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Social Science > Poverty and Homelessness

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Cover IMF Working Papers
Does Trade and Technology Transmission Facilitate Inequality Convergence? An Inquiry into the Role of Technology in Reducing the Poverty of Nations
Gouranga Gopal Das
Based on stylized evidence showing variation of the Gini coefficient of income inequality across skill cohorts and on the rapid rise in trade in technology-intensive goods, the ripple effects of technology transmission and income inequality are explored in a global Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) framework. An exogenous technology shock transmitted via trade from the United States induces productivity growth in developing regions. This spillover capture-aided by absorptive capability, better governance and institutions, technological symmetry and social acceptance-causes income to increase and income inequality to decline. The conjoined parameters retard growth's inequality-enhancing effect and thus facilitate long-run convergence of inequality between nations.
Keywords:
WP; total factor productivity; economic growth; price index
Cover Cambodia
Cambodia
Rebuilding for a Challenging Future
Mr. Sumio Ishikawa
,
Ms. Sibel Beadle
,
Mr. Damien Eastman
,
Ms. Srobona Mitra
,
Mr. Alejandro Lopez Mejia
,
Ms. Wafa F Abdelati
,
Mr. Koji Nakamura
,
Mr. Il Houng Lee
,
Ms. Sònia Muñoz
,
Mr. Robert P. Hagemann
,
Mr. David T. Coe
, and
Ms. Nadia Rendak

Abstract

Cambodia's reconstruction and reform efforts have spanned almost 25 years following the Khmer Rouge period, which ended in 1979. Economic reforms began in earnest in the early 1990s, but reform efforts were beset by ongoing internal tensions and civil unrest. Although external factors, including sizable aid inflows and a trade agreement with the United States, helped boost growth in the past decade, the country remains one of the poorest in the region. The current coalition government has announced a strategy aimed at revitalizing economic reforms, and in 2004 Cambodia formally joined the World Trade Organization. But elimination of the garment quota system under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing is exposing an underlying deterioration in competitiveness, which, coupled with slow growth in the agriculture sector and other structural obstacles to private sector growth, has resulted in a medium-term outlook that remains uncertain.

