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Social Science > Poverty and Homelessness

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Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2012
International Monetary Fund
By combating malaria with mosquito nets or building schools and providing basic sanitation, philanthropy is helping transform the developing world. Rich donors are devoting fortunes—many of them earned through computer software, entertainment, and venture capitalism— to defeating poverty and improving lives, supplementing and in some cases surpassing official aid channels.From billionaires Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett to Aliko Dangote and George Soros, the titans of capitalism are backing good causes with their cash. Whether financing new vaccines, building libraries, or buying up Amazon rain forest to protect the environment, philanthropists are supporting innovations and new approaches that are changing lives and building dreams.This issue of F&D looks at the world of targeted giving and social entrepreneurship.“ Philanthropy’s role is to get things started,” says Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates, who is the world’s most generous giver. “We used foundation funds to set up a system to make market forces work in favor of the poor.” He says that catalytic philanthropy can make a big difference. “Good ideas need evangelists. Forgotten communities need advocates.” Former U.S. President Bill Clinton tells us that networks of creative cooperation between government, business, and civil society can get things done better to solve the world’s most pressing problems.Also in this issue, Prakash Loungani profiles superstar economist Jeffrey Sachs, who helped campaign for debt relief for developing economies and championed the Millennium Development Goals. We look at how, instead of spending commodity price windfalls on physical investments, which are often sources of corruption, governments of poor countries are sometimes well advised to hand some of the income over to their citizens. We examine moves by major central banks to ease our way out of the crisis enveloping advanced economies in our Data Spotlight column, and we hear about how China’s growth inspires creativity in the West.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; price; economy; income; High school graduate
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2012
International Monetary Fund
By combating malaria with mosquito nets or building schools and providing basic sanitation, philanthropy is helping transform the developing world. Rich donors are devoting fortunes—many of them earned through computer software, entertainment, and venture capitalism— to defeating poverty and improving lives, supplementing and in some cases surpassing official aid channels.From billionaires Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett to Aliko Dangote and George Soros, the titans of capitalism are backing good causes with their cash. Whether financing new vaccines, building libraries, or buying up Amazon rain forest to protect the environment, philanthropists are supporting innovations and new approaches that are changing lives and building dreams.This issue of F&D looks at the world of targeted giving and social entrepreneurship.“ Philanthropy’s role is to get things started,” says Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates, who is the world’s most generous giver. “We used foundation funds to set up a system to make market forces work in favor of the poor.” He says that catalytic philanthropy can make a big difference. “Good ideas need evangelists. Forgotten communities need advocates.” Former U.S. President Bill Clinton tells us that networks of creative cooperation between government, business, and civil society can get things done better to solve the world’s most pressing problems.Also in this issue, Prakash Loungani profiles superstar economist Jeffrey Sachs, who helped campaign for debt relief for developing economies and championed the Millennium Development Goals. We look at how, instead of spending commodity price windfalls on physical investments, which are often sources of corruption, governments of poor countries are sometimes well advised to hand some of the income over to their citizens. We examine moves by major central banks to ease our way out of the crisis enveloping advanced economies in our Data Spotlight column, and we hear about how China’s growth inspires creativity in the West.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; price; economy; income; High school graduate
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2012
International Monetary Fund
By combating malaria with mosquito nets or building schools and providing basic sanitation, philanthropy is helping transform the developing world. Rich donors are devoting fortunes—many of them earned through computer software, entertainment, and venture capitalism— to defeating poverty and improving lives, supplementing and in some cases surpassing official aid channels.From billionaires Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett to Aliko Dangote and George Soros, the titans of capitalism are backing good causes with their cash. Whether financing new vaccines, building libraries, or buying up Amazon rain forest to protect the environment, philanthropists are supporting innovations and new approaches that are changing lives and building dreams.This issue of F&D looks at the world of targeted giving and social entrepreneurship.“ Philanthropy’s role is to get things started,” says Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates, who is the world’s most generous giver. “We used foundation funds to set up a system to make market forces work in favor of the poor.” He says that catalytic philanthropy can make a big difference. “Good ideas need evangelists. Forgotten communities need advocates.” Former U.S. President Bill Clinton tells us that networks of creative cooperation between government, business, and civil society can get things done better to solve the world’s most pressing problems.Also in this issue, Prakash Loungani profiles superstar economist Jeffrey Sachs, who helped campaign for debt relief for developing economies and championed the Millennium Development Goals. We look at how, instead of spending commodity price windfalls on physical investments, which are often sources of corruption, governments of poor countries are sometimes well advised to hand some of the income over to their citizens. We examine moves by major central banks to ease our way out of the crisis enveloping advanced economies in our Data Spotlight column, and we hear about how China’s growth inspires creativity in the West.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; price; economy; income; High school graduate
Cover Finance & Development
Finances & Développement, décembre 2012
International Monetary Fund
En distribuant des moustiquaires pour combattre le paludisme, en construisant des écoles, ou bien encore en offrant un assainissement de base, la philanthropie aide à transformer le monde en développement. De riches donateurs consacrent des fortunes — souvent bâties dans les logiciels, le spectacle ou le capital-risque — pour vaincre la pauvreté et promouvoir le bien-être, servant d’appoint à l’aide publique, ou parfois même la dépassant. De Bill et Melinda Gates et Warren Buffett à Aliko Dangote et George Soros, les titans du capitalisme financent de nobles causes. Qu’il s’agisse de créer de nouveaux vaccins, de construire des bibliothèques ou de protéger la forêt amazonienne, les philanthropes appuient l’innovation sous toutes ses formes pour améliorer les conditions de vie et nourrir les aspirations. Ce numéro de F&D examine le monde de la philanthropie ciblée et de l’entreprenariat social. «La philanthropie a un rôle d’amorçage», déclare Bill Gates, le cofondateur de Microsoft, et le plus généreux donateur de la planète. «La fondation s’efforce de mettre en place un système qui permette aux forces du marché d’œuvrer en faveur des pauvres». Selon lui, l’effet de catalyse de la philanthropie peut être déterminant. «Les bonnes idées ont besoin d’apôtres et les laissés-pour-compte de défenseurs». L’ex-président Bill Clinton explique que les réseaux de coopération créative entre les États, les entreprises et la société civile peuvent mieux réussir à résoudre les problèmes les plus pressants de la planète. Prakash Loungani brosse le portrait de l’économiste superstar Jeffrey Sachs, champion de l’allègement de la dette et des objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement. Nous examinons en quoi les pays pauvres peuvent avoir intérêt à distribuer une partie des recettes exceptionnelles qu'ils tirent des ressources naturelles au lieu de financer des investissements pouvant être source de corruption. La rubrique Gros plan explique ce que font les banques centrales pour combattre la crise dans les pays avancés. Enfin, nous découvrons en quoi la croissance chinoise est une source de créativité pour le monde occidental.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; price; economy; income; High school graduate
