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Asia and Pacific > Thailand

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Cover IMF How To Notes
How To Design Excise Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages
Mario Mansour
,
Patrick Petit
, and
Fayçal Sawadogo
This How to Note examines the complex interplay between excise taxes on alcohol and alcoholic beverages, their revenue yield, and the public health concerns related to alcohol consumption. The note suggests guidance on how countries can approach the design of excise taxes on alcohol based on theoretical principles as well as empirical evidence drawn from international experience. Key questions addressed include: How important is alcohol consumption, and what form does it take across countries of different income levels? What has been the trend in alcohol excise tax revenue? How can countries design simple excise regimes that yield revenue while having the potential to contribute to reducing the externalities and internalities caused by alcohol consumption?
Keywords:
excise taxes; alcohol consumption; public health; alcohol excise tax system; publication order; transaction arbitrage; alcohol content; Excises; Consumption; Alcohol tax; Global; Europe; Central Asia; North America; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Côte d’Ivoire: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Selected Issues
Keywords:
growth spell; governance FRAMEWORK; efficiency gain; world governance indicator; growth episode; Health care spending; Education spending; Public investment spending; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Côte d’Ivoire: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Selected Issues
Keywords:
growth spell; governance FRAMEWORK; efficiency gain; world governance indicator; growth episode; Health care spending; Education spending; Public investment spending; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa; West Africa; Africa
Cover Departmental Papers
Tourism in the Post-Pandemic World: Economic Challenges and Opportunities for Asia-Pacific and the Western Hemisphere
Ms. Manuela Goretti
,
Mr. Lamin Y Leigh
,
Aleksandra Babii
,
Mr. Serhan Cevik
,
Stella Kaendera
,
Mr. Dirk V Muir
,
Sanaa Nadeem
, and
Mr. Gonzalo Salinas
This departmental paper analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism in the Asia Pacific region, Latin America, and Caribbean countries. Many tourism dependent economies in these regions, including small states in the Pacific and the Caribbean, entered the pandemic with limited fiscal space, inadequate external buffers, and foreign exchange revenues extremely concentrated in tourism. The empirical analysis leverages on an augmented gravity model to draw lessons from past epidemics and finds that the impact of infectious diseases on tourism flows is much greater in developing countries than in advanced economies.
Keywords:
Tourism; Jobs; Diversification; COVID-19; Growth; Spillovers; tourism industry; tourism sector; tourism flow; tourism export; tourism model; tourism dominance; economies will; Communicable diseases; Exports; Global; Pacific Islands; Caribbean; Asia and Pacific; Western Hemisphere
Cover Policy Papers
ASEAN Progress Towards Sustainable Development Goals and The Role of the IMF
International Monetary Fund
Attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will require that the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries continue their considerable past achievements. The Millennium Development Goals—which were to have been met by 2015—helped focus attention on achieving progress towards poverty reduction, better health outcomes, and improvements in education in the ASEAN developing countries. The 17 SDGs—adopted in 2015 and to be met by 2030—cover a wider set of interlinked development objectives, such as inclusion and environmental sustainability, which are important for all countries, including all ASEAN member countries. ASEAN countries have made significant progress in improving incomes and economic opportunities, including for women, and reducing poverty since 2000. Reflecting the economic dynamism of the region, strong income growth, structural transformation, and infrastructure improvements continue to support sustainable development in ASEAN. With continued income growth and strong policy efforts, most ASEAN countries are on track to eradicate absolute poverty by 2030, a major milestone. Also, several ASEAN countries already do relatively well in terms of gender equality. As a result, given support from continued income gains, economic welfare in ASEAN countries is expected to continue converging towards advanced Asia levels. Ensuring more inclusive and environmentally sustainable growth presents a key challenge for ASEAN. Despite some progress, income inequality remains relatively high in several countries and the shift towards manufacturing strains environmental sustainability. These challenges hamper ASEAN welfare convergence relative to advanced Asia. Policies to close these gaps in sustainable development can lead to significant gains. For the lower-middle-income ASEAN countries, in particular, more determined policy efforts are needed to improve infrastructure, as well as health and education outcomes. Remaining sustainable development challenges call for comprehensive, country-specific SDG strategies formulated in the context of national development plans and close monitoring through the voluntary review process. Pursuing sustainable development entails sizeable spending needs. Estimates for Indonesia and Vietnam, the two cases studies considered in this paper, show that reaching the level of best performers in