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Social Science > Poverty and Homelessness

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Cover IMF Working Papers
Designing Fiscal Redistribution: The Role of Universal and Targeted Transfers
Mr. David Coady
and
Nghia-Piotr Le
There is a growing debate on the relative merits of universal and targeted social assistance transfers in achieving income redistribution objectives. While the benefits of targeting are clear, i.e., a larger poverty impact for a given transfer budget or lower fiscal cost for a given poverty impact, in practice targeting also comes with various costs, including incentive, administrative, social and political costs. The appropriate balance between targeted and universal transfers will therefore depend on how countries decide to trade-off these costs and benefits as well as on the potential for redistribution through taxes. This paper discusses the trade-offs that arise in different country contexts and the potential for strengthening fiscal redistribution in advanced and developing countries, including through expanding transfer coverage and progressive tax financing.
Keywords:
WP; income; cost; earned income; taxation framework; consumption taxation; transfer program; income tax schedule; efficiency cost; poverty impact; redistribution objective; means testing; income share; public spending; income redistribution objective; progressive tax; poverty line; Personal income; Income tax systems; Fiscal redistribution; Income inequality; Middle East; North Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global; East Africa; transfers; taxes; targeted; universal; income transfer
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Myanmar: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
This Selected Issues paper analyzes banking sector developments in Myanmar. It highlights that latent banking sector risks are surfacing, following a period of rapid credit growth and as banks adjust to updated financial regulations. Over time banks will need to enhance their credit risk management, and reduce the over-reliance on collateral values to safeguard lending. A banking system action plan has been developed, to enhance the banking system’s resilience, as well as strengthen the supervisory and resolution framework. The ongoing overhaul of the prudential framework and financial sector reforms will strengthen the banking sector and its role in supporting the economy.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Myanmar; bank; private bank; value chain; FDI; IMF staff calculation; growth takeoff; private bank lending; policy bank; banking system action plan; increase bank capital; FDI inflow; Commercial banks; Credit; Global value chains; Financial inclusion; Global; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Cambodia: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix
International Monetary Fund
The Selected Issues paper discusses Cambodia’s poverty and growth, private sector development, public financial management reform, and debt sustainability. It summarizes the Poverty Assessment and describes the regime of tax incentives, costs, and limits for private investment. It also summarizes the assessment of Cambodia’s Public Expenditure Management system and Public Financial Management Reform Program. It highlights the key reform priorities, and provides historical background on Cambodia’s external and domestic debt. It also includes a statistical appendix and a summary of the tax system.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Cambodia; poverty incidence; debt; government; poverty estimate; poverty reduction; investment incentive; poverty assessment; public expenditure management system; further poverty reduction; Tax holidays; Tax incentives; Southeast Asia; Eastern Europe; Asia and Pacific; Mekong; Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Cambodia: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper: Joint Staff Advisory Note
International Monetary Fund
The Joint Staff Advisory Note (JSAN) reviews the National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP)—the new Poverty Reduction Strategy Program of Cambodia. It recommends that the institutional arrangements for NSDP should be strengthened to support its implementation and monitoring. It analyzes that there is a need for financial assistance, the integration of planning and public financial management, and links for monitoring annual progress targets. The JSAN appreciated the strong macroeconomic performance under the NSDP and emphasized for the need for good governance, strong strategy implementation, and consolidation of existing programs and policies.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; NSDP implementation; NSDP preparation; NSDP secretariat; APR process; NSDP indicator frame; NSDP formulation process; policy dialogue; Poverty reduction strategy; Civil society; Poverty reduction; Global
Cover Cambodia
Cambodia
Rebuilding for a Challenging Future
Mr. Sumio Ishikawa
,
Ms. Sibel Beadle
,
Mr. Damien Eastman
,
Ms. Srobona Mitra
,
Mr. Alejandro Lopez Mejia
,
Ms. Wafa F Abdelati
,
Mr. Koji Nakamura
,
Mr. Il Houng Lee
,
Ms. Sònia Muñoz
,
Mr. Robert P. Hagemann
,
Mr. David T. Coe
, and
Ms. Nadia Rendak

