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Social Science > Poverty and Homelessness

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Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Malta: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper assesses the marginal impact of promoting inclusive growth in Malta. The paper uses a multi-country simulation model, the IMF’s Flexible System of Global Models calibrated for Malta, is used to analyze the macroeconomic impacts of ongoing and potential future reforms. Three different policies are analyzed, namely: increasing childcare and after care benefits; extending working lives; and upskilling the labor force. The model shows that the reduction of absolute poverty has been accompanied by rising inequality. The simulation evaluates the macroeconomic impact of introducing free childcare, which is the actual government policy since 2015. Simulations show that policies that are primarily aimed at improving social inclusion also end up boosting potential output, thereby mitigating the fiscal cost of such policies in the long term. Recent declines in poverty rate can partly be ascribed to the cycle, however, recent structural reforms likely have had a significant impact on growth.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; poverty risk; policy; refugee; pay; government policy; policy reform; childcare services policy; policy experiment; policy initiative; refugee integration scenario; Labor supply; Income; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Israel: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper analyzes the macro-fiscal implications of an increase in infrastructure spending, considering Israel’s dual economy character. The efficiency of investment is key to ensuring growth benefits are achieved and to containing increases in the public debt ratio. Selecting projects with low rates of return, managing public investment inefficiently, or raising investment faster than absorptive capacity, can lead to weaker growth benefits and higher debt ratios that reduce the room to sustain increased public investment. Growth benefits will likely be insufficient to prevent a significant increase in debt ratios, indicating a need for revenue measures, where reductions in tax benefits are preferable. Allowing the public debt ratio to rise as much as 10 percentage points appears too high as Israel faces wider uncertainties than most advanced economies and it should also preserve fiscal space to facilitate structural reforms for long-term growth. Given Israel’s very low civilian spending, the government should consider financing most of the additional investment with additional revenues. Israel’s sizable foregone revenue from various tax benefits—around 5 percent of GDP per year—suggests significant scope for revenue gains. Our analysis also suggests that reducing tax benefits is least detrimental to growth, which in turn would be most positive for debt dynamics.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Haredi; employment; gender wage gap; investment growth; Haredi man; employment gap; work practice; IMF staff; infrastructure investment; high-tech sector; investment scale up; work incentive; Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP); Public investment spending; Income; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Explaining Inequality and Poverty Reduction in Bolivia
Mr. Mauricio Vargas
and
Santiago Garriga
We investigate the factors driving Bolivia’s success in reducing inequality and poverty during the last 15 years. Our evidence suggests that the reduction was driven mainly by labor income growth at the bottom end of the income distribution. Increases in non-labor income (rents, transfers, remittances) also played a role, but a smaller one, although the introduction of Renta Dignidad has made a big difference for the elderly poor. Labor income increases were concentrated in the informal, low-skilled service and manufacturing sectors. As the gains from the commodity boom go into reverse, and the fiscal envelope becomes much tighter, it will be essential that labor and social policies are well designed and targeted to preserve the poverty and inequality reduction of the last 15 years.