their income group in infrastructure, health, and education by 2030 could entail an additional cost of 5½–6½ percent of GDP per year. While development needs vary across countries, estimates suggest large spending needs for most ASEAN countries. Meeting them will require efforts on multiple fronts, including improvements in spending efficiency, tax capacity, and support from the private sector. For developing ASEAN countries, concessional financing from development partners will be required. The IMF continues to engage ASEAN countries in key areas as they pursue their SDGs. As called for in their mandates, ASEAN and the IMF both strive for economic growth and sustainable development through economic integration and collaboration among their member countries. The IMF has increased its engagement with ASEAN countries to support their policy efforts through its policy diagnostics, advice, and capacity development. ASEAN countries have also received support through IMF initiatives in strengthening revenue mobilization, building state capacity for infrastructure provision, pursuing economic and financial inclusion, addressing the challenges of climate change, strengthening economic institutions for good governance, and building statistical capacity. While fundamental reforms to improve sustainable development take time to bear fruit, there is evidence that efforts have started to pay off.
Keywords:
PP; member country; public spending; absolute poverty; SDG implementation; IMF staff estimate; ASEAN country; ASEAN member; private sector; ASEAN cooperation; Sustainable Development Goals (SDG); Sustainable development; Infrastructure; Asia and Pacific; Global; Southeast Asia
Cover Policy Papers
Macro-Fiscal Implications of Health Care Reform in Advanced and Emerging Economies - Case Studies
International Monetary Fund
This supplement provides country case studies on public health care expenditures and reform experiences in eight advanced and six emerging market economies. The case studies for the advanced economies seek to highlight specific episodes of success in containing public health spending during the past 30 years. For the emerging economies, the case studies take a broader approach and examine reform experiences and challenges during the past two decades rather than focusing exclusively on episodes of successful reform. The lessons from the case studies for other countries are integrated into the main Board paper.
Keywords:
PP; public expenditure; OECD health data; percent of GDP; managed care; private sector; health spending; Health care spending; Health care; Total expenditures; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Lao People’s Democratic Republic: Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
International Monetary Fund
This paper focuses on Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper for Lao People’s Democratic Republic. The economic sectors have undergone significant restructuring. This restructuring has been concentrated on production capacities, quality and efficiency, thus contributing to economic growth and meeting the initial requirements for international integration. The government has also concentrated on the development of agricultural production to reorient the agriculture sector from semisubsistence and subsistence to commercial production to ensure the enhanced supply of raw materials to the processing industries, meeting the growing domestic requirements for agricultural products, and rapidly expanding agricultural exports.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; financial market; investment funds; foreign direct investment; natural resources; economic development; private sector; state-owned enterprise; credit system; market economy; cement factory; monetary management; Agricultural sector; Global; Mekong; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Working Papers
Welfare Implications of HIV/AIDS
Mr. Markus Haacker
and
Mr. N. F. R. Crafts
The paper evaluates the impact of HIV/AIDS on welfare in several countries affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Unlike studies focusing on the impact of HIV/AIDS on GDP per capita, we evaluate the impact of increased mortality using estimates of the value of statistical life. Our results illustrate the catastrophic impact of HIV/AIDS in the worst-affected countries and suggest that studies focusing on GDP and income per capita capture only a very small proportion of the welfare impact of HIV/AIDS.
Keywords:
WP; life expectancy; Welfare; HIV/AIDS; value of statistical life; Africa; adult HIV prevalence rate; income elasticity; mortality risk; welfare loss; no-AIDS scenario; HIV and AIDS; Personal income; Aging
Cover A Better World for All
A Better World for All
Progress Toward the International Development Goals
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

This paper focuses on goal setting for development of the world. The paper highlights that the goals come from the agreements and resolutions of the world conferences organized by the United Nations in the first half of the 1990s. The paper focuses on seven goals that cover poverty, education, gender equality, infant and child mortality, maternal mortality, reproductive health, and environment. Each of the seven goals addresses an aspect of poverty. The paper also emphasizes that these goals should be viewed together because they are mutually reinforcing.

Keywords:
BOOK; enrolment rate; enrolment; child mortality; Reduce infant mortality; health personnel; family planning programme; secondary school enrolment; Health care; Poverty reduction; Africa; Global; East Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; South Asia