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Social Science > Demography

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 14 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Taiwan, Province of China x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
Government Debt and Growth: The Role of R&D
Can Sever
Economic growth in the advanced economies (AEs) has been slowing down since the early 2000s, while government debt ratios have been rising. The recent surge in debt at the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic has further intensified concerns about these phenomena. This paper aims to offer insight into the high-debt low-growth environment in AEs by exploring a causal link from government debt to future growth, specifically through the impact of debt on R&D activities. Using data from manufacturing industries since the 1980s, it shows that (i) government debt leads to a decline in growth, particularly in R&D-intensive industries; (ii) the differential effect of government debt on these industries is persistent; and (iii) more developed or open financial systems tend to mitigate this negative impact. These findings contribute to our understanding of the relationship between government debt and growth in AEs, given the role of technological progress and innovation in economic growth.
Keywords:
Government debt; fiscal policy; economic growth; R&D; innovation; financial development; economic growth in the advanced economies; R&D activity; impact of debt; debt level; affect tax dynamics; Financial sector development; Manufacturing; Productivity; Aging; Global
Cover Regional Economic Outlook, October 2021, Asia and Pacific
Regional Economic Outlook, October 2021, Asia and Pacific
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept

Abstract

Fall 2021 Regional Economic Outlook: Asia and Pacific--Navigating Waves of New Variants: Pandemic Resurgence Slows the Recovery

Keywords:
vaccine rollout; GVC trade; vaccine deployment; pandemic cycle; trade openness; COVID-19; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Trade barriers; Asia and Pacific; Global; Pacific Islands; North America
Cover IMF Working Papers
A TIP Against the COVID-19 Pandemic
Reda Cherif
and
Fuad Hasanov
A universal testing and isolation policy is the most viable way to vanquish a pandemic. Its implementation requires: (i) an epidemiological rather than clinical approach to testing, sacrificing accuracy for scalability, convenience and speed; and (ii) state intervention to ramp up production, similar to True Industrial Policy (TIP), on a global level to achieve a scale and speed the market alone would fail to provide. We sketch a strategy to tackle market failures and implement smart testing, especially in densely populated areas. The estimated cost of testing is dwarfed by its return, mitigating the economic fallout of the pandemic.
Keywords:
WP; production capacity; value chain; false positive; private sector; federal government; pharma company; financial support; State intervention; test kit; testing rate; Early warning systems; Public expenditure review; Global; Industrial policy; growth; manufacturing; epidemic; COVID-19; coronavirus; containment policy; SIR model
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Estonia: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper analyzes income convergence and medium-term growth potential for Estonia. Estonia’s potential growth is projected to average some 3 percent over the next five years and 2.75 percent over the next two decades, implying continued income convergence with European Union levels, albeit at only half its historical pace. A number of policy enhancements could lift growth above this central projection. These include a greater operational policy focus on raising productivity growth, scaling up a number of envisaged pro-growth programs, supporting the upgrading of traditional industries as a second leg of innovation policy, and fully restoring Estonia’s high investment.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; TFP growth; labor force; potential GDP; structural unemployment; capital stock; unemployment rate; Total factor productivity; Aging; Productivity; Western Europe; Europe; Central and Eastern Europe; Global; growth record; FDI inflow; R&D expenditure; staff team of the International Monetary Fund; qualification mismatch; Labor force participation
Cover The Economics of Public Health Care Reform in Advanced and Emerging Economies
The Economics of Public Health Care Reform in Advanced and Emerging Economies
Mr. David Coady
,
Mr. Benedict J. Clements
, and
Mr. Sanjeev Gupta

Abstract

Using cross-country analysis and case studies, this book provides new insights and potential policy responses for the key fiscal policy challenges that both advanced and emerging economies will be facing.