Keywords:
ISI; SI; government; FDI inflow; judicial system; CPI inflation; garment export; growth performance; Legal support in revenue administration; Currencies; Exports; Exchange rates; Asia and Pacific; Southeast Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Middle East; Global; A. dollarization trend; inequality poverty decomposition; Aid flows
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Nepal: 2005 Article IV Consultation—Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Nepal
International Monetary Fund
This 2005 Article IV Consultation highlights that Nepal’s economic growth has been affected by the political turmoil and conflict, although inflation has remained moderate, and international reserves are adequate. Real GDP growth averaged 2 percent during 2000/01–2004/05, compared with the 1990s when growth in agricultural productivity and significant trade liberalization contributed to average real GDP growth of 5 percent. Inflation has remained in the low single digits, although it rose to 7¾ percent in mid-October 2005. The overall and domestically financed deficits remained limited in 2004/05.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; government; arrears; spending; exchange rate; broad money; private sector; Nepalese authorities; authorities request; implementation strategy; Budget planning and preparation; South Asia; Global; East Asia; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Working Papers
The IMF’s Role in Low-Income Countries: Issues and Challenges
Domenico Lombardi
Drawing on recent research, this study elaborates on the role of the IMF in support of its lowincome members, pointing to the global character of the institution and to its superior ability-given its multilateral nature-to serve as a financial institution, an information provider, and a commitment device. The IMF assists low-income members through a range of activities that are normally bundled together, including lending, offering policy advice, and providing assistance with capacity building. The study reviews the features of IMF policies towards its low-income membership and points to the main challenges to their success.
Keywords:
WP; IMF lending; PRGF country; IMF assistance; program design; IMF surveillance; member country
Cover Policy Papers
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers - Detailed Analysis of Progress in Implementation
International Monetary Fund
NULL
Keywords:
PP; civil society; private sector; countries' Prsp-PRs; national budget; Prsp country; reform plan; government ownership; public expenditure; Budget planning and preparation; Poverty reduction strategy; Macro-fiscal framework; Poverty reduction; Africa; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Sri Lanka: Joint Staff Assessment of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
International Monetary Fund
The paper presents key findings of the Joint Staff Assessment of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) for Sri Lanka. Despite the country’s substantial achievements in human development and the economy’s external openness, several factors have impeded Sri Lanka’s ability to realize its growth potential. The IMF staff considers that Sri Lanka’s poverty reduction strategy constitutes an adequate policy framework to increase growth and reduce poverty. However, its successful implementation will require more work in key areas.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; government; policy; private sector; poverty diagnostic; PRSP reform agenda; public expenditure; policy recommendation; labor market; government plan; PRSP progress report; contingency policy; Poverty reduction strategy; Poverty reduction; Global; Middle East
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Sri Lanka: Request for a Three-Year Arrangement Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility, and Use of Fund Resources—Request for an Extended Arrangement—Staff Report; Staff Statement; News Brief on the Executive Board Discussion
International Monetary Fund
This paper examines Sri Lanka’s Request for a Three-Year Arrangement Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF), and a Request for an Extended Arrangement. In line with the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and building on the progress made under the Stand-By Arrangement (SBA), the PRGF-Enhanced Fund Facility (EFF)-supported program aims to accelerate economic growth and reduce poverty. The IMF staff recommends extension to the obligations schedule of SBA repurchase expectations arising during July 2003–June 2004.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; net domestic assets; GDP; broad money; broad money growth; tea export; financing detail; labor market; private sector; Public sector; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Poverty in a Wealthy Economy: The Case of Nigeria
Sudharshan Canagarajah
and
Mr. Saji Thomas
This paper describes the nature and evolution of poverty in Nigeria between 1985 and 1992. It highlights the potential wealth of the Nigerian economy and examines how the economic policies pursued in the 1980s and 1990s impacted economic growth and welfare. The headcount measure of poverty in Nigeria declined from 43 percent to 34 percent between 1985 and 1992. Decomposing the factors causing the reduction in poverty shows that the overall decline of 9 percentage point was the net result of a 14 percentage point decline owing to the growth factor and a 5 percentage point increase owing to the income distribution factor. The paper proposes that promoting broad-based growth and targeted interventions in health, education, and infrastructure need to be central strategies in the fight against poverty in Nigeria.
Keywords:
WP; economic growth; per capita income; terms of trade; poverty incidence; standard of living; Poverty; Income distribution; Targeting; Nigeria; oil wealth; export income; poverty level; poverty line income; FGT poverty measure; profile of Nigeria; gap index; poverty incidence in Nigeria; poverty profile of Nigeria; Poverty reduction; Personal income; Africa; Asia and Pacific; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Pakistan: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix
International Monetary Fund
This Selected Issues paper analyzes Pakistan's tax reform and revenue performance. The paper assesses the nature and magnitude of Pakistan's actual twin debt problem in a historical context, and reviews the policy options. The study highlights the factors explaining the recent stagnation in merchandise exports, and analyzes the country's export performance with regard to the linkages between performance and the structure of exports. The paper reviews a survey of poverty in Pakistan, and also provides a statistical appendix report of the country.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Pakistan; tax; revenue; interest rate; bearer certificate; export performance; Pakistan rupee; expenditure level; income poverty line; Income and capital gains taxes; Exports; South Asia; Middle East; Baltics; Eastern Europe; East Asia; Western Hemisphere; Global
Cover 2000 Un monde meilleur pour tous
2000 Un monde meilleur pour tous
Poursuite des objectifs internationaux de développement
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

Les économistes du FMI travaillent en étroite collaboration avec les pays membres sur diverses questions. Leur point de vue unique sur les expériences nationales et leurs bonnes pratiques relatives aux questions macroéconomiques mondiales sont souvent partagés sous la forme de livres sur divers sujets tels que les comparaisons entre pays, le renforcement des capacités, la politique macroéconomique, l’intégration financière et la mondialisation.

Keywords:
BOOK; enrolment rate; enrolment; child mortality; Reduce infant mortality