Social Science > Emigration and Immigration

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Cristina Cattaneo
,
Emanuele Massetti
,
Shouro Dasgupta
, and
Fabio Farinosi
We estimate a bilateral gravity equation for emigration rates controlling for decadal weather averages of temperature, precipitation, droughts, and extreme precipitation in origin countries. Using the parameter estimates of the gravity equation, we estimate global, regional, and country-by-country emigration flows using different population and climate scenarios. Global emigration flows are projected to increase between 73 and 91 million in 2030-2039; between 83 and 102 million in 2040-2049; between 88 and 121 in 2050-59, and between 87 and 133 million in 2060-2069. Changes in emigration flows are mainly due to population growth in the origin countries.
Mr. Jorge A Alvarez
,
Mr. Marco Arena
,
Alain Brousseau
,
Mr. Hamid Faruqee
,
Emilio William Fernandez Corugedo
,
Mr. Jaime Guajardo
,
Gerardo Peraza
, and
Juan Yepez
As a new migration crisis is unfolding in Europe because of the war in Ukraine, the purpose of this paper is to also highlight the ongoing migration crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) due to Venezuela’s economic collapse. The stock of Venezuelan migrants reached 5 million in 2019, most of which had settled in other LAC countries. Following a temporary halt during the pandemic, migration from Venezuela has resumed, with the stock of migrants reaching 6.1 million in 2021. These migration flows are expected to continue in the coming years, which can strain public services and labor markets in the recipient economies in LAC. This Departmental Paper focuses on migration spillovers from the Venezuelan economic and social crisis. It sheds light on how migration can raise GDP growth and affect fiscal and external positions in host countries. It also discusses policy options, including greater support for education and integration into the workforce, which could help migrants find jobs to match their skills and help raise growth prospects in recipient countries.
International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Abstract

En un contexto en que la economía mundial está recobrando cierto ímpetu, las economías de América Latina y el Caribe están recuperándose de una recesión a escala regional en 2016. Esta mejora gradual puede interpretarse como una historia de dos ajustes, uno externo y otro fiscal, que están ocurriendo como respuesta a shocks previos. Pero los vientos en contra derivados de shocks de los términos de intercambio y de factores específicos de los países están amainando, y eso está desbrozando el camino para un crecimiento del PIB real de aproximadamente 1 por ciento en 2017. Se prevé que la actividad regional cobre más impulso en 2018, pero a un ritmo más lento de lo que se había previsto, en tanto que se proyecta que el crecimiento a mediano plazo permanezca en un nivel moderado de alrededor de 2,6 por ciento. Las perspectivas responden a cambios fundamentales en el panorama económico y de políticas a escala mundial, en el que el crecimiento lento, la baja productividad y una fuerte desigualdad del ingreso están generando presiones a favor de la adopción de políticas aislacionistas en algunas economías avanzadas. Sin embargo, los fundamentos y los resultados económicos internos seguirán cumpliendo un papel preponderante a la hora de determinar el crecimiento en muchas economías. Al mismo tiempo, los riesgos para el crecimiento regional se han ampliado, en un entorno de mayor incertidumbre en términos de las políticas a nivel mundial. En este contexto externo lleno de desafíos, se requiere apuntalar los ajustes fiscales y externos para preservar y reponer los márgenes de maniobra. La definición de una ruta hacia un crecimiento mayor, sostenible y más equitativo requerirá también de reformas estructurales más vigorosas. Concretamente, cerrar las brechas de infraestructura; mejorar el clima de negocios, la gestión de gobierno y los resultados de educación, y promover la participación de la mujer en la fuerza laboral son medidas necesarias para estimular el crecimiento a mediano plazo y promover la convergencia del ingreso. En otros capítulos de este informe se examinan el ajuste externo en curso ante las variaciones de los términos de intercambio, los factores que determinan los flujos de capital a la región, el papel que desempeña la base inversora y el impacto macroeconómico de la migración y las remesas.

International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.

Abstract

With the global economy gaining some momentum, economies of Latin America and the Caribbean are recovering from a recession at the regional level in 2016. This gradual improvement can be understood as tale of two adjustments, external and fiscal, that are ongoing in response to earlier shocks. But headwinds from commodity terms-of-trade shocks and country-specific domestic factors are fading, paving the way for real GDP to grow by about 1 percent in 2017. Regional activity is expected to pick up further momentum in 2018, but at a slower pace than previously anticipated, while medium-term growth is projected to remain modest at about 2.6 percent. The outlook is shaped by key shifts in the global economic and policy landscape—where slow growth, low productivity, and high income inequality are creating pressure for a shift toward inward- looking policies in some advanced economies. Domestic fundamentals and developments, however, will continue to play a significant role in determining growth for the region. At the same time, risks to the outlook have widened in a setting of higher global uncertainty. In this challenging external context, countries should aim for completing fiscal and external adjustments to preserve or rebuild policy buffers. Charting a course toward higher, sustainable, and more equitable growth will also require strengthening structural reforms. Specifically, closing infrastructure gaps, improving the business environment, governance, and education outcomes, and encouraging female labor participation are necessary to boost medium-term growth and foster income convergence. Chapters in this report examine the ongoing external adjustment to terms-of-trade shifts, drivers of capital flows to the region, the role of the investor base, and macroeconomic impact of migration and remittances.

International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
L’édition web du Bulletin du FMI est mise à jour plusieurs fois par semaine et contient de nombreux articles sur des questions de politique générale et de politique économique d'actualité. Accédez aux dernières recherches du FMI, lisez des interviews et écoutez des podcasts proposés par les principaux économistes du FMI sur des questions importantes de l'économie mondiale. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/home.aspx
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
The Web edition of the IMF Survey is updated several times a week, and contains a wealth of articles about topical policy and economic issues in the news. Access the latest IMF research, read interviews, and listen to podcasts given by top IMF economists on important issues in the global economy. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/home.aspx