Keywords:
WP; labor income; Bolivia; Inequality; Poverty; poverty indicator; inequality reduction; Household survey; growth rate respect; Personal income; Income inequality; Poverty reduction; South America
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Togo: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper highlights that Togo’s Strategy for Boosting Growth and Promoting Employment offers a medium-term development framework for implementing the Government’s General Policy Statement, the Millennium Development Goals, and the Government’s vision for making Togo an emerging economy in 15 to 20 years, as well as making it a country that respects human rights and promotes the rule of law. The return of political stability and peace to the country created a favorable environment for better governance, resumption of international assistance, and significant reduction in exterior public debt. The Government’s medium-term economic policy for 2013–2017 will essentially be used to build and consolidate the foundations for Togo’s future economic emergence. The focus will be on new priorities: boosting growth; employment and inclusion; strengthening governance; and reducing regional disparities and promoting grassroots development. Designing a national land-use plan will territorialize development by creating a more balanced national economic space. The new land-use scheme will be based on dynamic, competitive, regional economies in which the urbanization of regional capitals and secondary towns is sufficiently controlled to allow true development hubs to emerge.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; private sector; natural resources; business plan; public works; economic growth; financial support; primary sector; West Africa; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa; Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Guinée : Stratégie de réduction de la pauvreté
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Depuis plusieurs années, le FMI publie un nombre croissant de rapports et autres documents couvrant l'évolution et les tendances économiques et financières dans les pays membres. Chaque rapport, rédigé par une équipe des services du FMI à la suite d'entretiens avec des représentants des autorités, est publié avec l'accord du pays concerné.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; private sector; civil society; human resources; monetary policy; reform plan
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Guinea: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This paper on Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers on Guinea explains medium-term development framework to achieve Millennium Development Goals and fulfill the authorities’ vision of Guinea as an emerging economy in 15 to 25 years, respectful of human rights and gender equality and supportive of the rule of law. It sets out medium-term policies that Guinea should implement to place itself on a path to development that would allow it to fulfill its ambition to become an emerging economy by 2035. This scenario foresees strong and lasting average annual growth, supported by ambitious policies for modernization of agriculture.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; private sector; civil society; human resources; monetary policy; reform plan; economic growth; production system; Global; West Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Africa
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2012
International Monetary Fund
By combating malaria with mosquito nets or building schools and providing basic sanitation, philanthropy is helping transform the developing world. Rich donors are devoting fortunes—many of them earned through computer software, entertainment, and venture capitalism— to defeating poverty and improving lives, supplementing and in some cases surpassing official aid channels.From billionaires Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett to Aliko Dangote and George Soros, the titans of capitalism are backing good causes with their cash. Whether financing new vaccines, building libraries, or buying up Amazon rain forest to protect the environment, philanthropists are supporting innovations and new approaches that are changing lives and building dreams.This issue of F&D looks at the world of targeted giving and social entrepreneurship.“ Philanthropy’s role is to get things started,” says Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates, who is the world’s most generous giver. “We used foundation funds to set up a system to make market forces work in favor of the poor.” He says that catalytic philanthropy can make a big difference. “Good ideas need evangelists. Forgotten communities need advocates.” Former U.S. President Bill Clinton tells us that networks of creative cooperation between government, business, and civil society can get things done better to solve the world’s most pressing problems.Also in this issue, Prakash Loungani profiles superstar economist Jeffrey Sachs, who helped campaign for debt relief for developing economies and championed the Millennium Development Goals. We look at how, instead of spending commodity price windfalls on physical investments, which are often sources of corruption, governments of poor countries are sometimes well advised to hand some of the income over to their citizens. We examine moves by major central banks to ease our way out of the crisis enveloping advanced economies in our Data Spotlight column, and we hear about how China’s growth inspires creativity in the West.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; price; economy; income; High school graduate
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2012
International Monetary Fund
