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Social Science > Demography

You are looking at 1 - 8 of 8 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Central African Republic x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
The Economic Consequences of Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa
Xiangming Fang
,
Siddharth Kothari
,
Mr. Cameron McLoughlin
, and
Mustafa Yenice
Sub-Saharan Africa has been marred by conflicts during the past several decades. While the intensity of conflicts in recent years is lower than that observed in the 1990s, the region remains prone to conflicts, with around 30 percent of the countries affected in 2019. In addition to immeasurable human suffering, conflicts impose large economic costs. On average, annual growth in countries in intense conflicts is about 2.5 percentage points lower, and the cumulative impact on per capita GDP increases over time. Furthermore, conflicts pose significant strains on countries’ public finances, lowering revenue, raising military spending, and shifting resources away from development and social spending.
Keywords:
conflict; growth; fiscal policy; military spending; sub-Saharan Africa; sub-Saharan Africa country; partner country growth; per-capita GDP; Sahel region; growth rate; public finances; No. of country; conflict country; civil war; time effect; country classification; Defense spending; Capital spending; Total expenditures; Africa; Middle East; East Africa; North Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Bridging the Mobile Digital Divide in Sub-Saharan Africa: Costing under Demographic Change and Urbanization
Mr. Emre Alper
and
Michal Miktus
Digital connectivity, including through the modern cellular network technologies, is expected to play a key role for the Future of Work in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We estimate the cost of introducing a full-scale 4G network by 2025 in SSA and an operable 5G network by 2040. We adapt the costing model of Lombardo (2019) by accounting for the significant demographic transformation and rapid urbanization in SSA. We use the WorldPop and GADM databases and the UN’s medium-variant population projections to project the population densities at the highest level of administrative division for each SSA country in 2025 and 2040. For full 4G connectivity, the required capital and operational costs stands approximately at US$14 billion by 2025 and for 5G connectivity, costs amount to US$57 billion in 2040, conditional on having the 4G in place by 2025. These costs roughly translate to 8.4 percent of annual subscriber income, on a median basis, by 2025 for 4G and 4.9 percent of subscriber income by 2040 for 5G. Having the infrastructure in place is not sufficient to bridge the mobile Digital Divide. In addition, policies are needed to address affordability and knowledge gaps.
Keywords:
WP; internet access; Digitalization; 5G cellular network; Demographics; Urbanization; SSA economy; SSA population; SSA GDP; technology adoption; aggregate cost estimate; network cost; Infrastructure; Capital spending; Public expenditure review; Global; Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Central African Republic: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper: First Annual Progress Report
International Monetary Fund
This paper discusses key findings of the first annual progress report on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) for Central African Republic. The first year of PRSP implementation was characterized by an unfavorable international economic environment, with its repercussions on the national economy. The various external shocks have led to instability in budget resources, a surge in inflation, an aggravated foreign trade deficit, and slowed growth. Despite this unfavorable economic cycle, with the help of its development partners, the government has established an institutional framework for PRSP implementation, monitoring, and assessment.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; development partner; financial support; feasibility study; standard of living; international community; Poverty reduction strategy; Global
Cover Policy Papers
Further Thoughts on a New Quota Formula, and Statistical Appendices I and II
International Monetary Fund
The Board of Governors in a Resolution adopted on September 18 requested that the Executive Board reach agreement on a new quota formula, starting discussions soon after the Annual Meetings in Singapore. According to the Resolution, this work should be completed by the Annual Meetings in 2007, and no later than the IMFC Meeting in the Spring of 2008. The Resolution states that the new formula should provide a simpler and more transparent means of capturing members’ relative positions in the world economy. This new formula would provide the basis for a second round of ad hoc quota increases, as part of the program of quota and voice reform to be completed by the Annual Meetings in 2007, and no later than by the Annual Meetings of 2008. This paper explores key issues related to a new quota formula as background for an informal Board seminar. This seminar is the first opportunity for the Board to discuss the new formula since the adoption of the Resolution. The paper first reviews the broad considerations and principles that should guide the design of a new quota formula, taking as a starting point the roles of quotas in the Fund. The paper also considers more specific issues in that light, such as the selection of variables and possible functional forms for the new formula. In examining these issues, the paper draws on the extensive discussion of the quota formulas in recent years, taking up questions raised both within the Board and in other fora.
