²Refers to imports subject to a most-favored-nation tariff.

Table A4.

Importance of GATT Tariff Bindings in Industrial Countries¹

(In percent)

		Bound Tariffs
		Share in tariff lines	Share in imports²
United States
	Agriculture	90	87
	Industry	100	100
	Total	98	99
Canada
	Agriculture	90	98
	Industry	98	98
	Total	96	98
Japan
	Agriculture	60	63
	Industry	97	86
	Total	91	81
European Community
	Agriculture	63	69
	Industry	99	99
	Total	88	93
Austria
	Agriculture	55	75
	Industry	96	94
	Total	88	91
Finland
	Agriculture	51	89
	Industry	97	99
	Total	90	97
Norway
	Agriculture	67	96
	Industry	95	99
	Total	90	99
Sweden
	Agriculture	46	78
	Industry	97	97
	Total	88	94
Switzerland
	Agriculture	44	57
	Industry	99	100
	Total	90	93
Australia
	Agriculture	26	36
	Industry	11	24
	Total	12	25
New Zealand
	Agriculture	48	59
	Industry	39	47
	Total	41	48
All markets
	Agriculture	61	74
	Industry	87	95
	Total	82	92

Sources: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

^²Refers to imports subject to a most-favored-nation tariff.

Table A5.

Regional Trading Groups: Share of Intra-Area Exports in World Exports, 1960-86¹

(In percent of world exports)

Sources: International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Statistics; and Commission of the European Communities, Eurostat.

^¹Among industrial countries. Trade among developing countries subject to preferential arrangements amounts to only 1.2 percent of world exports. Trade between the EC and 66 African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries (ACP) subject to preferential arrangements under the Lomé Convention amounts to 1.8 percent of world exports. A negligible share of world trade occurs under association and cooperation agreements between the EC and Mediterranean countries.

^²Includes the original six members plus Denmark, Greece, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Internal trade barriers among the EC(6) were abolished and a common external tariff came into effect in 1968.

^³The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a free trade area comprising Austria, Finland, Iceland, Sweden, Switzerland, and Norway. The United Kingdom and Denmark departed from EFTA in 1974 to join the EC.

^⁴A free trade area for industrial products was progressively established between the EC and EFTA over the period 1972-84.

^⁵The U.S.-Canada automotive pact, a sectoral free trade agreement covering automobiles and parts, was concluded in 1965. Trade under the pact accounts for one third of trade between the two countries. A free trade agreement covering all products is expected to come into effect in 1989, subject to ratification.

^⁶Preferential trading arrangement under the South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Agreement (Sparteca), established in 1981 and including Fiji, Papua New Guinea, and other small Pacific countries. Preferential trading also occurs under the Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Agreement (Anzcerta). In June 1988, the agreement was expanded to include services and the date of elimination of all trade barriers was brought forward to July 1990.

^⁷This figure rises to 37.3 percent if Spain and Portugal are added to the EC(10).

^⁸A framework trade agreement was signed in February 1988. The agreement does not contemplate a free trade area.

Table A5.

Regional Trading Groups: Share of Intra-Area Exports in World Exports, 1960-86¹

(In percent of world exports)

		1960	1970	1980	1986
European Community (10)²		12.5	20.0	38.4	20.0
EFTA³		0.7	1.3	0.9	1.0
European Community (1)/EFTA⁴		7.3	8.2	6.9	7.7
United States/Canada⁵		5.3	8.2	4.0	5.6
Australia/New Zealand⁶		0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1
	Total intra-area trade	25.9	37.9	30.3	34.4⁷
Memorandum item:
United States/Mexico⁸		3.2	3.5	1.3	2.8

Sources: International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Statistics; and Commission of the European Communities, Eurostat.

^⁴A free trade area for industrial products was progressively established between the EC and EFTA over the period 1972-84.

^⁷This figure rises to 37.3 percent if Spain and Portugal are added to the EC(10).

^⁸A framework trade agreement was signed in February 1988. The agreement does not contemplate a free trade area.

Table A5.

Regional Trading Groups: Share of Intra-Area Exports in World Exports, 1960-86¹

(In percent of world exports)

		1960	1970	1980	1986
European Community (10)²		12.5	20.0	38.4	20.0
EFTA³		0.7	1.3	0.9	1.0
European Community (1)/EFTA⁴		7.3	8.2	6.9	7.7
United States/Canada⁵		5.3	8.2	4.0	5.6
Australia/New Zealand⁶		0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1
	Total intra-area trade	25.9	37.9	30.3	34.4⁷
Memorandum item:
United States/Mexico⁸		3.2	3.5	1.3	2.8

Sources: International Monetary Fund, Direction of Trade Statistics; and Commission of the European Communities, Eurostat.

^⁴A free trade area for industrial products was progressively established between the EC and EFTA over the period 1972-84.

^⁷This figure rises to 37.3 percent if Spain and Portugal are added to the EC(10).

^⁸A framework trade agreement was signed in February 1988. The agreement does not contemplate a free trade area.

Table A6.

Industrial Countries: Antidumping Investigations and Actions, 1981-87¹

Sources: Finger and Olechowski (1987); General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, “Semi-Annual Reports Under Article 14:4 of the Agreement” (Geneva), various issues. Based on GATT classifications (see Appendix III).

^¹The countries listed have initiated virtually all the antidumping investigations undertaken worldwide. Actions taken include the imposition of definitive duties and minimum price undertakings by exporting countries. Investigations include those opened in the context of reviewing an existing antidumping duty or after allegations of breach of an undertaking.

^²The data are based on actions reported by signatories to the GATT Committee on Antidumping Practices, which exclude the actions taken against nonsignatories.

Table A6.

Industrial Countries: Antidumping Investigations and Actions, 1981-87¹

		1981		1982		1983		1984		1985		1986²		First Half 1987²
		Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions
Australia		49	28	77	47	80	58	56	36	63	30	63	10	11	—
	Industrial countries	34	14	55	25	59	44	30	26	38	15	35	7	8	—
	Developing countries	15	11	20	20	21	13	21	10	19	12	20	3	3	—
	Centrally planned economies	—	3	2	2	—	1	5	—	6	3	8	—	—	—
Canada		23	13	72	21	36	41	31	16	36	27	55	45	34	36
	Industrial countries	12	8	54	10	27	29	20	9	18	16	21	18	21	20
	Developing countries	8	1	15	7	7	10	8	5	12	8	30	17	10	12
	Centrally planned economies	3	4	3	4	2	2	3	2	6	3	4	10	3	4
European Community		47	16	55	42	36	45	48	31	45	12	37	21	10	8
	Industrial countries	9	18	18	9	11	12	16	9	9	9	11	9	2	3
	Developing countries	3	5	15	4	9	12	5	6	16	1	8	—	4	1
	Centrally planned economies	35	3	22	29	16	21	27	16	20	2	8	12	4	4
United States		14	4	61	45	47	15	71	25	65	53	70	50	47	43
	Industrial countries	7	3	47	41	27	9	32	8	19	19	30	15	32	25
	Developing countries	4	—	13	3	19	6	23	17	41	20	34	32	13	10
	Centrally planned economics	3	1	1	1	1	—	16	—	5	14	6	3	2	8
Total		133	61	265	155	199	159	206	108	209	122	225	126	102	87
	Industrial countries	62	33	174	85	124	94	98	52	84	59	97	49	63	48
	Developing countries	30	17	63	34	56	41	57	38	88	41	92	52	30	23
	Centrally planned economies	41	17	28	36	19	24	51	18	37	22	26	25	9	16

^²The data are based on actions reported by signatories to the GATT Committee on Antidumping Practices, which exclude the actions taken against nonsignatories.

Table A6.

Industrial Countries: Antidumping Investigations and Actions, 1981-87¹

		1981		1982		1983		1984		1985		1986²		First Half 1987²
		Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions
Australia		49	28	77	47	80	58	56	36	63	30	63	10	11	—
	Industrial countries	34	14	55	25	59	44	30	26	38	15	35	7	8	—
	Developing countries	15	11	20	20	21	13	21	10	19	12	20	3	3	—
	Centrally planned economies	—	3	2	2	—	1	5	—	6	3	8	—	—	—
Canada		23	13	72	21	36	41	31	16	36	27	55	45	34	36
	Industrial countries	12	8	54	10	27	29	20	9	18	16	21	18	21	20
	Developing countries	8	1	15	7	7	10	8	5	12	8	30	17	10	12
	Centrally planned economies	3	4	3	4	2	2	3	2	6	3	4	10	3	4
European Community		47	16	55	42	36	45	48	31	45	12	37	21	10	8
	Industrial countries	9	18	18	9	11	12	16	9	9	9	11	9	2	3
	Developing countries	3	5	15	4	9	12	5	6	16	1	8	—	4	1
	Centrally planned economies	35	3	22	29	16	21	27	16	20	2	8	12	4	4
United States		14	4	61	45	47	15	71	25	65	53	70	50	47	43
	Industrial countries	7	3	47	41	27	9	32	8	19	19	30	15	32	25
	Developing countries	4	—	13	3	19	6	23	17	41	20	34	32	13	10
	Centrally planned economics	3	1	1	1	1	—	16	—	5	14	6	3	2	8
Total		133	61	265	155	199	159	206	108	209	122	225	126	102	87
	Industrial countries	62	33	174	85	124	94	98	52	84	59	97	49	63	48
	Developing countries	30	17	63	34	56	41	57	38	88	41	92	52	30	23
	Centrally planned economies	41	17	28	36	19	24	51	18	37	22	26	25	9	16

^²The data are based on actions reported by signatories to the GATT Committee on Antidumping Practices, which exclude the actions taken against nonsignatories.

Table A7.

Industrial Countries: Countervailing Investigations and Actions, 1981-86¹

Sources: Finger and Olechowski (1987); and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Based on GATT classifications (see Appendix III).

^¹The countries listed have initiated virtually all the countervailing investigations undertaken by individual countries. Actions taken include the imposition of definitive duties and minimum price undertakings by exporting countries. Investigations include those opened in the context of reviewing an existing countervailing duty or after allegations of breach of an undertaking.

^²The data are based on actions reported by the signatories to the GATT Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, which exclude the actions taken against nonsignatories.

Table A7.

