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Asia and Pacific > Thailand

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Cover IMF How To Notes
How to Develop and Implement a Medium-Term Fiscal Framework
Teresa R Curristine
,
Isabell Adenauer
,
Virginia Alonso-Albarran
,
John Grinyer
,
Koon Hui Tee
,
Claude P Wendling
, and
Delphine Moretti
This Note provides guidance on developing and implementing a medium-term fiscal framework (MTFF). MTFFs aim to promote fiscal discipline and sustainability, transparency, and better-informed fiscal decisions. An MTFF comprises a set of institutional arrangements for prioritizing, presenting, reporting, and managing fiscal aggregates - revenue, expenditure, balance, and debt - generally over a three-to-five-year period. It incorporates a fiscal strategy, medium-term projections of key macroeconomic variables and fiscal aggregates, and ceilings on total expenditure to guide subsequent annual budgets. By introducing a medium-term perspective into fiscal and budgetary decision making, MTFFs provide a clearer understanding of the impact, trade-offs, and risks of policy choices. MTFFs contribute to enhancing transparency and accountability by communicating the government’s medium-term fiscal goals, policies, and fiscal performance. Ultimately, clarity on medium-term fiscal plans and on their effective implementation can bolster confidence in the government’s ability to manage its finances prudently and competently. In addition to providing guidance on how to design an MTFF and the institutional and technical arrangements needed to support implementation, the Note discusses key challenges and presents country examples from across the globe by income group and concludes with lessons learned.
Keywords:
fiscal frameworks; fiscal planning; budget cycles; MTFF; medium-term fiscal framework; emerging market economy country example; MTFF specification; koon hui tee; MTFF projection Tool; MTFF time horizon; Budget planning and preparation; Fiscal rules; Fiscal risks; Caribbean
Cover IMF How To Notes
How To Design Excise Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages
Mario Mansour
,
Patrick Petit
, and
Fayçal Sawadogo
This How to Note examines the complex interplay between excise taxes on alcohol and alcoholic beverages, their revenue yield, and the public health concerns related to alcohol consumption. The note suggests guidance on how countries can approach the design of excise taxes on alcohol based on theoretical principles as well as empirical evidence drawn from international experience. Key questions addressed include: How important is alcohol consumption, and what form does it take across countries of different income levels? What has been the trend in alcohol excise tax revenue? How can countries design simple excise regimes that yield revenue while having the potential to contribute to reducing the externalities and internalities caused by alcohol consumption?
Keywords:
excise taxes; alcohol consumption; public health; alcohol excise tax system; publication order; transaction arbitrage; alcohol content; Excises; Consumption; Alcohol tax; Global; Europe; Central Asia; North America; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover FinTech Notes
Capital Flow Management Measures in the Digital Age (2): Design Choices for Central Bank Digital Currency
Mr. Dong He
,
Annamaria Kokenyne
,
Mr. Tommaso Mancini Griffoli
,
Mr. Marcello Miccoli
,
Mr. Thorvardur Tjoervi Olafsson
,
Gabriel Soderberg
, and
Hervé Tourpe
This fintech note looks at how capital flow measures (CFMs) could be implemented with central bank digital currency (CBDC), and what benefits, risks and complexities could arise. There are several implications of the analysis. First, CBDC ecosystems should generally be designed such that they can accommodate the introduction of CFMs. Second, thanks to the programmability of the payment infrastructure given by the new digital technologies, certain CFMs could likely be implemented more efficiently and effectively with CBDC compared to the traditional system. Third, implementing CFMs requires central banks to collaborate on practices and standards. Finally, CFMs on CBDC need to operate alongside traditional CFMs.
Keywords:
Central bank digital currency; Capital flow measures; CBDC implementation; CBDC ecosystem; IMF Fintech Note 2023/009; IMF Library; smart CFMs; fencing CBDC; Central Bank digital currencies; Capital flow management; Capital flows; Foreign assets; Digital wallets; Global
Cover FinTech Notes
Towards Central Bank Digital Currencies in Asia and the Pacific: Results of a Regional Survey
Mrs. Sarwat Jahan
,
Ms. Elena Loukoianova
,
Mr. Evan Papageorgiou
,
Ms. Natasha X Che
,
Ankita Goel
,
Mike Li
,
Umang Rawat
,
Yong Sarah Zhou
, and
Ankita Goel
Drawing on survey responses from 34 Asian economies and country case studies, this note takes stock of recent developments related to central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and crypto assets in Asia. The survey finds that there is significant heterogeneity in terms of stage of development, but the emergence of private crypto assets has created an impetus to consider CBDCs. While most countries are engaged in research and development, with some at advanced stages of testing and pilots, very few countries are likely to issue CBDCs in the near-to-medium term, reflecting the still considerable uncertainties. Still, country experiences so far provide some key insights for others in their journey in this area.
Keywords:
Blockchain; cash; central bank digital currency; crypto asset; distributed ledger technology; payments; Asia-Pacific region; fact XI pic; fact II interest in CBDC development; fact III central banks; fact IX challenge; fact XII; Central Bank digital currencies; Virtual currencies; Digital currencies; Payment systems; Financial inclusion; Asia and Pacific; Pacific Islands; Global
Cover Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey Guide (Third Edition)
Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey Guide (Third Edition)
Venkat Josyula

Abstract

This third edition of the Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey Guide has been prepared to assist economies that participate or are preparing to participate in the Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey (CPIS). It builds on and updates the second edition of the CPIS Guide (2002) to reflect the adoption of the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, sixth edition (BPM6) as the standard framework for compiling cross-border position statistics.

Keywords:
M&G; portfolio investment data collection system; investment; CPIS data template; survey questionnaire; investment survey; CPIS metadata questionnaire; Securities; Portfolio investment; Stocks; Foreign direct investment; Bonds; Global; Caribbean; CPIS data; securities holding; portfolio investment liability; liability position; CPIS Task Force; portfolio investment securities; Business enterprises
Cover Staff Discussion Notes
The Effectiveness of Capital Controls and Prudential Policies in Managing Large Inflows
Mr. Karl F Habermeier
,
Annamaria Kokenyne
, and
Chikako Baba
Staff Discussion Notes showcase the latest policy-related analysis and research being developed by individual IMF staff and are published to elicit comment and to further debate. These papers are generally brief and written in nontechnical language, and so are aimed at a broad audience interested in economic policy issues. This Web-only series replaced Staff Position Notes in January 2011.
Keywords:
SDN; control; capital control; capital; interest rate; inflow control; capital controls; financial regulation; macroprudential policies; capital inflows; emerging market economies; outflow control; interest rate differential; inflow controls in Philippines; effect of inflow control tightening; capital flow measure; inflow control tightening; Capital flows; Credit; Currencies; Central and Eastern Europe; Africa; Global; Asia and Pacific
Cover Staff Discussion Notes
La eficacia de los controles de capital y las políticas prudenciales en la gestión de la afluencia masiva de capitales
Mr. Karl F Habermeier
,
Annamaria Kokenyne
, and
Chikako Baba
En la serie de Documentos de Análisis del Personal Técnico del FMI se presentan los últimos análisis e investigaciones sobre políticas elaborados por miembros del personal técnico del FMI, que se publican para recibir comentarios y fomentar el debate. Estos documentos generalmente son breves y están escritos en un lenguaje no técnico, ya que se dirigen a un público amplio interesado en temas de política económica. Esta serie solo se publica en la página web y reemplazó en enero de 2011 a la serie de Notas de Opinión del Personal Técnico del FMI.
Keywords:
SDN; control; capital control; capital; interest rate; inflow control