Cover Finance & Development
Finanzas & Desarrollo, diciembre de 2012
International Monetary Fund
Ya sea luchando contra la malaria con mosquiteros, o construyendo escuelas y proporcionando saneamiento básico, la filantropía está ayudando a transformar el mundo en desarrollo. Donantes ricos dedican muchísimo dinero -obtenido en muchos casos a través de sus negocios en los sectores de la informática y el entretenimiento, o de inversiones de capital-riesgo- a luchar contra la pobreza y mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas, complementando y, en algunos casos, superando la ayuda oficial. Desde los multimillonarios Bill y Melinda Gates y Warren Buffett a Aliko Dangote y George Soros, los titanes del capitalismo respaldan las buenas causas con su dinero. Ya sea financiando nuevas vacunas, construyendo bibliotecas o adquiriendo tierras en la selva amazónica para proteger el medio ambiente, los filántropos respaldan distintos proyectos y enfoques innovadores que están cambiando la vida de la gente y construyendo sueños. En este número de F&D se examinan el mundo de las donaciones focalizadas y el empresariado social. “El papel de la filantropía es poner en marcha el proceso”, dice el cofundador de Microsoft, Bill Gates, el filántropo más generoso del mundo. “Usamos los fondos de la fundación para establecer un sistema que pusiera a las fuerzas del mercado a trabajar para los pobres”. Según Gates, la filantropía catalizadora puede tener un gran impacto. “Las buenas ideas necesitan divulgación. Las comunidades olvidadas necesitan apoyo activo”. El ex Presidente de Estados Unidos, Bill Clinton, señala que las redes de cooperación creativa entre el gobierno, las empresas y la sociedad civil pueden hacer las cosas mejor para resolver los problemas más apremiantes que afronta el mundo. También en este número, Prakash Loungani traza una semblanza del economista superestrella Jeffrey Sachs, quien apoyó la campaña en favor del alivio de la deuda de las economías en desarrollo e impulsó los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Examinamos cómo, en lugar de utilizar las ganancias extraordinarias derivadas de los precios de las materias primas en inversiones físicas, los gobiernos de los países pobres deberían transferir parte de estos ingresos a los ciudadanos. En “Un vistazo a las cifras” analizamos las medidas adoptadas por los principales bancos centrales para salir de la crisis que afecta a las economías avanzadas, e incluimos un artículo sobre cómo el crecimiento en China incentiva la creatividad en Occidente.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; price; economy; income; High school graduate
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2012
International Monetary Fund
By combating malaria with mosquito nets or building schools and providing basic sanitation, philanthropy is helping transform the developing world. Rich donors are devoting fortunes—many of them earned through computer software, entertainment, and venture capitalism— to defeating poverty and improving lives, supplementing and in some cases surpassing official aid channels.From billionaires Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett to Aliko Dangote and George Soros, the titans of capitalism are backing good causes with their cash. Whether financing new vaccines, building libraries, or buying up Amazon rain forest to protect the environment, philanthropists are supporting innovations and new approaches that are changing lives and building dreams.This issue of F&D looks at the world of targeted giving and social entrepreneurship.“ Philanthropy’s role is to get things started,” says Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates, who is the world’s most generous giver. “We used foundation funds to set up a system to make market forces work in favor of the poor.” He says that catalytic philanthropy can make a big difference. “Good ideas need evangelists. Forgotten communities need advocates.” Former U.S. President Bill Clinton tells us that networks of creative cooperation between government, business, and civil society can get things done better to solve the world’s most pressing problems.Also in this issue, Prakash Loungani profiles superstar economist Jeffrey Sachs, who helped campaign for debt relief for developing economies and championed the Millennium Development Goals. We look at how, instead of spending commodity price windfalls on physical investments, which are often sources of corruption, governments of poor countries are sometimes well advised to hand some of the income over to their citizens. We examine moves by major central banks to ease our way out of the crisis enveloping advanced economies in our Data Spotlight column, and we hear about how China’s growth inspires creativity in the West.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; price; economy; income; High school graduate; BOE's balance sheet; investment firm; BOE's purchase; High school education; data spotlight; catalytic philanthropy; absolute poverty poverty line; Income inequality; Inflation; Self-employment; Public investment spending; Global; Europe; Western Europe; Africa; Middle East
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Armenia: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
International Monetary Fund
The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) has been developed for eradicating poverty in Armenia. It analyzes the poverty situation of Armenia, and evaluates the methodology and methodological issues. It discusses the PRSP goals, main policy directions, solution to poverty, and the reduction of inequality. It assesses the social and economic strategies and governance. It reviews the employment issues and trends in the budget framework, and also analyzes the implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the system.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; gross domestic product; economic growth; deficit financing; Gini coefficient; shadow economy; poverty reduction; monthly salary; economic system; civil society; absolute poverty; retirement age; poverty level; budget expenditure; community budget; poverty threshold; financial support; judicial system; Income; Personal income; Eastern Europe; Central Asia
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
India: Recent Economic Developments and Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund
India rebounded strongly from its 1991 balance-of-payments crisis, aided by structural reforms and other policy adjustments. The government has sought to reinvigorate the process of structural and fiscal reform. The paper examines trends in interstate differences in rural poverty; reviews India's postal saving system and possible reform issues; describes and evaluates the current system of pensions and provident funds, and discusses reform options. The paper also briefly reviews the structure of and recent developments in the Indian foreign exchange market.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; India; GDP; exchange rate; deposit; U.S. dollar; dollar rate; chapter IX; private sector; reform issue; Commercial banks; Pensions; Public sector; Global; Africa; Asia and Pacific; Western Europe
Cover Social Safety Nets
Social Safety Nets
Issues and Recent Experience

