Narrow Your Choices

Refine By Countries

Refine By Series

Refine By Language

Refine By Date

—

Refine By IMF Taxonomy

Refine By JEL Taxonomy

Refine by LOC Taxonomy

Refine By THEMA Taxonomy

  • Print
  • Save

Social Science > Emigration and Immigration

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 11 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
Clear All Modify Search
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Australia: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
This Selected Issues paper examines macroeconomic impact of migration in Australia. Migration in Australia has historically been a significant source of population growth, with a third of the population born overseas. Migration is set to become even more important as the population natural growth rate declines. Australia attracts some of the best-educated migrants to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries who are mostly skilled workers and students, with high labor force participation rates and low unemployment. Disentangling macroeconomic effects of migration from drivers of migration is challenging, but within Australia, migration surges have historically been associated with higher growth and favorable labor market outcomes, with negligible price pressures except in the housing market. Cross-country analysis using instrumental variables confirms a positive impact of migration on macroeconomic outcomes—output, employment, and productivity—without significant inflationary impact. While housing affordability is impacted at the margin, this could represent structural supply shortages and would be best addressed by boosting supply.
Keywords:
inflow shock; labor market outcome; I. Effects of Migration shock; macroeconomic outcome; labour outcome; Migration; Labor force participation; Population growth; Housing prices; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
New Zealand: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
This Selected Issues paper discusses interactions between external risks and the New Zealand economy. The current set of external risks has the potential to be extremely damaging to New Zealand, but two factors would likely mitigate the economic impact. First, the flexible exchange rate regime is a reliable shock absorber and automatic stabilizer from the perspective of GDP, although it leads to a rebalancing between the domestic and external sectors in the economy. Second, net migration flows can reduce the negative impact of lower external demand under some circumstances, such as a growth slowdown in Australia. Fiscal policy could also offset some of the short-term costs of adjustment. Fiscal policy can provide stimulus at relatively small and manageable cost to the already-low government debt to GDP ratio. Moreover, at the current juncture, fiscal policy might need to provide the bulk of policy support against negative shocks, as monetary policy might be ineffective if has become constrained by an effective lower bound on the monetary policy interest rate.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; monetary policy; price; welfare advantage; Consumption-equivalent welfare index; wellbeing indicator; income growth; living standard framework; Financial sector stability; Consumption; Macroprudential policy; Income; Migration; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Labor Market Performance of Immigrants in Germany
Robert C. M. Beyer
The paper uses a large survey (GSOEP) to analyze the labor market performance of immigrants in Germany. It finds that new immigrant workers earn on average 20 percent less than native workers with otherwise identical characteristics. The gap is smaller for immigrants from advanced countries, with good German language skills, and with a German degree, and larger for others. The gap declines gradually over time. Less success in obtaining jobs with higher occupational autonomy explains half of the wage gap. Immigrants are also initially less likely to participate in the labor market and more likely to be unemployed. While participation fully converges after 20 years, immigrants always remain more likely to be unemployed than the native labor force.
Keywords:
WP; skill downgrading; real wage; gap of immigrant; immigrants' wages catch-up; wage performance; migration; Germany; labor market; wages; unemployment; participation; Mincer-type wage equation; regression output; wage distribution; wage benefit; immigrants matter; Wage gap; Labor markets; Southern Europe
Cover Staff Discussion Notes
The Fiscal Consequences of Shrinking Populations
Mr. Benedict J. Clements
,
Mr. Kamil Dybczak
,
Vitor Gaspar
,
Mr. Sanjeev Gupta
, and
Mauricio Soto
This Staff Discussion Note looks at the stark fiscal challenges posed by the decline and aging of populations between now and 2100. It finds that without reforms, pensions and health spending would rise to 25 percent of GDP by end-century in more developed countries (and 16 percent of GDP in less developed countries), with potentially dire fiscal consequences. Given the uncertainty underlying the population projections and associated large fiscal risks, a multi-pronged approach will be required. This could include entitlement reform—starting now but at a gradual pace; policies that affect demographics and labor markets; and better tax systems and more efficient public expenditure.
Keywords:
SDN; dependency ratio; ratio; spending; Aging; Demographics; Public Debt; Pension Spending; Health Spending; Population Growth; health care; old-age dependency ratio; age-related spending; labor market; present discounted value; Health care spending; Migration; Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Remittances in the Pacific Region
