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Social Science > Demography

You are looking at 1 - 2 of 2 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • International Economics: General x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
E-Commerce During COVID in Spain: One “Click” Does Not Fit All
Prachi Mishra
,
Alvaro Ortiz
,
Tomasa Rodrigo
,
Antonio Spilimbergo
, and
Sirenia Vazquez
The share of e-commerce in total credit-card spending boomed during Covid in Spain. In particular, women, youth, and urban consumers used e-commerce proportionally more during the pandemic, especially for services. Using a unique proprietary dataset on credit card transactions, we test conjectures about consumers’ behavior (based on fear, hoarding, or learning) during Covid. Overall, e-commerce share reverted to its pre-Covid trend as the pandemic waned. However, some consumers with lower pre-Covid e-commerce usage tend to permanently use more e-commerce, supporting the conjecture of “learning by locking” for these individuals.
Keywords:
e-commerce; Covid; learning; e-commerce share; aggregate consumption e-commerce; Covid trend; share of e-commerce; Covid e-commerce usage; COVID-19; Consumption; Total expenditures; Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
COVID-19 and Emerging Markets: An Epidemiological Model with International Production Networks and Capital Flows
Cem Cakmakli
,
Selva Demiralp
,
Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan
,
Sevcan Yesiltas
, and
Muhammed A. Yildirim
We quantify the macroeconomic effects of COVID-19 for a small open economy by calibrating a SIR-multi-sector-macro model. We measure sectoral supply shocks utilizing teleworking and physical job proximity, and demand shocks with credit card purchases. Both shocks are also affected from changing infection rates under different lockdown scenarios. Being an open economy amplifies the economic costs through two main channels. First, the demand shock has domestic and external components. Second, the initial shock is magnified due to domestic and international input-output linkages.
Keywords:
WP; stimulus package; open economy; inflation rate; COVID-19; Debt Monetisation; External Finance; SIR; Input-Output Tables; Emerging Markets; economic cost; monetary policy; foreign currency; debt monetization; supply and demand; total output; utility function; swap line; Demand elasticity; Global; closed economy; Unconventional monetary policies