Industrial Countries: Countervailing Investigations and Actions, 1981-86¹

		1981		1982		1983		1984		1985		First Half 1986²
		Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions
Australia		—	—	3	—	7	9	6	1	3	1	1	2
	Industrial countries	—	—	3	—	7	9	5	1	3	1	1	2
	Developing countries	—	—	—	—	—	—	1	—	—	—	—	—
	Centrally planned economies	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Canada		—	3	1	—	3	—	2	2	2	2	—	1
	Industrial countries	—	3	1	—	3	—	2	2	1	1	—	1
	Developing countries	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1	1	—	—
	Centrally planned economies	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
European Community		1	1	3	—	2	1	1	—	—	—	—
	Industrial countries	—	—	1	—	1	1	—	1	—	—	—	—
	Developing countries	1	1	2	—	1	2	1	—	—	—	—
	Centrally planned economies	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	Japan (Industrial countries)	—	—	—	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
United States		10	6	124	80	21	21	50	18	40	24	28	28
	Industrial countries	6	1	85	61	3	3	14	2	12	6	8	10
	Developing countries	4	5	39	19	16	18	34	16	27	17	20	18
	Centrally planned economies	—	—	—	—	2	—	2	—	1	1	—	—
Total		11	7	131	80	34	33	59	22	45	27	29	30
	Industrial countries	6	1	90	61	15	13	21	6	16	8	9	12
	Developing countries	5	6	41	19	17	20	36	16	28	18	20	18
	Centrally planned economies	—	—	—	—	2	—	2	—	1	1	—	—

Sources: Finger and Olechowski (1987); and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Based on GATT classifications (see Appendix III).

^²The data are based on actions reported by the signatories to the GATT Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, which exclude the actions taken against nonsignatories.

Table A7.

Industrial Countries: Countervailing Investigations and Actions, 1981-86¹

		1981		1982		1983		1984		1985		First Half 1986²
		Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions	Investigations	Actions
Australia		—	—	3	—	7	9	6	1	3	1	1	2
	Industrial countries	—	—	3	—	7	9	5	1	3	1	1	2
	Developing countries	—	—	—	—	—	—	1	—	—	—	—	—
	Centrally planned economies	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Canada		—	3	1	—	3	—	2	2	2	2	—	1
	Industrial countries	—	3	1	—	3	—	2	2	1	1	—	1
	Developing countries	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1	1	—	—
	Centrally planned economies	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
European Community		1	1	3	—	2	1	1	—	—	—	—
	Industrial countries	—	—	1	—	1	1	—	1	—	—	—	—
	Developing countries	1	1	2	—	1	2	1	—	—	—	—
	Centrally planned economies	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	Japan (Industrial countries)	—	—	—	1	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
United States		10	6	124	80	21	21	50	18	40	24	28	28
	Industrial countries	6	1	85	61	3	3	14	2	12	6	8	10
	Developing countries	4	5	39	19	16	18	34	16	27	17	20	18
	Centrally planned economies	—	—	—	—	2	—	2	—	1	1	—	—
Total		11	7	131	80	34	33	59	22	45	27	29	30
	Industrial countries	6	1	90	61	15	13	21	6	16	8	9	12
	Developing countries	5	6	41	19	17	20	36	16	28	18	20	18
	Centrally planned economies	—	—	—	—	2	—	2	—	1	1	—	—

Sources: Finger and Olechowski (1987); and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Based on GATT classifications (see Appendix III).

^²The data are based on actions reported by the signatories to the GATT Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures, which exclude the actions taken against nonsignatories.

Table A8.

Group of Five Countries: Imports Affected by Selected Nontariff Measures¹

(In percent)

Sources: Fund staff estimates based on World Bank/UNCTAD Inventory of Trade Barriers; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Costs and Benefits of Protection (Paris, 1985); and Balassa and Balassa (1984).

^¹The nontariff measures (NTMs) included in this table are tariffs with quotas, variable import levies, total prohibitions, quotas, authorizations to control entry, minimum pricing, voluntary export restraints (VERs), and the Multifiber Arrangement (MFA). All ratios are based on 1981 trade data to avoid biases arising from the relative decline of restricted trade. The import coverage ratio is used as an indicator of the extent of NTMs. However, it does not measure the severity of such restrictions, since the measurement does not distinguish between NTMs that are more or less severe. In particular, more restrictive NTMs receive a lower weight than less restrictive ones because the former tend to reduce imports more.

Table A8.

Group of Five Countries: Imports Affected by Selected Nontariff Measures¹

(In percent)

