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Social Science > Demography

You are looking at 1 - 6 of 6 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Papua New Guinea x
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Cover Policy Papers
A Strategy for IMF Engagement on Social Spending: Background Papers
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
,
International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, &amp
, and
Review Department
This Supplement presents an account of the extensive consultations and the results of various analyses that supported the development of “A Strategy for IMF Engagement on Social Spending.”
Keywords:
PP; spending; staff report; staff; IMF staff calculation; spending issue; social spending; IMF program; Health care spending; Education spending; Personal income; Total expenditures; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa; Asia and Pacific; Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Economic Impact of Natural Disasters in Pacific Island Countries: Adaptation and Preparedness
Dongyeol Lee
,
Huan Zhang
, and
Chau Nguyen
Pacific island countries are highly vulnerable to various natural disasters which are destructive, unpredictable and occur frequently. The frequency and scale of these shocks heightens the importance of medium-term economic and fiscal planning to minimize the adverse impact of disasters on economic development. This paper identifies the intensity of natural disasters for each country in the Pacific based on the distribution of damage and population affected by disasters, and estimates the impact of disasters on economic growth and international trade using a panel regression. The results show that “severe” disasters have a significant and negative impact on economic growth and lead to a deterioration of the fiscal and trade balance. We also find that the negative impact on growth is stronger for more intense disasters. Going further this paper proposes a simple and consistent method to adjust IMF staff’s economic projections and debt sustainability analysis for disaster shocks for the Pacific islands. Better incorporating the economic impact of natural disasters in the medium- and long-term economic planning would help policy makers improve fiscal policy decisions and to be better adapted and prepared for natural disasters.
Keywords:
WP; GDP growth; percentile rank; balance-to-GDP ratio; estimation result; Natural Disaster; Growth; Fiscal Balance; International Trade; Debt Sustainability; coefficient estimate; disaster year; mass movement; Natural disasters; Fiscal stance; Trade balance; Debt sustainability analysis; Pacific Islands
Cover Policy Papers
Further Thoughts on a New Quota Formula, and Statistical Appendices I and II
International Monetary Fund
The Board of Governors in a Resolution adopted on September 18 requested that the Executive Board reach agreement on a new quota formula, starting discussions soon after the Annual Meetings in Singapore. According to the Resolution, this work should be completed by the Annual Meetings in 2007, and no later than the IMFC Meeting in the Spring of 2008. The Resolution states that the new formula should provide a simpler and more transparent means of capturing members’ relative positions in the world economy. This new formula would provide the basis for a second round of ad hoc quota increases, as part of the program of quota and voice reform to be completed by the Annual Meetings in 2007, and no later than by the Annual Meetings of 2008. This paper explores key issues related to a new quota formula as background for an informal Board seminar. This seminar is the first opportunity for the Board to discuss the new formula since the adoption of the Resolution. The paper first reviews the broad considerations and principles that should guide the design of a new quota formula, taking as a starting point the roles of quotas in the Fund. The paper also considers more specific issues in that light, such as the selection of variables and possible functional forms for the new formula. In examining these issues, the paper draws on the extensive discussion of the quota formulas in recent years, taking up questions raised both within the Board and in other fora.
Keywords:
PP; IMF document; document; href; body; specification of GDP; average GDP; current receipt; quota formula; Capital flows; International investment position; Purchasing power parity; Market exchange rates; International banking; Africa; Global; Middle East; Western Hemisphere; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Survey
IMF Survey: Volume 29, Issue 20
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
In conjunction with its annual Article IV consultation with Japan, IMF staff prepared a background paper (Japan-Selected Issues) on a number of key topics. Two chapters of that paper dealt with the macroeconomic and fiscal implications of Japan's aging population. The authors-Hamid Faruqee, an Economist in the Research Department, and Martin Mühleisen, an Economist in the Asia and Pacific Department-speak with the IMF Survey about their findings.
Keywords:
SV; IMF policy development; IMF Treasurer's Department; EFF arrangement; growth facility; fund Facility; transition economy; Asset prices; Inflation targeting; Aging; Inflation; Poverty reduction; Global; Africa; Central and Eastern Europe; East Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover International Comparisons of Government Expenditure Revisited
International Comparisons of Government Expenditure Revisited
The Developing Countries 1975-86: Occa Paper No.69
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

This chapter discusses the changes that have taken place in the underlying structural relationships determining government expenditures between 1975 and 1986. The paper describes the methodological problems in analyzing the determinants of government expenditure patterns, and the issues involved in making cross-country expenditure comparisons, and the problems confronting country economists in assessing a country's expenditure profile. The Tait-Heller study concluded that the international expenditure comparison (IEC) framework provided a “starting point” for analysis. In many respects, this conclusion would still appear valid; if anything, the issues associated with using the IEC indices have become more rather than less complex. Data limitations also pose a limiting factor on the usefulness of an analysis of the IEC indices of a country, and even more strongly suggest its use only as complementary to more detailed sectoral and economic analyses of expenditure profiles. The results for the developing countries in the European region are almost identical to those observed in Africa, with the key exception being an increased priority for expenditure on social security and welfare and a decline in the priority attached to education.

Keywords:
OP; app02tab16fn01; expenditure share; app02tab13fn01; comparison indices; aggregate expenditure category; expenditure equation; expenditure structure; Income; Total expenditures; Interest payments; Western Hemisphere; Middle East; Africa; Asia and Pacific; Europe; shape expenditure pattern; expenditure category; structure of a country
Cover International Comparisons of Government Expenditure
International Comparisons of Government Expenditure
Mr. Peter S. Heller
and
Mr. Alan A. Tait

Abstract

Many studies on International tax compaisons have been undertaken since the early 1970s. While controversial, such studies have facilitated more subtle comparisons of a country's tax performance than would be afforded by focusing on its simple tax ratio.

Keywords:
OP; government expenditure; country; vis-à-vis subsidy; IED goods; expenditure category; expenditure indices; comparison index; Capital spending; Personal income; Current spending; Middle East; Africa; North Africa; Europe