By combating malaria with mosquito nets or building schools and providing basic sanitation, philanthropy is helping transform the developing world. Rich donors are devoting fortunes—many of them earned through computer software, entertainment, and venture capitalism— to defeating poverty and improving lives, supplementing and in some cases surpassing official aid channels.From billionaires Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett to Aliko Dangote and George Soros, the titans of capitalism are backing good causes with their cash. Whether financing new vaccines, building libraries, or buying up Amazon rain forest to protect the environment, philanthropists are supporting innovations and new approaches that are changing lives and building dreams.This issue of F&D looks at the world of targeted giving and social entrepreneurship.“ Philanthropy’s role is to get things started,” says Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates, who is the world’s most generous giver. “We used foundation funds to set up a system to make market forces work in favor of the poor.” He says that catalytic philanthropy can make a big difference. “Good ideas need evangelists. Forgotten communities need advocates.” Former U.S. President Bill Clinton tells us that networks of creative cooperation between government, business, and civil society can get things done better to solve the world’s most pressing problems.Also in this issue, Prakash Loungani profiles superstar economist Jeffrey Sachs, who helped campaign for debt relief for developing economies and championed the Millennium Development Goals. We look at how, instead of spending commodity price windfalls on physical investments, which are often sources of corruption, governments of poor countries are sometimes well advised to hand some of the income over to their citizens. We examine moves by major central banks to ease our way out of the crisis enveloping advanced economies in our Data Spotlight column, and we hear about how China’s growth inspires creativity in the West.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; price; economy; income; High school graduate
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, December 2012
International Monetary Fund
By combating malaria with mosquito nets or building schools and providing basic sanitation, philanthropy is helping transform the developing world. Rich donors are devoting fortunes—many of them earned through computer software, entertainment, and venture capitalism— to defeating poverty and improving lives, supplementing and in some cases surpassing official aid channels.From billionaires Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett to Aliko Dangote and George Soros, the titans of capitalism are backing good causes with their cash. Whether financing new vaccines, building libraries, or buying up Amazon rain forest to protect the environment, philanthropists are supporting innovations and new approaches that are changing lives and building dreams.This issue of F&D looks at the world of targeted giving and social entrepreneurship.“ Philanthropy’s role is to get things started,” says Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates, who is the world’s most generous giver. “We used foundation funds to set up a system to make market forces work in favor of the poor.” He says that catalytic philanthropy can make a big difference. “Good ideas need evangelists. Forgotten communities need advocates.” Former U.S. President Bill Clinton tells us that networks of creative cooperation between government, business, and civil society can get things done better to solve the world’s most pressing problems.Also in this issue, Prakash Loungani profiles superstar economist Jeffrey Sachs, who helped campaign for debt relief for developing economies and championed the Millennium Development Goals. We look at how, instead of spending commodity price windfalls on physical investments, which are often sources of corruption, governments of poor countries are sometimes well advised to hand some of the income over to their citizens. We examine moves by major central banks to ease our way out of the crisis enveloping advanced economies in our Data Spotlight column, and we hear about how China’s growth inspires creativity in the West.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; price; economy; income; High school graduate
Cover Finance & Development
Finanzas & Desarrollo, diciembre de 2012
International Monetary Fund
Ya sea luchando contra la malaria con mosquiteros, o construyendo escuelas y proporcionando saneamiento básico, la filantropía está ayudando a transformar el mundo en desarrollo. Donantes ricos dedican muchísimo dinero -obtenido en muchos casos a través de sus negocios en los sectores de la informática y el entretenimiento, o de inversiones de capital-riesgo- a luchar contra la pobreza y mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas, complementando y, en algunos casos, superando la ayuda oficial. Desde los multimillonarios Bill y Melinda Gates y Warren Buffett a Aliko Dangote y George Soros, los titanes del capitalismo respaldan las buenas causas con su dinero. Ya sea financiando nuevas vacunas, construyendo bibliotecas o adquiriendo tierras en la selva amazónica para proteger el medio ambiente, los filántropos respaldan distintos proyectos y enfoques innovadores que están cambiando la vida de la gente y construyendo sueños. En este número de F&D se examinan el mundo de las donaciones focalizadas y el empresariado social. “El papel de la filantropía es poner en marcha el proceso”, dice el cofundador de Microsoft, Bill Gates, el filántropo más generoso del mundo. “Usamos los fondos de la fundación para establecer un sistema que pusiera a las fuerzas del mercado a trabajar para los pobres”. Según Gates, la filantropía catalizadora puede tener un gran impacto. “Las buenas ideas necesitan divulgación. Las comunidades olvidadas necesitan apoyo activo”. El ex Presidente de Estados Unidos, Bill Clinton, señala que las redes de cooperación creativa entre el gobierno, las empresas y la sociedad civil pueden hacer las cosas mejor para resolver los problemas más apremiantes que afronta el mundo. También en este número, Prakash Loungani traza una semblanza del economista superestrella Jeffrey Sachs, quien apoyó la campaña en favor del alivio de la deuda de las economías en desarrollo e impulsó los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Examinamos cómo, en lugar de utilizar las ganancias extraordinarias derivadas de los precios de las materias primas en inversiones físicas, los gobiernos de los países pobres deberían transferir parte de estos ingresos a los ciudadanos. En “Un vistazo a las cifras” analizamos las medidas adoptadas por los principales bancos centrales para salir de la crisis que afecta a las economías avanzadas, e incluimos un artículo sobre cómo el crecimiento en China incentiva la creatividad en Occidente.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; price; economy; income; High school graduate