		End-1981		End-1986
		Share of sectoral imports	Share of manufactured imports	Share of sectoral imports	Share of manufactured imports
France
Agriculture		43.3	…	44.7	…
Manufactures		11.2	11.2	15.4	15.4
Of which:
	Textiles and apparel	42.9	4.3	43.0	4.3
	Footwear	6.5	0.1	6.5	0.6
	Iron and steel	28.9	1.1	34.3	1.3
	Electrical machinery/electronics	13.0	0.9	31.3	2.3
	Automobiles	11.9	0.8	19.1	1.3
Germany, Fed. Rep. of
Agriculture		32.7	…	33.3	…
Manufactures		15.0	15.0	17.9	17.9
Of which:
	Textiles and apparel	55.2	7.9	55.2	7.8
	Footwear	9.4	0.1	9.6	0.1
	Iron and steel	45.2	2.4	49.9	2.7
	Electrical machinery/electronics	6.3	0.6	10.0	0.9
	Automobiles	39.3	1.9	50.5	2.4
Japan
Agriculture		49.8	…	49.8	…
Manufactures		10.2	10.2	10.2	10.2
Of which:
	Textiles and apparel	16.7	2.1	16.7	2.1
	Footwear	6.4	0.1	6.4	0.1
	Iron and steel	…	…	…	…
	Electrical machinery/electronics	…	…	…	…
	Automobiles	…	…	…	…
United States
Agriculture		6.2	…	18.4	…
Manufactures		11.7	11.7	17.9	17.9
Of which:
	Textiles and apparel	67.5	4.4	68.3	4.4
	Footwear	0.1	…	…	…
	Iron and steel	7.0	0.5	75.7	5.6
	Electrical machinery/electronics	2.6	0.3	1.7	0.2
	Automobiles	33.7	6.4	38.2	7.2
United Kingdom
Agriculture		53.6	…	54.1	…
Manufactures		10.2	10.2	12.8	12.8
Of which:
	Textiles and apparel	52.2	4.8	44.2	4.1
	Footwear	12.0	0.1	12.0	0.1
	Iron and steel	32.7	0.7	33.2	0.8
	Electrical machinery/electronics	3.1	0.2	11.5	0.8
	Automobiles	32.9	1.6	43.9	2.2

Table A8.

Group of Five Countries: Imports Affected by Selected Nontariff Measures¹

(In percent)

		End-1981		End-1986
		Share of sectoral imports	Share of manufactured imports	Share of sectoral imports	Share of manufactured imports
France
Agriculture		43.3	…	44.7	…
Manufactures		11.2	11.2	15.4	15.4
Of which:
	Textiles and apparel	42.9	4.3	43.0	4.3
	Footwear	6.5	0.1	6.5	0.6
	Iron and steel	28.9	1.1	34.3	1.3
	Electrical machinery/electronics	13.0	0.9	31.3	2.3
	Automobiles	11.9	0.8	19.1	1.3
Germany, Fed. Rep. of
Agriculture		32.7	…	33.3	…
Manufactures		15.0	15.0	17.9	17.9
Of which:
	Textiles and apparel	55.2	7.9	55.2	7.8
	Footwear	9.4	0.1	9.6	0.1
	Iron and steel	45.2	2.4	49.9	2.7
	Electrical machinery/electronics	6.3	0.6	10.0	0.9
	Automobiles	39.3	1.9	50.5	2.4
Japan
Agriculture		49.8	…	49.8	…
Manufactures		10.2	10.2	10.2	10.2
Of which:
	Textiles and apparel	16.7	2.1	16.7	2.1
	Footwear	6.4	0.1	6.4	0.1
	Iron and steel	…	…	…	…
	Electrical machinery/electronics	…	…	…	…
	Automobiles	…	…	…	…
United States
Agriculture		6.2	…	18.4	…
Manufactures		11.7	11.7	17.9	17.9
Of which:
	Textiles and apparel	67.5	4.4	68.3	4.4
	Footwear	0.1	…	…	…
	Iron and steel	7.0	0.5	75.7	5.6
	Electrical machinery/electronics	2.6	0.3	1.7	0.2
	Automobiles	33.7	6.4	38.2	7.2
United Kingdom
Agriculture		53.6	…	54.1	…
Manufactures		10.2	10.2	12.8	12.8
Of which:
	Textiles and apparel	52.2	4.8	44.2	4.1
	Footwear	12.0	0.1	12.0	0.1
	Iron and steel	32.7	0.7	33.2	0.8
	Electrical machinery/electronics	3.1	0.2	11.5	0.8
	Automobiles	32.9	1.6	43.9	2.2

Table A9.

United States: Investigations of Unfair Trade Practices Abroad and Safeguard Petitions, 1980-87

Sources: Office of the U.S. Trade Representative; U.S. International Trade Commission; U.S. General Accounting Office; and U.S. Department of Commerce.

^¹Under Section 301 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974.

^²Under Section 201 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974.

^³Excluded from the total to avoid double-counting.

^⁴Since the U.S. Trade Act of 1974 came into force, 60 investigations have been initiated under Section 201. Of these, 12 affected imports from any country, including several listed individually above.

Table A9.

United States: Investigations of Unfair Trade Practices Abroad and Safeguard Petitions, 1980-87

Directed Against:		Dumping	Subsidies	Retaliation¹	Safeguard Actions²	Total	Share in Total Cases (in percent)	U.S. Imports, 1987 (in billions of U.S. dollars)	Share in 1987 U.S. Imports (in percent)
Industrial countries
	Canada	34	13	6	6	58	9.8	71.5	21.5
	European Community	—	6	16	2	24	4.1	84.9	25.6
	France	20	16	1	5	42	7.1	11.2³	3.4³
	Germany, Fed. Rep. of	23	5	—	8	36	6.1	28.0³	8.4³
	Italy	22	20	1	6	49	8.2	11.7³	3.5³
	Japan	71	3	8	9	90	15.1	88.1	26.6
	Spain	10	20	—	5	35	5.9	3.1³	0.9³
	United Kingdom	14	5	2	4	25	4.2	18.0³	5.4³
Developing countries
	Argentina	6	8	4	1	19	3.2	1.2	0.4
	Brazil	22	24	4	2	52	6.8	8.4	2.5
	China	15	1	—	3	19	3.2	6.9	2.1
	Korea	22	12	6	7	47	7.9	18.0	5.4
	Mexico	7	27	—	3	.17	6.2	20.5	6.2
	Taiwan Province of China	25	6	6	7	44	7.4	26.4	8.0
	Venezuela	9	6	—	1	16	2.7	5.9	1.8
Total of above		301	172	54	69⁴	594	100.0	331.8	100.0
Other		110	111	6	…⁴	218	…	92.3	…
Total		411	283	60	60⁴	812	…	424.1	…

