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Social Science > Demography

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Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Belgium: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund
This Selected Issues paper analyzes the challenge of population aging for Belgium. It argues that the aging strategy should be broadened to include more explicitly the objective of raising employment rates to foster potential growth. The paper discusses assumptions underlying the official aging projections, and presents an alternative baseline scenario on the basis of unchanged policies. It discusses the feasibility of strategies that rely exclusively on either fiscal or labor market adjustment, and illustrates the benefits of a two-pronged strategy. The paper also examines employment effects of reductions in labor taxes in a wage-bargaining model.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; labor market; employment rate; labor market reform; GDP growth; wage norm; cost projection; labor market adjustment; Employment; Labor costs; Aging; Tax wedge; Wages; Europe
Cover IMF Working Papers
Rationing Rules and Outcomes: The Experience of Singapore’s Vehicle Quota System
Ms. Ling H Tan
Since 1990, Singapore has sought to control motor vehicle ownership by means of an auction quota system, whereby prospective vehicle buyers need to obtain a quota license before they can make their purchase. This paper assesses the success of the vehicle quota system in meeting its objectives of stability in motor vehicle growth, flexibility in the motor vehicle mix, and equity among motor vehicle buyers. Two important implementation issues-quota subcategorization and license transferability-are highlighted, and policy lessons are drawn for the design of auction quotas in general.
Keywords:
WP; quota license; quota premium; rate of growth; Quotas; auctions; licenses; transferability; subcategorization; license price; supply and demand factor; pollution permit; quota implementation; license category; category license; car buyer; auction quota; price variable; quota growth; Population growth; Transaction tax; Arbitrage; Tax incidence
Cover IMF Working Papers
Tax Burden and Migration: A Political Economy Perspective
Efraim Sadka
and
Assaf Razin
The extent of taxation and redistribution policy is generally determined at a political-economy equilibrium by a balance between those who gain and those who lose from a more extensive tax-transfer policy. In a stylized model of migration and human capital formation, we find, somewhat against conventional wisdom, that low-skill migration may lead to a lower tax burden and less redistribution than no migration, even though the migrants join the pro-tax coalition.
Keywords:
WP; math; mover accent; migration quota; tax-transfer policy; equilibrium tax rate; equilibrium migration condition; income gap; low-skill migrant; Migration; Consumption; Tax incidence
Cover IMF Working Papers
U.S. Private Saving and the Tax Treatment of IRA/401(k)s: A Re-examination Using Household Survey Data
Mr. Alun H. Thomas
and
Mr. Christopher M Towe
The effect of the tax treatment of IRA/401(k)s on U.S. personal saving is examined using household survey data from the Survey of Consumer Finances. The results suggest that the tax treatment of IRA/401(k)s encouraged households to increase the share of assets held in the form of pension savings, at the expense of saving in the form of housing equity. Some evidence also was found to suggest that the tax treatment of pension savings similarly affected the flow of saving. In particular, the data appeared to reject the hypothesis that the tax treatment of IRA/401(k)s increased total personal saving.
Keywords:
WP; asset share; saving rate; assets--financial assets; threshold dummy; wealth household; Income; Marginal effective tax rate; Pensions; Aging; Stocks