Abstract

The 14 papers that comprise this book, edited by Ke-young Chu and Sanjeev Gupta, provide a comprehensive review of the IMF's work on social safety nets. Part I provides a broad overview of the social concerns in structural policy and the basic work related to social safety nets. Part II deals with the design of social safety nets. Part III provides case studies on nine countries from different parts of the world.

Keywords:
BOOK; government; price; wage bill; retirement age; price effect; ESAF program; transition country; Income; Pension spending; Social assistance spending; Wages; Personal income; Eastern Europe; Baltics; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Middle East; East Asia; Pensions; Caribbean
Cover Ukraine
Ukraine
Accelerating the Transition to Market

Abstract

Ukraine has made impressive progress in restructuring and stabilizing its economy over the past two years, and yet much remains to be done to revive output and establish a market economy. The 16 papers included in this volume, edited by Peter K. Cornelius and Patrick Lenain, were presented at a seminar sponsored by the IMF and the World Bank in July 1996, which brought together government officials, academics, and staffs of international organizations to discuss a comprehensive medium- term strategy for Ukraine. The papers cover the medium-term macroeconomic framework; wages, poverty, and social safety net reform; private sector development; trade policies and sectoral reforms; and institution building and good governance.

Keywords:
BOOK; institution building; reform; IV trade policies; sectoral reform; government; public governance; medium-term macroeconomic framework; Wages; Pension spending; Legal support in revenue administration; Commercial banks; Baltics; Eastern Europe; Europe; Western Europe; Central and Eastern Europe; enterprise restructuring; head-count index; government credibility; agro-industrial enterprise privatization methodology; policy instrument; anticompetitive enterprise behavior; Privatization; Exports; Global