Sources: Office of the U.S. Trade Representative; U.S. International Trade Commission; U.S. General Accounting Office; and U.S. Department of Commerce.

^¹Under Section 301 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974.

^²Under Section 201 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974.

^³Excluded from the total to avoid double-counting.

Table A9.

United States: Investigations of Unfair Trade Practices Abroad and Safeguard Petitions, 1980-87

Directed Against:		Dumping	Subsidies	Retaliation¹	Safeguard Actions²	Total	Share in Total Cases (in percent)	U.S. Imports, 1987 (in billions of U.S. dollars)	Share in 1987 U.S. Imports (in percent)
Industrial countries
	Canada	34	13	6	6	58	9.8	71.5	21.5
	European Community	—	6	16	2	24	4.1	84.9	25.6
	France	20	16	1	5	42	7.1	11.2³	3.4³
	Germany, Fed. Rep. of	23	5	—	8	36	6.1	28.0³	8.4³
	Italy	22	20	1	6	49	8.2	11.7³	3.5³
	Japan	71	3	8	9	90	15.1	88.1	26.6
	Spain	10	20	—	5	35	5.9	3.1³	0.9³
	United Kingdom	14	5	2	4	25	4.2	18.0³	5.4³
Developing countries
	Argentina	6	8	4	1	19	3.2	1.2	0.4
	Brazil	22	24	4	2	52	6.8	8.4	2.5
	China	15	1	—	3	19	3.2	6.9	2.1
	Korea	22	12	6	7	47	7.9	18.0	5.4
	Mexico	7	27	—	3	.17	6.2	20.5	6.2
	Taiwan Province of China	25	6	6	7	44	7.4	26.4	8.0
	Venezuela	9	6	—	1	16	2.7	5.9	1.8
Total of above		301	172	54	69⁴	594	100.0	331.8	100.0
Other		110	111	6	…⁴	218	…	92.3	…
Total		411	283	60	60⁴	812	…	424.1	…

Sources: Office of the U.S. Trade Representative; U.S. International Trade Commission; U.S. General Accounting Office; and U.S. Department of Commerce.

^¹Under Section 301 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974.

^²Under Section 201 of the U.S. Trade Act of 1974.

^³Excluded from the total to avoid double-counting.

Table A10.

Japan: Geographical Composition of Foreign Direct Investment in Manufacturing by Sector, 1981 and 1988

(In percent)

Sources: Japan, Ministry of Finance; and Japan Economic Institute.

^¹End-March of the year shown.

^²Mainly Asia and, to a lesser extent, Latin America.

Table A10.

Japan: Geographical Composition of Foreign Direct Investment in Manufacturing by Sector, 1981 and 1988

(In percent)

		Share in Total¹
		All countries		North America		Europe		Other areas²
		1981	1988	1981	1988	1981	1988	1981	1988
Manufacturing sector		100.0	100.0	19.3	40.9	6.7	9,2	74.0	49.9
	Food	4.7	4.3	1.7	2.0	0.3	0.3	2.7	2.0
	Textiles	13.0	6.5	1.4	1.1	1.1	0.7	10.5	4.7
	Wood and paper	6.0	4.1	2.6	2.6	—	—	3.4	1.5
	Chemicals	20.9	14.6	1.9	4.2	0.8	1.0	18.2	9.4
	Metals	20.8	17.5	3.0	4.6	1.2	0.8	16.6	12.1
	Nonelectrical machinery	7.1	9.1	1.7	4.8	1.0	1.0	4.4	3.3
	Electrical machinery	12.6	19.9	5.3	12.4	1.0	2.0	6.3	5.5
	Transport equipment	7.8	15.7	0.7	6.2	0.5	2.2	6.6	7.3
	Other	7.1	8.3	0.9	3.2	0.8	1.3	5.4	3.8
Memorandum item:
Direct investment in manufacturing
	(in billions of dollars)	12.6	36.0	2.4	14.7	0.8	3.3	9.4	18.0

Sources: Japan, Ministry of Finance; and Japan Economic Institute.

^¹End-March of the year shown.

^²Mainly Asia and, to a lesser extent, Latin America.

Table A10.

