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Africa > Uganda

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Cover IMF Working Papers
Front Matter
Felix F. Simione
and
Tara S Muehlschlegel
Keywords:
selected indicator; money usage; Mobile banking; Remittances; Financial inclusion; Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Mobile Money, Perception about Cash, and Financial Inclusion: Learning from Uganda’s Micro-Level Data
Felix F. Simione
and
Tara S Muehlschlegel
Will mobile money render cash less dominant over time in Africa? Can it promote financial inclusion? We shed light on these questions by exploring individual-level and nationally representative survey data for Uganda, a country in a region that pioneered mobile money in the world. We use the Propensity Score Matching method to robustly compare mobile money users and non-users across a range of indicators that capture individuals’ perceptions about cash, and the extent to which they remit, save, and borrow money. We present the first evidence that mobile money users, compared to non-users, are more likely to perceive cash as risky and less likely to prefer carrying large amounts of cash. We also confirm that mobile money users are more likely to receive and send remittances, save, and borrow. They also save and borrow larger amounts.
Keywords:
Developing Country; Innovation; Digital Divide; money usage; selected indicator; Propensity Score Matching method; usage treatment; deposit balance; Mobile banking; Remittances; Financial inclusion; Digital financial services; Consumer credit; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover Policy Papers
Adequacy of the Global Financial Safety Net—Considerations for Fund Toolkit Reform
International Monetary Fund
liquidity in the face of increased vulnerabilities calls for enhancing the liquidity support provided through the global financial safety net (GFSN). The global economy is experiencing a period of protracted uncertainty, marked by frequent episodes of volatility. Demand for liquidity has intensified, in particular from emerging markets, which are experiencing a build-up of vulnerabilities and the depletion of their fiscal buffers. The enhanced GFSN meets only partially this higher demand for liquidity. The IMFC and G20 have called on the Fund to further strengthen the safety net. The uneven use of the Fund’s toolkit for crisis prevention suggests the need to reconsider its design. Despite a major overhaul of the Fund’s lending instruments available for precautionary financing, only a modest number of countries have used them. In particular, the lack of access to a liquidity backstop for members with strong policies—similar to the standing bilateral swap arrangements (BSAs) among central banks—limits the availability of Fund support over the whole duration of the shock during protracted periods of global uncertainty. Moreover, the need to resort to Fund financing still carries a high political cost (stigma) for some members. To enhance further the Fund’s toolkit for crisis prevention, consideration could be given to revisiting the existing toolkit and introducing new instruments. The toolkit could thus be enhanced by: establishing a new facility for precautionary financing that would provide a "standing" liquidity backstop to members with strong fundamentals and policies for use when hit by liquidity shocks; and adjusting the existing toolkit to maintain cohesion. Any change to the Fund toolkit would need to take into account the tradeoffs between reducing stigma and containing moral hazard, while simultaneously safeguarding Fund resources. A Fund policy monitoring instrument could improve the cohesion of the global safety net. As the GFSN has expanded and become more multi-layered, there is a need to improve cooperation across the different layers to unlock financing and signal commitment to reforms. Creating a policy monitoring instrument that is available to all Fund members could help in this regard. Next steps . In light of Directors’ views on these points, staff could come back with subsequent papers that lay out specific and detailed proposals for reforming the lending toolkit. While these papers focus on the GRA lending toolkit, a separate forthcoming paper will assess some aspects of the concessional lending toolkit.
Keywords:
PP; FCL; director; Short-term Liquidity Swap; resource; lending toolkit; review of the Flexible Credit Line; SLS qualification criteria; FCL qualification framework; crisis prevention; Ara metrics; fund resource; Liquidity; Balance of payments need; Lines of credit; Financial safety nets; Crisis prevention; Global
Cover Departmental Papers
Spillover Effects and the East African Community: Explaining the Slowdown and the Recovery
International Monetary Fund
The East African Community (EAC) countries (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Rwanda) have been affected by the global financial crisis and global recession. The fall in global demand and inflows and tighter liquidity conditions abroad affected the countries in this region as elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa. But how hard have countries in the EAC been hit? Have the spillovers from the global crisis affected countries in the region as much as other countries in the sub-Saharan region? Have the transmission channels or magnitudes of the spillovers been different across EAC countries? How can these countries return quickly to a path of sustained high growth? What is the role for policy? Would acceleration of regional integration and policy coordination help achieve this goal? Would it make the region less susceptible to shocks? This paper focus on the EAC countries and attempts to address these questions.
Keywords:
DPPP; DP; EAC economy; EAC growth; EAC region; Uganda; Kenya; EAC country; oil price shock; EAC cycle; fiscal policy; Exports; Fiscal stimulus; Oil prices; Fiscal stance; Spillovers; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa; Africa
Cover Departmental Papers
Foreign Exchange Reserve Adequacy in East African Community Countries
International Monetary Fund
The concomitant external shocks experienced in 2008-09 by the East African Community (EAC) countries of Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda and stepped-up support by the IMF—including the SDR allocation—and other donors, are likely to arouse renewed interest in the question of the adequate level of international reserves. This paper discusses the evolution of reserve holdings in EAC countries and uses several tools for assessing reserve adequacy in the region. The analysis suggests that reserve levels in most cases seem to include safety buffers, and thus, do not require immediate action. However, the situation could become tighter if export recovery is delayed or export prices do not pick up. Over the medium term, the desirable reserve path should also be adapted to regional and international integration.
Keywords:
DPPP; DP; reserve; special drawing rights; EAC country; exchange rate; SDR allocation; EAC economy; coverage ratio; reserve coverage; IMF resource; Reserve positions; International reserves; Reserves accumulation; Capital flows; Assessing reserve adequacy (ARA); Sub-Saharan Africa; Global
Cover Finance & Development
Taking the Plunge Without Getting Hurt: An IMF study suggests that opening up to the global economy could help developing countries cope with the adverse effects of volatility on growth
Majid Malaika
,
Mr. Eswar S Prasad
, and
Mr. Marco Terrones