Keywords:
BOOK; spending; health system; health outcome; cost; EAP country; health spending; OECD health data; Health care spending; Health care; Insurance; Global; Asia and Pacific; Europe; East Asia; Africa; system efficiency; Caribbean
Cover IMF Working Papers
Universal Health Care 101: Lessons for the Eastern Caribbean and Beyond
Ms. Evridiki Tsounta
Despite the increasing interest in universal health care, little is known about the optimal way to finance, design, and implement it. This paper attempts to fill this gap by providing some general policy recommendations on this important issue. While most of the paper addresses the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU) countries, its policy implications are applicable to any country. The paper finds that the best financing option is country-specific depending on a country’s economic, cultural, institutional, demographic and epidemiological characteristics, as well as political economy considerations. However, taxation should be the primary financing source. It also concludes that an appropriate and realistic benefit package would need to be designed to ensure the system’s financial viability. Regarding the optimal way to implement universal health care, certain preconditions are needed, including sound public administration, a small informal economy, and a transparent health financing system that builds social consensus.
Keywords:
WP; health cost; health system; government Health spending; health financing goal; country authorities; Health economics; government expenditure; financing system; health financing; ECCU country; ECCU health system; health card; health outcome; health system attainment; health affair; health system performance; Health care spending; Health care; Social security contributions; Aging; Caribbean
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
São Tomé and Príncipe: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Progress Report
International Monetary Fund
São Tomé and Principe’s economy is heavily dependent on the international economy. The study assessed the country's macroeconomic, structural, and social policies in support of growth and poverty reduction. The implementation of the National poverty reduction strategy (NPRS) through People's Action Party (PAP) made some progress with the help of reforms implemented through government incentives. PAP envisages political measures, legislative and regulatory actions, restructuring and reorganization of government agencies, and Public Investment Program (PIP) for the different pillars of the NPRS. The study assessed that successful implementation of NPRS requires stability, real ownership of NPRS, and consistency between PIP and PAP.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; government; State reform; primary education; local government; XI program; government incentive; secondary education; financial support; Poverty reduction strategy; Poverty reduction; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Economic Transformation, Population Growth, and the Long-Run World Income Distribution
Mr. Marcos d Chamon
and
Mr. Michael R Kremer
This paper considers the long-run evolution of the world economy in a model where countries' opportunities to develop depend on their trade with advanced economies. As developing countries become advanced, they further improve trade opportunities for the remaining developing countries. Whether or not the world economy converges to widespread prosperity depends on the population growth differential between developing and advanced economies, the rate at which countries develop, and potentially on initial conditions. A calibration using historical data suggests that the long-run prospects for lagging developing regions, such as Africa, likely hinge on the sufficiently rapid development of China and India.
Keywords:
WP; small country; Population; growth; economic development; international trade; export opportunity; developing country labor; transaction cost; growth response; advanced country; growth determinant; Population growth; Migration; Personal income; Demographic change; Global
Cover India's and China's Recent Experience with Reform and Growth
India's and China's Recent Experience with Reform and Growth
Ms. Wanda S Tseng
and
Mr. David Cowen

Abstract

China and India already rank among the world's largest economies, and each is moving rapidly toward the center stage of the global economy. In this process, different priorities have been placed on economic reforms over the past two decades?China taking a more outward strategy and India, until recently, a more inward one. Can they continue to rank among the fastest-expanding economies? This volume addresses that issue, highlighting what has worked and what more needs to be done to ensure sustained rapid economic growth and poverty reduction. Addressing the two countries recent experiences with growth and reform, this book provides important insights for other developing economies. For more information on how to purchase this title, please visit http://www.palgrave.com/economics/imf/index.asp.

Keywords:
SEM; per capita income; independence movement; policy revolution; China's inability; state capitalism; textile industry; can India; Personal income; Agricultural sector; Public sector; Europe; Global; Southeast Asia; Eastern Europe; Western Europe; Income
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Singapore: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund
This Selected Issues paper analyzes quality upgrading and low-wage competition for Singapore. The analysis concludes that quality upgrading is indeed taking place in some products where low-wage competitors are entering. More generally, Singapore’s exports are of a higher quality than its regional competitors, and the quality gap has widened over time. This paper also assesses the factors behind the mixed results of Singapore banks’ outward expansion by examining the region’s industry structure and competitive conditions.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; bank; export growth; Singapore dummy; product indicator; parent bank; Singapore's export; Exports; Foreign banks; Export performance; Commercial banks; Asia and Pacific