Japan: Geographical Composition of Foreign Direct Investment in Manufacturing by Sector, 1981 and 1988

(In percent)

		Share in Total¹
		All countries		North America		Europe		Other areas²
		1981	1988	1981	1988	1981	1988	1981	1988
Manufacturing sector		100.0	100.0	19.3	40.9	6.7	9,2	74.0	49.9
	Food	4.7	4.3	1.7	2.0	0.3	0.3	2.7	2.0
	Textiles	13.0	6.5	1.4	1.1	1.1	0.7	10.5	4.7
	Wood and paper	6.0	4.1	2.6	2.6	—	—	3.4	1.5
	Chemicals	20.9	14.6	1.9	4.2	0.8	1.0	18.2	9.4
	Metals	20.8	17.5	3.0	4.6	1.2	0.8	16.6	12.1
	Nonelectrical machinery	7.1	9.1	1.7	4.8	1.0	1.0	4.4	3.3
	Electrical machinery	12.6	19.9	5.3	12.4	1.0	2.0	6.3	5.5
	Transport equipment	7.8	15.7	0.7	6.2	0.5	2.2	6.6	7.3
	Other	7.1	8.3	0.9	3.2	0.8	1.3	5.4	3.8
Memorandum item:
Direct investment in manufacturing
	(in billions of dollars)	12.6	36.0	2.4	14.7	0.8	3.3	9.4	18.0

Sources: Japan, Ministry of Finance; and Japan Economic Institute.

^¹End-March of the year shown.

^²Mainly Asia and, to a lesser extent, Latin America.

Table A11.

Subsidies as Percent of GDP¹,²

Source; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, National Accounts, Vol. 1, Main Aggregates (Paris), various issues.

^¹Countries listed in order of amount of subsidies as a percentage of GDP in 1985.

^²The data do not include subsidies such as tax concessions. In Germany total tax concessions to enterprises averaged about 1.8 percent of GDP a year in 1975-85 while in the United States federal tax concessions to industry were about 1.5 percent of GDP a year during 1975-87; similar data are not available for other countries.

Table A11.

Subsidies as Percent of GDP¹,²

Country	1952	1956	3960	1964	1968	1972	1976	1980	1982	1983	1984	1985
Italy	0.89	1.30	1.51	1.23	1.67	2.29	2.60	3.02	3.69	3.33	3.49	3.43
France	1.71	2.71	1.62	2.03	2.62	1.99	2.68	2.51	2.71	2.80	3.00	3.01
Canada	0.41	0.39	0.81	0.85	0.87	0.83	1.87	2.68	2.50	2.49	2.80	2.48
United Kingdom	2.68	1.76	1.93	1.56	2.06	1.82	2.72	2.50	2.15	2.13	2.44	2.22
Germany, Fed. Rep. of	0.65	0.20	0.79	0.99	1.44	1.48	1.97	2.06	1.84	1.90	2.07	2.01
Japan	0.79	0.26	0.34	0.65	1.11	1.12	1.31	1.50	1.40	1.42	1.28	1.15
United States	0.11	0.20	0.25	0.44	0.50	0.59	0.33	0.40	0.49	0.66	0.61	0.58

Source; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, National Accounts, Vol. 1, Main Aggregates (Paris), various issues.

^¹Countries listed in order of amount of subsidies as a percentage of GDP in 1985.

Table A11.

Subsidies as Percent of GDP¹,²

Country	1952	1956	3960	1964	1968	1972	1976	1980	1982	1983	1984	1985
Italy	0.89	1.30	1.51	1.23	1.67	2.29	2.60	3.02	3.69	3.33	3.49	3.43
France	1.71	2.71	1.62	2.03	2.62	1.99	2.68	2.51	2.71	2.80	3.00	3.01
Canada	0.41	0.39	0.81	0.85	0.87	0.83	1.87	2.68	2.50	2.49	2.80	2.48
United Kingdom	2.68	1.76	1.93	1.56	2.06	1.82	2.72	2.50	2.15	2.13	2.44	2.22
Germany, Fed. Rep. of	0.65	0.20	0.79	0.99	1.44	1.48	1.97	2.06	1.84	1.90	2.07	2.01
Japan	0.79	0.26	0.34	0.65	1.11	1.12	1.31	1.50	1.40	1.42	1.28	1.15
United States	0.11	0.20	0.25	0.44	0.50	0.59	0.33	0.40	0.49	0.66	0.61	0.58

Source; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, National Accounts, Vol. 1, Main Aggregates (Paris), various issues.

^¹Countries listed in order of amount of subsidies as a percentage of GDP in 1985.

Table A12.

Government Research and Development Funding of Manufacturing Industry

Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Structural Adjustment and Economic Performance (Paris, 1987).

^¹1981.

^²Aerospace, computers, electronics (including telecommunications), Pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical engineering.

Table A12.

Government Research and Development Funding of Manufacturing Industry

	United States	United Kingdom	France	Germany, Fed. Rep. of	Japan
Government funding as percentage of total research and development expenditure (1983)	31.6	31.8¹	23.6	13.6¹	1.5
Government funding as percentage of total research and development expenditure in high research and development intensity sectors²(1983)	42.7	44.0	36.2	19.0	0.9
Share of high research and development intensity sectors² in total government funding (1983)	94.8	96.3	91.3	67.0	25.7
Research and development expenditure on defense as percentage of total government funding (1983)	64.3	49.6	32.7	9.6	2.4
Share of government-funded research and development performed in the public sector (1983)	26.0	39.0	47.0	32.0	—

Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Structural Adjustment and Economic Performance (Paris, 1987).

^¹1981.

^²Aerospace, computers, electronics (including telecommunications), Pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical engineering.