Abstract

Cambodia's reconstruction and reform efforts have spanned almost 25 years following the Khmer Rouge period, which ended in 1979. Economic reforms began in earnest in the early 1990s, but reform efforts were beset by ongoing internal tensions and civil unrest. Although external factors, including sizable aid inflows and a trade agreement with the United States, helped boost growth in the past decade, the country remains one of the poorest in the region. The current coalition government has announced a strategy aimed at revitalizing economic reforms, and in 2004 Cambodia formally joined the World Trade Organization. But elimination of the garment quota system under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing is exposing an underlying deterioration in competitiveness, which, coupled with slow growth in the agriculture sector and other structural obstacles to private sector growth, has resulted in a medium-term outlook that remains uncertain.

Keywords:
ISI; SI; government; FDI inflow; judicial system; CPI inflation; garment export; growth performance; Legal support in revenue administration; Currencies; Exports; Exchange rates; Asia and Pacific; Southeast Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Middle East; Global; A. dollarization trend; inequality poverty decomposition; Aid flows
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Lao People's Democratic Republic: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
International Monetary Fund
This paper on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) on the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) explains macroeconomic, structural, and social policies in support of growth and poverty reduction, as well as associated external financing needs and major sources of financing. The Lao PDR’s long-term national development goal is to be achieved through sustained equitable economic growth and social development, while safeguarding the country’s social, cultural, economic, and political identity. The government’s sustained effort to eradicate poverty will become a mass mobilization exercise, empowering local communities and providing a coherent framework for mutually supportive actions by all stakeholders.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Lao PDR; natural resource; ethnic minority; poverty eradication; agricultural land; community development; Poverty reduction; Mekong; Global; Asia and Pacific
Cover Summary Proceedings of the Fifty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors, 2004
Summary Proceedings of the Fifty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors, 2004
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

The speeches made by officials attending the IMF–World Bank Annual Meetings are published in this volume, along with the press communiqués issued by the International Monetary and Financial Committee and the Development Committee at the conclusion of the meetings.

Keywords:
AS; IMF surveillance; item; country; board of governors Resolution No. 53-2; international community; board of governors of the International Monetary Fund; poverty-reducing public expenditures; Poverty reduction; Poverty reduction strategy; Poverty reduction and development; Infrastructure; Global; West Africa; Africa; Asia and Pacific; Baltics
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Cambodia: Joint Staff Assessment of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Progress Report
International Monetary Fund
In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; APR exercise; NPRS target; APR preparation; anti-corruption strategy; APR review; development partner; state land; government contract; Poverty reduction strategy; Agricultural sector
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Cambodia: Staff Report for the 2004 Article IV Consultation
International Monetary Fund
Cambodia’s 2004 Article IV Consultation reports that the macroeconomic performance has been generally good, reflecting both favorable external developments and prudent fiscal policy. Exports soared following a bilateral trade agreement with the United States, and large aid inflows helped finance domestic investment and spurred construction activities. Prudent fiscal policy has been the key to ensuring price stability. Overall GDP growth has been robust mainly because of a strong rebound in agricultural production.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; IMF executive board reviews progress report; government; Cambodia's NPRS.; reform agenda; poverty reduction strategy paper; Cambodia's NPRS; NPRS target; Poverty reduction strategy; East Asia; Asia and Pacific
Cover Policy Papers
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers - Detailed Analysis of Progress in Implementation
International Monetary Fund
NULL
Keywords:
PP; civil society; private sector; countries' Prsp-PRs; national budget; Prsp country; reform plan; government ownership; public expenditure; Budget planning and preparation; Poverty reduction strategy; Macro-fiscal framework; Poverty reduction; Africa; Global