Ms. Aiko Mineshima
and
Mr. Christopher Browne
Remittances are large and have grown substantially over the past decade in the Pacific region. This primarily reflects the impact of emigration due to low growth and limited employment prospects at home. Many Pacific emigrants settle abroad with their families for long periods, but maintain close links with their relatives, villages and churches. The paper finds that the altruistic motive for remittances remains much stronger in the Pacific region than in the rest of Asia, where investment considerations increasingly appear to predominate, especially for the large share of single citizens working abroad for limited periods.
Keywords:
WP; remittance inflow; country; island country; Tonga; government; Remittances; Pacific island countries; remittance channel; remittance flow; unrecorded remittance; government service delivery; Migration; Balance of payments statistics; Income; Pacific Islands; Australia and New Zealand; Middle East
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
New Zealand: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund
This Selected Issues paper analyzes the effect of international migration on unemployment in New Zealand. The empirical results in this paper suggest that net migration inflows give rise to a fall in the unemployment rate. The paper estimates a system of equations including the unemployment rate, real wage, net migration rate, and labor force participation rate, taking into account the interdependence of the variables. It also examines the impact of exchange rate volatility on export firms’ decisions to hedge foreign exchange exposure.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; OECD labor market Data.; interest rate; consumer spending; productivity; migration inflow; OECD labor market data; boosting productivity; household debt; OECD standard; Migration; Aging; Exchange rates; Consumption; Australia and New Zealand
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
United States: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund
This Selected Issues paper examines the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in the recent acceleration of labor productivity growth in the United States. The analysis reveals that the increase of total factor productivity (TFP) growth is a broad phenomenon that encompasses non-ICT producing sectors, consistent with the view that ICT is a “general purpose technology.” The paper investigates whether the productivity boom may have dampened employment in recent years. It also assesses the contribution of immigrants to the United State economy.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; income tax; taxpayer; information and communication technology; Fed official; TFP growth; inflation-output tradeoff; Fed's mandate; WTO membership; Migration; Income and capital gains taxes; Income tax systems; Global; East Asia; Asia and Pacific; Central America; Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
Implications of Migrationon Income and Welfare of Nationals
Mr. Kenichi Ueda
As labor has become more mobile in today's world, it is important to understand the income and welfare of nationals regardless of their residence. This paper develops two key concepts, gross migration-corrected product (GMP) and welfare cost of migration, and calculates them using New Zealand data. Growth performance measured by New Zealanders' income has been clearly better than suggested by the GDP. The welfare cost associated with a marginal change in the tax rate appears quite high.
Keywords:
WP; wage; wage difference; New Zealand wage; welfare cost; Welfare cost of migration; GMP; tax policy; labor market; NZ emigrant; New Zealand income; Migration; Income; Wages; Social security contributions; Income and capital gains taxes; Australia and New Zealand
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
New Zealand: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund
This Selected Issues paper presents an empirical comparison of New Zealand’s growth performance with that of Australia during the post-reform period. The paper shows that most of the divergence in income per capita between the two countries has been the result of lower accumulation of capital per hour worked, and to a lesser extent, lower efficiency in utilizing resources in New Zealand. The paper also examines how migration has affected the income and welfare of New Zealand nationals.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; exchange rate; price; pass-through; import price; exchange rate pass-through; wage difference; error correction model; household portfolio; Migration; Import prices; Exchange rates; Inflation; Exchange rate pass-through; Australia and New Zealand
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
New Zealand: Staff Report for the 2001 Article IV Consultation
International Monetary Fund
This 2001 Article IV Consultation highlights that since early 2001, domestic demand growth has recovered in New Zealand and contributed to sustain GDP growth in the wake of weaker net exports, owing to the economic slowdown in the rest of the world. The sharp rise in economic activity pushed the economy to a high level of resource use, as capacity utilization rates rose markedly in 2001. An improvement in business and consumer confidence in the first months of 2002 suggests that domestic demand is likely to maintain its momentum in the first half of 2002.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; economy; reserve bank of New Zealand; growth potential; economic growth prospect; government; New Zealand dollar; employment growth; wage inflation; Inflation; Exchange rates; Migration; Global; Australia and New Zealand