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Social Science > Poverty and Homelessness

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Cover IMF Working Papers
Links Between Growth, Inequality, and Poverty: A Survey
Ms. Valerie Cerra
,
Mr. Ruy Lama
, and
Norman Loayza
Is there a tradeoff between raising growth and reducing inequality and poverty? This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the complex links between growth, inequality, and poverty, with causation going in both directions. The evidence suggests that growth can be effective in reducing poverty, but its impact on inequality is ambiguous and depends on the underlying sources of growth. The impact of poverty and inequality on growth is likewise ambiguous, as several channels mediate the relationship. But most plausible mechanisms suggest that poverty and inequality reduce growth, at least in the long run. Policies play a role in shaping these relationships and those designed to improve equality of opportunity can simultaneously improve inclusiveness and growth.
Keywords:
Growth; Inequality; Poverty; Income Distribution; Economic Development; Inclusive Growth; unbalanced growth; public goods; poverty-reducing effect; family income; poverty ratio; growth breeds poverty; poverty headcount ratio; Income inequality; Income; Poverty reduction; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Democratic Republic of the Congo: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This Selected Issues paper focuses on macro-critical issues related to governance and corruption in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Third-party indicators suggest that governance has been poor and corruption widespread in the country. Conducting an audit of the civil service and improving the transparency of its remuneration system, simplifying tax payment processes, and merging the activities of the numerous revenue agencies would boost public efficiency and improve the business environment. Contract enforcement and protection of property rights could be enhanced by insulating the courts from external influence. Limited information on the budget annexes and special accounts and little or no oversight by the central government, Parliament, and civil society, create scope for corruption. The multiplicity of special taxes and fees, some accruing to special accounts outside the Treasury, generate opportunities for corruption and informalization of economic activity. Despite some progress in strengthening public financial management, budget execution remains deficient. The government has formalized the four stages of the expenditure chain and introduced budget commitment plans to align expenditures with revenues.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Congo; country; government; DRC government expenditure; bank rating; natural resource; B. government strategy; resource sector; revenue agency; curse thesis; FBNBANK DRC; Mining sector; Natural resources; Budget planning and preparation; Corruption; Global; Southern Africa; Central Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Islamic Republic of Mauritania: Economic Development Documents
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This Economic Development Document summarizes Mauritania’s Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Shared Prosperity (SCAPP) for 2016–30. The first five-year phase of the SCAPP will complete projects under way and lay the foundations for a new, politically more peaceful Mauritania, with infrastructure put in place to support growth and encourage development of the country's natural resources. Steps will be taken to complete the reforms needed to improve the business climate and promote the private sector. In the second five-year period, the economy will be more diversified and competitive, with the real rate of growth averaging at about 10 percent a year. The third five-year phase will consolidate Mauritania's “new look” and the economic growth will exceed 12 percent a year.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; border; private sector development strategy; public finance; Islamic Republic of Mauritania honor; natural resources; poverty rate; shared prosperity; Inclusive growth; Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP); Human capital; Business environment; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Democratic Republic of the Congo: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This Selected Issues paper takes stock of poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Poverty has receded in the DRC over the last decade on the back of gradual stabilization in the security and political situation, strong economic growth, and sharp decline in inflationary pressures. Most social indicators also improved during the period. However, poverty remains pervasive with a level still among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa, and DRC will likely not achieve any of the Millennium Developments Goals by 2015. Policy actions should focus on fostering the development of labor-intensive sector, increasing social spending, and redirecting public resources to the poorest regions of the country.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Congo; budget; rate; export diversification; B. Benchmarking DRC; world development indicator; execution revenue gap; execution expenditure gap; Mining sector; Export diversification; Financial inclusion; Exports; Global; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Southern Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Democratic Republic of the Congo: Joint Staff Advisory Note
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This Joint Advisory Note on the Democratic Republic of the Congo discusses economic growth and employment-creating sectors. The agriculture and mining sectors are projected to continue their expansion, while simultaneously raising labor productivity and freeing up labor. The urban population is expected to reach 40 million by 2025, up from an estimated 24 million in 2012. Some of these urban centers will function as service centers for rural areas, but they will be increasingly integrated with international markets through formal and informal trade, partly as a result of better telecommunications. The government’s objective is to boost mining output, and the sector’s contribution to fiscal revenues requires an increase in foreign investment, an improvement in the business climate, and a strengthening of governance.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; government; PRSP-2; government aim; government commitment; government initiative; commitment to reducing vulnerability; government leadership; government give; Infrastructure; Agroindustries; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Guinea: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper—Joint Staff Advisory Note
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This paper presents a Joint Staff Advisory Note on Guinea’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). Baseline economic growth is projected to accelerate to 5.2 percent in 2014 and beyond, up from just under 4 percent in 2012. This projection is based on an acceleration of economic growth in the construction sector in response to massive investment outlays by mining companies. Private investment is projected to increase from 17.8 percent of GDP in 2012 to more than 40 percent in 2014. The PRSP proposes a sharp increase in funding for education as a share of total public expenditures over the PRSP period, while total fiscal resources also increase.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; staff; government; PRSP Priority Action Plan; revenue; fund staff; health strategy objective; draft PRSP; government employee; private sector; democratically-elected government; PRSP period; authorities' effort; Poverty reduction; Mining sector; West Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Côte d’Ivoire: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper—Joint Staff Advisory Note
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
The NDP aims at transforming Côte d’Ivoire into an emerging market and halving the poverty rate. The framework for poverty reduction can be improved by developing a program of targeted interventions to support growth in key strategic sectors, public investment management, maintaining fiscal and debt sustainability and implementation of energy sector reforms. The fiscal strategy focuses on scaling up public investment and sustainability. The public sector investment program and the macroeconomic projections of the PND are a good strategy. Risks to successful implementation are exogenous shocks, resistance to structural reforms, and sociopolitical instability in the country.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; government; governance; NDP state; customs administration reform; country; government's commitment; authorities' ambition; NDP program; NDP growth target; government's capacity; government's strategy; Poverty reduction strategy; Agricultural sector; Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP); Public investment spending; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Union of the Comoros: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper: Review of the Second Year of Implementation
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Since its independence in 1975, the Union of Comoros has been deeply affected by political and institutional crises. Resolution of the separatist crisis on the island of Anjouan and subsequent national consolidation has constituted a historic turning point. The government has begun a wide-ranging program of structural reforms. The external debt of Comoros remains unsustainable. The government is making efforts to speed up the implementation of reforms and obtain access to a reduction in its debt burden.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; private sector; public finance; financial support; rural area; value chain; feasibility study; Comorian authorities; Agroindustries; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Kyrgyz Republic: Joint Staff Advisory Note on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
The paper focuses on the workings of the Medium-Term Development Program (MTDP) of the Kyrgyz Republic. Raising living standards as well as taking measures for reducing poverty have been cited as the main priority areas of the strategy, and the measures to be undertaken to bring about improvements in these areas are highlighted. The report also throws light on the major objectives of MTDP’s three-year strategy during the period from 2012–14.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Medium-Term Development Program; government; governance; MTDP implementation; authorities' Medium-Term Development Program; government strategy; policy choice; scenario aim; government's MTDP; Poverty reduction; Public sector; Poverty reduction strategy; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Guinea: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper—Progress Report
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) are prepared by member countries in broad consultation with stakeholders and development partners, including the staffs of the World Bank and the IMF. Updated every three years with annual progress reports, they describe the country’s macroeconomic, structural, and social policies in support of growth and poverty reduction, as well as associated external financing needs and major sources of financing. This country document for Guinea, dated May 2012 is being made available on the IMF website by agreement with the member country as a service to users of the IMF website.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; government; government contract; priority action plan; financial support; macroeconomic stabilization policy; government reform; government program; community government; government procurement code; Mining sector; Global