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Social Science > Demography

You are looking at 1 - 6 of 6 items for :

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Cover Departmental Papers
Regional Spillovers from the Venezuelan Crisis: Migration Flows and Their Impact on Latin America and the Caribbean
Mr. Jorge A Alvarez
,
Mr. Marco Arena
,
Alain Brousseau
,
Mr. Hamid Faruqee
,
Emilio William Fernandez Corugedo
,
Mr. Jaime Guajardo
,
Gerardo Peraza
, and
Juan Yepez
As a new migration crisis is unfolding in Europe because of the war in Ukraine, the purpose of this paper is to also highlight the ongoing migration crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) due to Venezuela’s economic collapse. The stock of Venezuelan migrants reached 5 million in 2019, most of which had settled in other LAC countries. Following a temporary halt during the pandemic, migration from Venezuela has resumed, with the stock of migrants reaching 6.1 million in 2021. These migration flows are expected to continue in the coming years, which can strain public services and labor markets in the recipient economies in LAC. This Departmental Paper focuses on migration spillovers from the Venezuelan economic and social crisis. It sheds light on how migration can raise GDP growth and affect fiscal and external positions in host countries. It also discusses policy options, including greater support for education and integration into the workforce, which could help migrants find jobs to match their skills and help raise growth prospects in recipient countries.
Keywords:
Migration labor market unemployment spillover effects; Migration flow; migration flow; Venezuela crisis; Migration inflow; Migration spillover; policy action; Venezuelan migrant; Migration; Labor markets; Human capital; Caribbean; Global; South America; Central America
Cover IMF Working Papers
Closing Peru’s Ethnic Gaps Amidst Sustained Economic Growth
Carlos Chavez
,
Mr. Gonzalo Salinas
, and
Yuri Zamora
We analyze the recent evolution of ethnic economic inequality in Peru, a major source of social discontent in the country. Household survey data indicates that recent decades of high output growth also witnessed a substantial narrowing of socioeconomic gaps among ethnicities. Most notably, the Mestizo ethnic group surpassed the White group in income per capita, and Native American also experienced a relative improvement. Mincerian regression analysis suggests that the main contributors to these developments were rural-to-urban migration and increased education. Based on our statistical findings, we propose enhancing education and other public services, increasing government revenues, lowering informality, and promoting competition as the main public policies that could accelerate the ongoing narrowing of ethnic gaps.
Keywords:
Income Inequality; Informal Economy; Poverty; Welfare.; household survey data; labor income; Earnings function; gaps narrow; regression analysis; Income; Income distribution; Public employment; East Asia; Caribbean
Cover IMF Working Papers
COVID-19 in Latin America: A High Toll on Lives and Livelihoods
Mr. Bas B. Bakker
and
Carlos Goncalves
Latin America was hit hard by Covid-19, both in terms of lives and livelihoods. Early lockdowns in the second quarter of 2020 prevented an explosion of deaths at the time but did not stop the pandemic from later wreaking havoc in the region. This paper investigates the dynamics of pandemics in Latin America and how it differed from elsewhere. We probe the role of non-pharmaceutical interventions; the effectiveness (or lack of thereof) lock-downs in Latin America; which structural factors contributed to the high death toll in Latin America, and the extent to which the epidemic harmed the economy. Finally, we briefly analyze the roots of the second-waves that started in the fourth quarter of 2020.
Keywords:
later lockdown; dynamics of Covid-19 epidemic; lock-downs in Latin America; modeling lockdown type; lockdowns in Latin America; COVID-19; South America; Caribbean; Europe; Western Europe; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Working Papers
Informality and the Challenge of Pension Adequacy: Outlook and Reform Options for Peru
Christoph Freudenberg
and
Mr. Frederik G Toscani
Past reforms have put the Peruvian pension system on a largely fiscally sustainable path, but the system faces important challenges in providing adequate pension levels for a large share of the population. Using administrative microdata at the affiliate level, we project replacement rates in the defined benefit (DB) and defined contribution (DC) pillars over the next 30 years and simulate the impact of various reform scenarios on the average level and distribution of pensions. In the DB pillar, the regressive minimum contribution period should be re-thought, while in the DC pillar a broadening of the contribution base and/or an increase in contribution rates would help increase replacement rates relative to the baseline forecast of 25-33 percent. A higher net real rate of return than assumed in the baseline would also have a significant positive impact. In the medium-term, labor market reform to tackle informality, and a broad pension reform to restructure the system and avoid competition between the DB and DC pillars should be a priority. Given low pension coverage, having a strong non-contributory pillar will remain important for the foreseeable future.
Keywords:
WP; replacement rate; retirement age; SNP affiliate; SPP data; Pension System; Contribution Density; Replacement Rates; Peru; SNP State budget; Asociación International; SPP pension; SPP simulation; SPP affiliate; SPP mortality tables; Fondos de Pensiones; SPP assets; SNP calculation; Pensions; Pension spending; Retirement; Wages; Aging; Central and Eastern Europe; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Serbia: Selected Issues Paper
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper on Serbia’s Article IV Consultation reviews the precrisis growth paradigm and its legacy vulnerabilities. The underlying growth model proved vulnerable to shocks, being associated with a high share of nontradable, low domestic savings, and a fragile external position. Convergence to EU income levels was relatively moderate. Economic growth fell following the onset of the global financial crisis and further slowed the pace of convergence. Serbia’s postcrisis income gap remains larger by comparison to more advanced regional economies. Structural bottlenecks continue to undermine overall competitiveness and constrain growth potential.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Serbia; deficit; pension; GDP; indexation rule; tax expenditure; FDI inflow; greenfield FDI; resource revenue account; Corporate income tax; Aging; Wages; Pensions; Global; Europe
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, March 1969
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
This paper analyzes economic implications of high rates of population growth in the world. The paper highlights that today, the world population is growing at a rate that is 30 times as high as the average rate of growth between the first century A.D. and 1650. In less developed countries, this rate is 40 times as high. In discussing the advantages that economic development derives when human fertility is reduced, the paper shows that while some commonly held beliefs about these are correct, others are out of touch with modern expert thinking.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; country; cost; export; birth rate; country population estimate; stand-by arrangement; fertility decline; Bank-IDA financing; developed country; Personal income; Exports; Imports; National income; South Asia; East Africa; Africa; Global; Western Europe