Keywords:
PP; IMF document; document; href; body; specification of GDP; average GDP; current receipt; quota formula; Capital flows; International investment position; Purchasing power parity; Market exchange rates; International banking; Africa; Global; Middle East; Western Hemisphere; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Cameroon: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
International Monetary Fund
The paper provides an overview of recent economic and social developments in Cameroon. The state and the dynamics of poverty has been analyzed. The pillars of the short- and medium-term growth and poverty reduction strategy have been described. The paper provides a quantitative assessment and costing of Cameroon’s poverty reduction strategy, a consistency check between the macroeconomic framework and sector strategies, and estimates of the total cost of the strategy. It also explains how the poverty reduction strategy will be monitored and evaluated.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; private sector; civil society; public expenditure; comparative advantage; poverty rate; real GDP; structural adjustment; primary sector; Poverty reduction strategy; Africa; Central Africa; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa
Mr. Dhaneshwar Ghura
and
Mr. Michael T. Hadjimichael
The paper investigates empirically the determinants of economic growth for a large sample of sub-Saharan African countries during 1981-92. The results indicate that (i) an increase in private investment has a relatively large positive impact on per capita growth; (ii) growth is stimulated by public policies that lower the budget deficit in relation to GDP (without reducing government investment), reduce the rate of inflation, maintain external competitiveness, promote structural reforms, encourage human capital development, and slow population growth; and (iii) convergence of per capita income occurs after controlling for human capital development and public policies.
Keywords:
WP; budget deficit; private sector; terms of trade; CFA franc; rate of inflation; production function; government budget deficit; comparable indicator; terms of trade loss; investment decision; private sector development; government involvement; per capita income; private sector saving; Human capital; Private investment; Real effective exchange rates; Public investment spending; Population growth; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Military Expenditures 1972-1990: The Reasons Behind the Post-1985 Fall in World Military Spending
Mr. Daniel P. Hewitt
World military expenditures have fallen by over 20 percent in proportion to GDP from 1985 to 1990. This study examines the determinants of military expenditures in 125 countries during 1972-90 to ascertain what factors may be behind the recent decreases. Economic decline among developing countries in the 1980s and among industrial countries in the later part of the decade emerges as one possible factor. A second is the move towards more democratic regimes, which could diminish support for the military. A third factor is the improved world security situation and the concomitant decrease in military aid by the former major cold war combatants.
Keywords:
WP; form of government; military expenditure; central government; transition country; net creditor nation; country equation; proportion of GDP; civil war; North African country; Defense spending; Central government spending; Personal income; Eastern Europe; Sub-Saharan Africa; Middle East; Western Hemisphere; North Africa
Cover International Comparisons of Government Expenditure Revisited
International Comparisons of Government Expenditure Revisited
The Developing Countries 1975-86: Occa Paper No.69
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

This chapter discusses the changes that have taken place in the underlying structural relationships determining government expenditures between 1975 and 1986. The paper describes the methodological problems in analyzing the determinants of government expenditure patterns, and the issues involved in making cross-country expenditure comparisons, and the problems confronting country economists in assessing a country's expenditure profile. The Tait-Heller study concluded that the international expenditure comparison (IEC) framework provided a “starting point” for analysis. In many respects, this conclusion would still appear valid; if anything, the issues associated with using the IEC indices have become more rather than less complex. Data limitations also pose a limiting factor on the usefulness of an analysis of the IEC indices of a country, and even more strongly suggest its use only as complementary to more detailed sectoral and economic analyses of expenditure profiles. The results for the developing countries in the European region are almost identical to those observed in Africa, with the key exception being an increased priority for expenditure on social security and welfare and a decline in the priority attached to education.

Keywords:
OP; app02tab16fn01; expenditure share; app02tab13fn01; comparison indices; aggregate expenditure category; expenditure equation; expenditure structure; Income; Total expenditures; Interest payments; Western Hemisphere; Middle East; Africa; Asia and Pacific; Europe; shape expenditure pattern; expenditure category; structure of a country