Table A12.

Government Research and Development Funding of Manufacturing Industry

	United States	United Kingdom	France	Germany, Fed. Rep. of	Japan
Government funding as percentage of total research and development expenditure (1983)	31.6	31.8¹	23.6	13.6¹	1.5
Government funding as percentage of total research and development expenditure in high research and development intensity sectors²(1983)	42.7	44.0	36.2	19.0	0.9
Share of high research and development intensity sectors² in total government funding (1983)	94.8	96.3	91.3	67.0	25.7
Research and development expenditure on defense as percentage of total government funding (1983)	64.3	49.6	32.7	9.6	2.4
Share of government-funded research and development performed in the public sector (1983)	26.0	39.0	47.0	32.0	—

Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Structural Adjustment and Economic Performance (Paris, 1987).

^¹1981.

^²Aerospace, computers, electronics (including telecommunications), Pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical engineering.

Table A13.

OECD Countries: Subsidy Shares in Officially Supported Export Credits by Destination,¹ 1979-85

(In percent)

Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Structural Adjustment and Economic Performance (Paris, 1987).

^¹Subsidies are calculated as the net present value of credits using actual credit terms and estimated market terms. Data pertain to officially supported credits of over three years’ maturity. They do not include the aid component of tied aid credits. Thus, this table gives the subsidy element in officially supported nonaid export credits.

^²Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Table A13.

OECD Countries: Subsidy Shares in Officially Supported Export Credits by Destination,¹ 1979-85

(In percent)

		1979	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985
Total (ail destinations)		14.2	19.2	27.5	22.2	15.8	25.4	12.0
	OECD countries	6.7	13.4	9.9	10.5	4.0	9.5	2.2
	Newly industrializing economies (NIEs)	35.4	31.4	26.6	20.8	21.8	28.3	10.3
	Centrally planned economics	26.2	13.2	13.2	11.8	12.8	5.9	1.1
	OPEC countries²	11.2	5.0	4.4	4.4	12.1	28.0	22.5
	Developing countries	20.4	36.9	45.9	52.5	49.3	28.3	63.9

Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Structural Adjustment and Economic Performance (Paris, 1987).

^²Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Table A13.

OECD Countries: Subsidy Shares in Officially Supported Export Credits by Destination,¹ 1979-85

(In percent)

		1979	1980	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985
Total (ail destinations)		14.2	19.2	27.5	22.2	15.8	25.4	12.0
	OECD countries	6.7	13.4	9.9	10.5	4.0	9.5	2.2
	Newly industrializing economies (NIEs)	35.4	31.4	26.6	20.8	21.8	28.3	10.3
	Centrally planned economics	26.2	13.2	13.2	11.8	12.8	5.9	1.1
	OPEC countries²	11.2	5.0	4.4	4.4	12.1	28.0	22.5
	Developing countries	20.4	36.9	45.9	52.5	49.3	28.3	63.9

Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Structural Adjustment and Economic Performance (Paris, 1987).

^²Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

Table A14.

Federal Republic of Germany: Nominal and Effective Protection in Industry

(In percent)

Source: Witteler (1987).

^¹Includes tariff equivalent of nontariff barriers.

Table A14.

Federal Republic of Germany: Nominal and Effective Protection in Industry

(In percent)

		Nominal Protection		Effective Protection
		Tariffs	Tariffs and NTBs¹	Tariffs and NTBs¹	Subsidies	Total effective protection
Industry average		7.9	11.2	22.4	9.2	31.6
	Standard deviation	(2.9)	(10.8)	(39.8)	(27.0)	(62.9)
	Coefficient of variation	(0.4)	(1.0)	(1.8)	(2.9)	(2.0)
Of which:
	Coal	…	44.2	189.2	147.6	336.8
	Iron and steel	6.4	20.0	43.1	14.9	58.0
	Automobiles	10.3	10.3	9.9	1.0	10.9
	Shipbuilding	2.7	2.7	-6.5	1.0	19.5
	Aircraft	7.2	7.2	15.8	26.0	45.4
	Electronics	7.0	7.0	6.0	29.6	9.6
	Textiles	13.0	34.4	71.2	2.1	73.3
	Clothing	15.3	44.7	120.0	2.9	122.9

Source: Witteler (1987).

^¹Includes tariff equivalent of nontariff barriers.

Table A14.

Federal Republic of Germany: Nominal and Effective Protection in Industry

(In percent)

		Nominal Protection		Effective Protection
		Tariffs	Tariffs and NTBs¹	Tariffs and NTBs¹	Subsidies	Total effective protection
Industry average		7.9	11.2	22.4	9.2	31.6
	Standard deviation	(2.9)	(10.8)	(39.8)	(27.0)	(62.9)
	Coefficient of variation	(0.4)	(1.0)	(1.8)	(2.9)	(2.0)
Of which:
	Coal	…	44.2	189.2	147.6	336.8
	Iron and steel	6.4	20.0	43.1	14.9	58.0
	Automobiles	10.3	10.3	9.9	1.0	10.9
	Shipbuilding	2.7	2.7	-6.5	1.0	19.5
	Aircraft	7.2	7.2	15.8	26.0	45.4
	Electronics	7.0	7.0	6.0	29.6	9.6
	Textiles	13.0	34.4	71.2	2.1	73.3
	Clothing	15.3	44.7	120.0	2.9	122.9

Source: Witteler (1987).

