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Social Science > Demography

You are looking at 1 - 8 of 8 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Environmental Economics: Government Policy x
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Cover High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
Sierra Leone: Climate Policy Diagnostic
Christine J. Richmond
,
Katja Funke
,
Henk Jan Reinders
,
Sunalika Singh
, and
Karlygash Zhunussova
Sierra Leone faces important development challenges. This includes dealing with the impacts of climate change such as rising temperatures, more frequent extreme hot days, and increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, with intensified single-day precipitation events. This is especially important given the country’s strong dependence on agriculture and hydropower. Climate change also requires improved Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and more forward-looking risk assessments. On the mitigation side, competing development needs have led to rapid urbanization and deforestation requiring a more integrated approach to land policy, planning, and forest protection. The country also needs substantial investments in its electricity, water, and waste sectors but private investment is lacking. The mission reviewed the current fiscal policies supporting climate action and provided recommendations to support the long-term climate resilience in Sierra Leone, while aligning with its overall development objectives.
Keywords:
climate policy diagnostic; climate mitigation; climate change management; land management reform; mitigation side; Climate policy; Climate change; Water resources; Natural disasters
Cover Technical Assistance Reports
Sierra Leone: Technical Assistance Report-Climate Policy Diagnostic
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
Sierra Leone faces important development challenges. This includes dealing with the impacts of climate change such as rising temperatures, more frequent extreme hot days, and increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, with intensified single-day precipitation events. This is especially important given the country’s strong dependence on agriculture and hydropower. Climate change also requires improved Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and more forward-looking risk assessments. On the mitigation side, competing development needs have led to rapid urbanization and deforestation requiring a more integrated approach to land policy, planning, and forest protection. The country also needs substantial investments in its electricity, water, and waste sectors but private investment is lacking. The mission reviewed the current fiscal policies supporting climate action and provided recommendations to support the long-term climate resilience in Sierra Leone, while aligning with its overall development objectives.
Keywords:
Climate policy; fiscal policy; climate adaptation; climate mitigation; Sierra Leone.; Sierra Leone roads authority; IMF resident Representative; climate policy diagnostic; policy consideration; Sierra Leone civil aviation authority; local government; land management; land tenure; Climate change; Natural disasters; Water resources; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Vanuatu: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
This Selected Issues paper discusses sea-level rise impacts and adaptation in Vanuatu. Sea-level will continue to increase during this century directly caused by global warming and melting of terrestrial ice. While Vanuatu cannot control global sea-level, it can manage how it affects the country by adapting. Staff analysis estimates the cost of sea-level rise under alternative adaptation strategies: (1) no-adaptation; (2) protection; and (3) planned retreat. Such analysis can help the government to identify trade-offs between efficiency and equity, and choose according to the preferences of the population, consistent with public finance objectives. Preliminary results show that complete protection of coastal areas in Vanuatu is costly while planned retreat from the coastline is the least-cost adaptation response. However, given the mountainous nature of the islands, only small areas of the main population centers of Port Vila and Luganville are at risk of being permanently inundated even with very high sea level rise.
Keywords:
summary statistics; sea-level rise; surface temperature; adaptation in Vanuatu; Vanuatu with CIAM; Climate change; Environmental policy; Natural disasters; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Adding Fuel to the Fire: How Weather Shocks Intensify Conflict
Sidra Rehman
and
Laura Jaramillo
Do weather shocks worsen conflict around the world? To answer this question, this paper uses an innovative dataset created by using georeferencing to match weather and conflict data at the subregional level on a monthly frequency across 168 countries over 2013 to 2022.The empirical results show that higher temperature exacerbate conflict where it already exists. Estimations indicate that, in a high emissions scenario and all else equal, by 2060 conflict deaths as a share of the population for a median country facing conflict could increase by 12.3 percent due to rising temperatures. These findings underscore the importance of integrating climate resilience into peace and security efforts and designing climate adaptation policies that support conflict prevention and resolution.