For the latest thinking about the international financial system, monetary policy, economic development, poverty reduction, and other critical issues, subscribe to Finance & Development (F&D). This lively quarterly magazine brings you in-depth analyses of these and other subjects by the IMF’s own staff as well as by prominent international experts. Articles are written for lay readers who want to enrich their understanding of the workings of the global economy and the policies and activities of the IMF.

Keywords:
FD; F&D; country focus; country; IMF study; liberalization episode; a number of developing countries; Economist in the Research Department of the IMF; growth-volatility association; Trade integration; Financial integration; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Trade liberalization; Global
Cover IMF Research Bulletin
Books from the IMF
International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.

Peter B. Kenen and Alexander K. Swoboda, Editors

Keywords:
IRB; head IMF; IMF Research Department; publication; ECOWAS country; position of IMF; Claremont graduate University; international Center for Policy; Current account; Currency boards; Fiscal federalism; Exchange rates; Exchange rate flexibility; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Africa; Southern Africa; Global; UN authority; United Nations administration; problems Kosovo; books from the IMF; international monetary system; International monetary system
Cover IMF Survey
IMF Survey: Volume 29, Issue 13
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
The Web edition of the IMF Survey is updated several times a week, and contains a wealth of articles about topical policy and economic issues in the news. Access the latest IMF research, read interviews, and listen to podcasts given by top IMF economists on important issues in the global economy. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/home.aspx
Keywords:
SV; UN-World Bank-IMF-OECD Report; IMF staff country report; issues brief; country; IMF staff country; IMF reform; IMF survey; IMF publication service; Poverty reduction strategy; Offshore financial centers; Financial sector stability; Poverty reduction; Tax incentives; Global; Africa; Central America; Baltics
Cover Finance & Development
Books
Mr. Richard Portes
,
Mr. Alexander K. Swoboda
,
W.M. Scammel
,
Robert Hormats
,
Bahram Nowzad
,
Philip Cagan
,
Frederick Ribe
,
Philip Cagan
,
Martin Feldstein
,
Ary Lars Bovenberg
,
Sebastian Edward
,
Mr. Liaquat Ahamed
,
Anthony Lanyi
,
Susan Joeke
,
Masooma Habib
,
H.W. Arndt
, and
Robert Picciotto

This paper discusses the structural adjustment in low-income countries. In the first 20 months of its operations, the IMF’s structural adjustment facility (SAF) has provided concessional financial assistance to support the balance-of-payments adjustment efforts of 21 low-income member countries. Most SAF arrangements have supported policy reform programs that have also received support under other IMF facilities. The fundamental concept underlying the SAF is the notion that growth and adjustment are mutually reinforcing.

Keywords:
FD; F&D; country; debt only.; debt-service data; debt; government; structural adjustment; economic development; policy coordination; development economics; policy reform; Women; International monetary system; Employment; Exchange rate policy; Exchange rates; East Asia; West Africa; nominal exchange rate
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 1979
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
This paper highlights that the fight against worldwide inflation was the main theme of the Finance Ministers and central bank Governors from 138 member countries that participated in the 1979 Annual Meeting of the IMF’s Board of Governors in Belgrade in October 1979. Unlike the agenda for the 1978 Meeting, which contained a number of single issues, such as quota increases and special drawing rights allocations, requiring specific decisions and action, the 1979 Meeting was devoted principally to a wide-ranging discussion of the world’s economic problems.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; country; enterprise; tranche purchase; state; IDA credit; OPEC country; fund activity; development banking; reserve tranche; Offshore financial centers; Oil; Personal income; Oil exports; Agroindustries; East Africa; Global; Western Europe; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa