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Social Science > Gender Studies

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Cover Policy Papers
Interim Guidance Note on Mainstreaming Gender at The IMF
International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department
This interim note provides general guidance on the operationalization of the IMF’s Strategy Toward Mainstreaming Gender. It offers a comprehensive overview of how IMF staff can integrate macrocritical gender issues into the IMF’s core areas of surveillance, lending, and capacity development. Key topics include i) identifying and assessing macrocritical gender gaps; ii) the “light touch” and “deep dive” approaches; iii) early insights on integrating gender into IMF-supported programs; iv) capacity development on gender or with a gender lens; v) synergies with other workstreams and vi) the importance of collaboration. It also includes summaries and links to relevant tools, databases, IMF staff reports, and relevant literature.
Keywords:
Gender; Equality; Inclusion; Surveillance; Lending; Capacity Development; Fiscal Policy; Labor Market; Macroeconomics/Macroeconomic Policy; transparency policy; gender-disaggregated analysis; IMF country office; gender wage gap; implementation capacity; SPR staff; IMF strategy Toward Mainstreaming Gender; labor force participation; IMF team; IMF gender; equal pay; Gender inequality; Women; Gender diversity; Income inequality; Financial inclusion; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Bangladesh: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
Selected Issues
Keywords:
C. managing transition; B. monetary policy option; gender responsive budgeting; IMF resident representative's office; inflation expectation; Women; Exchange rate flexibility; Exchange rate arrangements; Exchange rates; Gender inequality; Global; South Asia
Cover Policy Papers
Gender Diversity in The Executive Board—Interim Report of The Executive Board to The Board of Governors
International Monetary Fund
Greater gender diversity of the IMF’s Executive Board continues to be important to strengthen decision-making at the highest levels of the institution by bringing together different perspectives. Increasing the number of women Executive Directors and Alternate Executive Directors sends important signals about the high value the membership and the IMF place on improving diversity and to generate better outcomes. Despite the IMFC’s calls for increased gender diversity of the Executive Board, the number of women holding the position of Executive Director and Alternate Executive Director on the Executive Board has not substantially improved over time.1 It is a great concern that the proportion of women on the Executive Board has declined in recent years, as shown in the attached updated Fact Sheet.
Keywords:
IMF's transparency policy; executive board working group; IMF diversity; Gender diversity in the executive board; IMF place; Gender diversity; Women
Cover IMF Working Papers
Lawful Progress: Unveiling the Laws That Reshape Women’s Work Decisions
Anna Fruttero, Diego B. P. Gomes, and Nishtha Sharma
This paper examines the impact of women’s legal rights on labor force participation decisions made by women and men through a granular analysis of 35 gendered laws. Building on previous literature, it departs from the analysis using aggregate indices due to concerns about (i) the usability of an index for policymaking purposes, (ii) the economic interpretation of an index’s average marginal effects, (iii) and the implicit assumption of homogeneous effects underlying regressions with an index. The findings identify nine key laws that can foster female labor force participation. Notably, laws related to household dynamics and women’s agency within the family, such as divorce and property rights laws, and laws regarding the ability of women to travel outside the home, are especially important in influencing their decision to work. The paper also shows that improving women’s legal rights does not improve their labor force participation through a substitution effect as it has no systematic negative effect on men’s labor force participation.
Keywords:
Gender gaps; Gendered laws; Legal barriers; Labor force participation; property rights law; LFP rate; selected Laws; women's work decision; gendered law; Women; Gender inequality; Labor force; Financial inclusion; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Mexico: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
Selected Issues
Keywords:
gender participation gap; revenue authority gender balance; C. fiscal policies; women empowerment; gender policy; Women; Gender inequality; Gender diversity; Labor force participation; Global
Cover Morocco’s Quest for Stronger and Inclusive Growth
Morocco’s Quest for Stronger and Inclusive Growth

Abstract

Throughout the past two decades, Morocco has faced several external and domestic shocks, including large swings in international oil prices, regional geopolitical tensions, severe droughts, and most recently the impact of the pandemic and the economic fallout from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Despite rough waters, the government stayed the course and remained focused not only on immediate stability, but also on the long-term needs of the Moroccan economy. This involved the adoption of a series of difficult measures, like the elimination of energy subsidies, and a strategy aimed at improving the country’s infrastructure, diversifying the production and export bases by attracting foreign investment, and modernizing the governance structure of the public administration. The road to higher and more inclusive growth, however, remains steep. Despite gains in poverty reduction, literacy and lifespans, Morocco economy continues to face a high share of inactive youth, large gaps in economic opportunities for women, a fragmented social protection system, and remaining barriers to private sector development. An ambitious reform agenda is needed to better meet the aspirations of Moroccans, by making economic growth stronger, more resilient and more inclusive, particularly to provide greater opportunities for young, women, and entrepreneurs. Morocco appears well positioned to address these challenges, and indeed, the country has recently sought to define and pursue a new “model of development”, through national debates and a more inclusive approach to reform. Significant reforms have been announced recently that revamp both the social protection system and the SOEs business model. This book draws lessons from the reforms Morocco has implemented in the past few decades and charts a course for Morocco by addressing key areas for reform.

Keywords:
Morocco; economic development; structural reforms; fiscal rule; NEET rate; development model; core inflation; NEET condition; World Bank enterprise Survey; Fiscal rules; Manufacturing; Women; Gender inequality; Global; North Africa; Middle East; Middle East and Central Asia; Maghreb
Cover Gender Notes
Integrating Gender into the IMF’s Work
Rishi Goyal and Ms. Ratna Sahay
This note argues that the IMF is filling a critical gap by integrating gender issues into it work. It makes the case that (i) closing gender gaps is critical for economies because they lead to underdevelopment, underutilization, and misallocation of productive human resources; and (ii) applying a gender lens to macroeconomic, financial, and structural policy design can narrow gender gaps and result in improved economic outcomes. This Note complements this argument by providing an overview of gender gaps in opportunities, outcomes, and representation; taking stock of how these gaps impact macroeconomic and financial outcomes; and identifying which polices can narrow gender gaps. It explains how narrowing gender gaps can benefit societies and outline steps countries can take to unleash the economic gains from gender equality.
Keywords:
Gender; labor markets; inquality; financial inclusion
Cover IMF Working Papers
Monetary Policy and Labor Market Gender Gaps
Valentina Flamini, Diego B. P. Gomes, Bihong Huang, Ms. Lisa L Kolovich, Aina Puig, and Ms. Aleksandra Zdzienicka
We study the effects of monetary policy shocks on employment gender gaps in a panel of 22 countries using quarterly data from 1990 to 2019. Our results show that men’s employment falls more than women’s after contractionary monetary policy shocks, narrowing the employment gender gap over time. Two factors contribute to explaining this heterogeneous effect. First, a larger impact of monetary policy shocks on employment in the industry sector that employs more men. Second, the larger response of the employment gap in the sector (services) that employs the largest share of men and women. In terms of labor market adjustment, the narrowing of the gender employment gap is initially driven by a reduction in the gender unemployment gaps that, over time, results in an adjustment in the gender labor force participation gap—with men’s labor force participation dropping more than women’s. The effects are larger in countries with more flexible labor market regulations, higher gender wage gaps, and lower informal women’s employment compared to men’s. Finally, the effects are also larger for contractionary monetary policy shocks and during expansions.
Keywords:
Monetary policy; shocks; gender inequality; labor market; unemployment; labor force participation; monetary policy shock; gender employment gap; gender labor force participation gap; labor market gender gaps; men employment; employment gender gaps; Labor markets; Employment; Women
Cover IMF Working Papers
When Will Global Gender Gaps Close?
Alejandro Badel and Rishi Goyal
On the current pace of reforms, global gender gaps are estimated to close, using deterministic (linear or log-linear) trends, over the next three centuries. This means that many women will likely not be able to fully use their abilities and talents, to the detriment of societies, for a long time. Yet this paper shows that, absent a significant step up in policy efforts, gender gaps may in fact never close. Using Markov chains, a common approach in macroeconomics, this paper analyzes the dynamics of the cross-country distribution of the gender gap in labor force participation. This methodology does not impose strong restrictions on the data, allowing for episodes of progress as well as regress by countries on gender inequality. Based on the experience of the past three decades, the analysis predicts a further narrowing of gender gaps over time. But the long-run distribution of gender gaps in labor force participation features a substantial share of countries with persistently large gaps, implying that—absent a strengthened and systematic policy effort—some of the current misallocation of women’s talents and abilities could persist perpetually.
Keywords:
Gender Gap; Dynamics; Convergence; Cross-Country; Global; Labor Supply; Labor Force Participation; Female; Distribution; U-shaped transition.; IMF Gender Data Hub; IMF working paper 23/189; UK's Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office; long-run distribution of gender gaps; gender LFP gap; Gender inequality; Women; Income
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Role of Structural Fiscal Policy on Female Labor Force Participation in OECD Countries
Miyoko Asai, Qiaoe Chen, Mr. Jiro Honda, Xingwei Hu, and Qianqian Zhang
This paper examines the role of structural fiscal policies to promote female labor force participation and reduce gender gaps in labor markets in 26 OECD countries from 2000 to 2019. As both female labor force participation and many explanatory/control variables clearly exhibit non-stationarity (potentially leading to spurious regression results), we employ a panel vector error-correction model, in contrast with most previous empirical studies on this matter. Our analyses confirm statistically significant positive impacts of government spending on (1) early childcare and education, (2) active labor market programs, and (3) unemployment benefits, all of which would help encourage women to enter the labor force, while (4) an increase in relative tax rate on second earner could have negative impact on female labor force participation.
Keywords:
Fiscal Policy; Gender; Labor Force; OECD; panel unit root; panel vector error-correction model; robustness test; panel VECM result; female LFPR; age group; regression analysis; positive correlation; standard deviation; Women; Active labor market policies; Gender diversity; Unemployment benefits; Global