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Social Science > Demography

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Cover IMF Working Papers
The Spending Challenge of Achieving the SDGs in South Asia: Lessons from India
Ms. Mercedes Garcia-Escribano
,
Ms. Tewodaj Mogues
,
Marian Moszoro
, and
Mauricio Soto
South Asia has experienced significant progress in improving human and physical capital over the past few decades. Within the region, India has become a global economic powerhouse with enormous development potential ahead. To foster human and economic development, India has shown a strong commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Agenda. This paper focuses on the medium-term development challenges that South Asia, and in particular India, faces to ensure substantial progress along the SDGs by 2030. We estimate the additional spending needed in critical areas of human capital (health and education) and physical capital (water and sanitation, electricity, and roads). We document progress on these five sectors for India relative to other South Asian countries and discuss implications for policy and reform.
Keywords:
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Human Capital; Infrastructure; India; spending estimation; health outcome; spending challenge; physical capital; SDG sector; Sustainable Development Goals (SDG); Electricity; South Asia
Cover Departmental Papers
Is South Asia Ready for Take Off?: A Sustainable and Inclusive Growth Agenda
Ms. Manuela Goretti
,
Mr. Daisaku Kihara
,
Mr. Ranil M Salgado
, and
Ms. Anne Marie Gulde
Since the mid-1980s, durable reforms coupled with prudent macroeconomic management have brought steady progress to the South Asia region, making it one of the world’s fastest growing regions. Real GDP growth has steadily increased from an average of about 3 percent in the 1970s to 7 percent over the last decade. Although growth trajectories varied across countries, reforms supported strong per capita income growth in the region, lifting over 200 million people out of poverty in the last three decades. Today, South Asia accounts for one-fifth of the world’s population and, thanks to India’s increasing performance, contributes to over 15 percent of global growth. Looking ahead, the authors find that South Asia is poised to play an even bigger role in the global economy, in both relative and absolute terms. India has overtaken China as the fastest growing large economy and South Asia’s contribution to global growth is set to increase, while more mature economies decelerate. Greater economic diversification, with an expansion of the service sector, improvements in education, and a still sizable demographic dividend are among the key elements underpinning this performance. Based on demographic trends, more than 150 million people in the region are expected to enter the labor market by 2030. This young and large workforce can be South Asia’s strength, if supported by a successful high-quality and job-rich growth strategy. Amid a changing global economic landscape, the authors argue that South Asia will need to leverage on all sectors of the economy in a balanced way, supporting improvements in agricultural productivity and a sustainable expansion of manufacturing, while promoting higher-skill services, to achieve this goal.
Keywords:
DPPP; DP; India; economy; IMF staff calculation; service sector; South Asia region; FDI liberalization; growth strategy; employment elasticity; liberalization path; pro-business reform; reform scenario; export-led growth; Labor force; Income; Productivity; South Asia; Global; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Maldives: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
International Monetary Fund
The Seventh National Development Plan of the Maldives envisages sustainable development with economic growth, social equity, environment protection, and good governance. The report assesses the policies and strategies needed to achieve the goals as well as the agencies responsible to implement the policies. It also summarizes the principles, vision, and goals of the National Development Plan (NDP) and assesses the economic, spatial, social development, and governing factors of the plan. It discusses the priorities, responsibilities, and accountabilities for development, and assessed that monitoring and evaluation is necessary for higher performance and greater accountability.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; private sector; financial support; foreign policy; transport network; construction industry; exclusive economic zone; legal system; basic education; community development; income support; continuing education; Housing; Global; South Asia; Middle East
Cover IMF Survey
IMF Survey, Volume 32, Issue 19
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
The Web edition of the IMF Survey is updated several times a week, and contains a wealth of articles about topical policy and economic issues in the news. Access the latest IMF research, read interviews, and listen to podcasts given by top IMF economists on important issues in the global economy. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/home.aspx
Keywords:
SV; Dem. rep.; Horst Köhler; IMF's website; IMF S; IMF publication service; IMF survey; Lao people's Dem. rep; Currencies; Demographic change; Payment systems; Climate change; Global; Middle East; South Asia; East Asia
Cover IMF Working Papers
Poverty in a Wealthy Economy: The Case of Nigeria
Sudharshan Canagarajah
and
Mr. Saji Thomas
This paper describes the nature and evolution of poverty in Nigeria between 1985 and 1992. It highlights the potential wealth of the Nigerian economy and examines how the economic policies pursued in the 1980s and 1990s impacted economic growth and welfare. The headcount measure of poverty in Nigeria declined from 43 percent to 34 percent between 1985 and 1992. Decomposing the factors causing the reduction in poverty shows that the overall decline of 9 percentage point was the net result of a 14 percentage point decline owing to the growth factor and a 5 percentage point increase owing to the income distribution factor. The paper proposes that promoting broad-based growth and targeted interventions in health, education, and infrastructure need to be central strategies in the fight against poverty in Nigeria.
Keywords:
WP; economic growth; per capita income; terms of trade; poverty incidence; standard of living; Poverty; Income distribution; Targeting; Nigeria; oil wealth; export income; poverty level; poverty line income; FGT poverty measure; profile of Nigeria; gap index; poverty incidence in Nigeria; poverty profile of Nigeria; Poverty reduction; Personal income; Africa; Asia and Pacific; Sub-Saharan Africa