Keywords:
conflict; temperature; precipitation; climate change; weather shock; conflict intensity; IMF working paper No. 24/112; impact of weather; precipitation shock; Natural disasters; Food security; East Africa; Middle East
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Cyprus: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper highlights disinflation and monetary transmission in Cyprus. Inflation in Cyprus dropped in 2023 due to the diminishing impact of supply-side shocks and moderating demand. However, some domestic price pressures persist, mostly from nonfiscal aggregate demand. The analysis suggests that high core inflation in 2023 was driven both by demand and supply factors. The post-pandemic inflation surge is attributed to both supply and demand factors, with the latter dominating most of the time. Wage dynamics will influence the inflation outlook. While risks of a wage-price spiral have declined substantially, the extent to which remaining demand pressures will affect future inflation will partly depend on wage dynamics. Deposit rates saw delayed and smaller increases, likely driven by high banking sector liquidity and low competition. Continued commitment to containing aggregate demand is supporting the final stage of disinflation. The last mile of disinflation would benefit from containing aggregate demand. While supply disruptions are no longer materially impacting inflation, domestic demand continues to put pressure on prices.
Keywords:
B. climate mitigation; Policy pass-through; green tax reform; International Monetary Fund Washington, d.c; drivers of inflation; IMF-WB CPAT tool; Inflation; Climate change; Natural disasters; Global; Europe
Cover Staff Climate Notes
Climate Challenges in Fragile and Conflict-Affected States
Laura Jaramillo
,
Aliona Cebotari
,
Yoro Diallo
,
Rhea Gupta
,
Yugo Koshima
,
Chandana Kularatne
,
Jeong Dae Lee
,
Sidra Rehman
,
Mr. Kalin I Tintchev
, and
Fang Yang
Fragile and conflict-affected states (FCS) already face higher temperatures than other countries and will be more exposed to extreme heat and weather events going forward. Using innovative approaches, the paper finds that in FCS, climate vulnerability and underlying fragilities—namely conflict, heavy dependence on rainfed agriculture, and weak capacity—exacerbate each other, amplifying the negative impact on people and economies. FCS suffer more severe and persistent GDP losses than other countries due to climate shocks because their underlying fragilities amplify the impact of shocks, in particular in agriculture. At the same time, climate shocks worsen underlying fragilities, namely conflict. Macro-critical adaptation policies are needed to facilitate the immediate response to climate shocks and to build climate resilience over time. Sizeable and sustained international support—especially grants, concessional financing and capacity development—is urgent to avoid worse outcomes, including forced displacement and migration. The IMF is stepping up support to FCS in dealing with climate challenges through carefully tailored policy advice, financing, and capacity development.
Keywords:
Fragile and Conflict-Affected States; climate change; natural disasters; conflict; food security; adaptation; resilience; climate finance; IMF staff climate note; financing climate adaptation; climate vulnerability; climate resilience overtime; climate adaptation policy; Climate policy; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
South Africa: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This Selected Issues paper explores the link between social grants and employment in South Africa. Social grants have played an important role in alleviating poverty and inequality in South Africa. The literature has analyzed the link between social grants, means-tested and unconditional on employment, and employment in South Africa. The country’s social grant expenditure is relatively large amid persistently high unemployment. This study uses a large panel household survey spanning a decade to find that old age and disability grant recipients are less in employment as intended by the social program, consistent with the literature. The study adds to the literature by showing that, among “indirect recipients,” younger members typically have lower employment prospects than other indirect recipients. There could be various explanation for this finding, including that the youth are more discouraged from seeking jobs, face larger constraints in the labor market, or have less job opportunities.
Keywords:
employment probability; CLIMATE mitigation policy; procurement reform priority; carbon tax tax rate; carbon tax scenario; International Monetary Fund Washington, d.c; Carbon tax; Employment; Greenhouse gas emissions; Aging; Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Effects of Weather Shocks on Economic Activity: What are the Channels of Impact?
Mr. Sebastian Acevedo Mejia
,
Mr. Mico Mrkaic
,
Natalija Novta
,
Evgenia Pugacheva
, and
Petia Topalova
Global temperatures have increased at an unprecedented pace in the past 40 years. This paper finds that increases in temperature have uneven macroeconomic effects, with adverse consequences concentrated in countries with hot climates, such as most low-income countries. In these countries, a rise in temperature lowers per capita output, in both the short and medium term, through a wide array of channels: reduced agricultural output, suppressed productivity of workers exposed to heat, slower investment, and poorer health. In an unmitigated climate change scenario, and under very conservative assumptions, model simulations suggest the projected rise in temperature would imply a loss of around 9 percent of output for a representative low-income country by 2100.
Keywords:
WP; economic activity; dependent variable; Climate change; Environoment and growth; Climate policy; temperature increase; developing country; temperature shock; productivity effect; infant mortality; Public expenditure review; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Productivity; Global