^¹Includes tariff equivalent of nontariff barriers.

Table A15.

Rates of Growth and Market Shares for World Exports by Areas and Commodity Croups, 1973-86

(In percent)

Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. International Trade(Geneva), various issues.

Table A15.

Rates of Growth and Market Shares for World Exports by Areas and Commodity Croups, 1973-86

(In percent)

			Destination	Industrial Countries						Developing Countries						World
			Shares of total exports to area			Compound rate of growth			Shares of total exports to area			Compound rate of growth			Shares of total exports to area			Compound Tate of growth
Origin			1973	1981	1986	1973-81	1981-86	1973-86	1973	1981	1986	1973-81	1981-86	1973-86	1973	1981	1986	1973-81	1981-86	1973-86
Developing countries
	Manufactures		6.8	9.9	11.6	19.0	13.2	16.8	10.4	14.4	15.1	26.7	-1.7	14.9	6.9	10.7	11.8	21.7	7.8	16.2
	Primary products		39.5	51.0	35.9	21.1	-12.0	7.1	47.4	58.8	47.8	26.9	-8.6	11.8	39.4	50.6	37.7	22.3	-10.7	8.4
		Oil	67.8	67.8	50.7	27.6	-17.5	7.9	87.6	85.8	…	32.8	…	…	68.5	69.1	…	28.7	…	…
		Non-oil	26.9	25.4	25.5	8.6	2.2	6.1	31.5	29.9	…	16.9	…	…	27.4	27.0	…	11.5	…	…
	Total exports		20.1	29.4	18-8	20.7	-5.3	10.0	21.7	29.6	25.7	26.8	-6.4	12.8	19.2	27.8	19.5	22.1	-5.4	10.7
	Total non-oil exports		13.3	14.0	15.9	13.0	5.3	10.0	15.3	17.2	…	22.2	…	…	13.1	14.7	…	15.9	…	…
Industrial countries
	Manufactures		90.3	86.6	86.1	12.9	9.5	11.6	81.0	78.6	76.6	21.1	-3.1	11.2	82.2	80.1	79.6	15.0	5.5	11.2
	Primary products		48.9	39.2	56.1	14.1	1.4	9.0	41.2	30.4	38.9	18.9	-1.6	10.6	45.9	36.1	47.8	15.0	0.2	9.1
		Oil	25.4	23.2	36.8	26.3	-4.2	13.6	8.3	8.1	…	32.7	-2.3	18.0	21.6	19.2	27.2	26.7	-4.0	139
		Non-oil	59.3	63.4	69.7	10.4	4.0	7.9	54.2	54.2	…	17.6	-1.5	9.9	56.0	57.4	62.8	12.1	1.8	8.0
	Total exports		73.2	64.2	77.2	13.3	7.5	11.0	66.7	61.1	64.0	20.6	-2.8	11.0	68.1	60.9	69.6	15.0	4.3	10.7
	Total non-oil exports		80.1	80.6	82.9	12.4	8.5	10.9	72.4	72.7	…	20.4	-2.8	10.9	73.9	74.1	75.9	14.4	4.9	106
World
	Manufactures		100.0	100.0	100.0	13.5	9.7	12.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	21.6	-2.7	11.6	100.0	100.0	100.0	15.4	5.6	11.5
	Primary products		100.0	100.0	100.0	17.3	-5.7	7.9	100.0	100.0	100.0	23.6	-6.4	11.1	100.0	100.0	100.0	18.5	-2.1	8.7
		Oil	100.0	100.0	100.0	27.7	-12.6	10.4	100.0	100.0	100.0	33.1	…	…	100.0	100.0	100.0	28.5	-10.5	11.8
		Non-oil	100.0	100.0	100.0	9.4	2.0	6.5	100.0	100.0	100.0	17.6	…	…	100.0	100.0	100.0	11.7	…	7.0
	Total exports		100.0	100.0	100.0	15.2	3.6	10.6	100.0	100.0	100.0	22.0	-3.7	11.4	100.0	100.0	100.0	16.6	1.5	10.6
	Total non-oil exports		100.0	100.0	100.0	12.3	7.9	10.6	100.0	100.0	100.0	20.4	…	…	100.0	100.0	100.0	14.3	4.4	10.4

Source: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. International Trade(Geneva), various issues.

Table A15.

Rates of Growth and Market Shares for World Exports by Areas and Commodity Croups, 1973-86

(In percent)

		Destination	Industrial Countries						Developing Countries						World
		Shares of total exports to area			Compound rate of growth			Shares of total exports to area			Compound rate of growth			Shares of total exports to area			Compound Tate of growth
Origin		1973	1981	1986	1973-81	1981-86	1973-86	1973	1981	1986	1973-81	1981-86	1973-86	1973	1981	1986	1973-81	1981-86	1973-86
Developing countries
	Manufactures	6.8	9.9	11.6	19.0	13.2	16.8	10.4	14.4	15.1	26.7	-1.7	14.9	6.9	10.7	11.8	21.7	7.8	16.2
	Primary products	39.5	51.0	35.9	21.1	-12.0	7.1	47.4	58.8	47.8	26.9	-8.6

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