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Middle East and Central Asia > Saudi Arabia

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Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Somalia: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This Selected Issues the state of educational attainment in Somalia and explores the potential growth dividends from increasing access to education and closing gender gaps in education. Somalia experienced significant loss in human capital over two decades of civil strife. Education outcomes in Somalia are among of the lowest in the world, and even worse for women. It will be important that Somalia sets strong foundations for building its education system and expanding access to education, while mobilizing the resources to do so, with continued support from international partners. The paper recommends that Somali authorities gradually increase education spending, by mobilizing both domestic and external resources. Model estimates show that increasing education access to the level of Low Human Development countries and closing gender gaps could raise real gross domestic product by close to 40 percent over the next 25 years. Given extremely limited resources and capacity, Somalia will need to carefully prioritize policies that can deliver near-term wins as it gradually develops its public education system. Improving access and quality of education will require greater resources, supported by additional domestic revenues and sustained support from development partners.
Keywords:
satellite imagery data; EAC accession; sensor data; Somalia's integration; partner States; D. policy priority; satellite data; Pensions; Civil service; Gender inequality; Customs unions; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa; East Africa; Africa
Cover IMF Working Papers
Automation and Welfare: The Role of Bequests and Education
Manuk Ghazanchyan
,
Alexei Goumilevski
, and
Alex Mourmouras
This paper examines the welfare effects of automation in neoclassical growth models with and without intergenerational transfers. In a standard overlapping generations model without such transfers, improvements in automation technologies that would lower welfare can be mitigated by shifts in labor supply related to demographics or pandemics. With perfect intergenerational transfers based on altruism, automation could raise the well-being of all generations. With imperfect altruism, fiscal transfers (universal basic income) and public policies to expand access to education opportunities can alleviate much of the negative effect of automation.
Keywords:
Automation; Aging; Altruism; Fiscal Policy; Education; Overlapping Generations; appendix B. Replicating Kotlikoff; automation technology; IMF working papers; welfare effect; S model; production function; Income; Human capital; Consumption; Global
Cover Departmental Papers
Social Spending for Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and Central Asia
Mr. Koshy Mathai
,
Mr. Christoph Duenwald
,
Ms. Anastasia Guscina
,
Rayah Al-Farah
,
Mr. Hatim Bukhari
,
Mr. Atif Chaudry
,
Moataz El-Said
,
Fozan Fareed
,
Mrs. Kerstin Gerling
,
Nghia-Piotr Le
,
Mr. Franto Ricka
,
Mr. Cesar Serra
,
Tetyana Sydorenko
,
Mr. Sébastien Walker
, and
Mr. Mohammed Zaher
This paper examines the role of social spending in improving socioeconomic outcomes in the Middle East and Central Asia. In particular, it addresses the following questions: (1) how large is social spending across the region? (2) how do countries in the region fare on socioeconomic outcomes? (3) how important is social spending as a determinant of these outcomes? and (4) how efficient is social spending in the region?
Keywords:
Social spending; Social protection; Inclusive growth; DPPP; DP; IMF staff calculation; spend; purchasing power parity; spending efficiency
Cover Departmental Papers
Social Spending for Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and Central Asia
Mr. Koshy Mathai
,
Mr. Christoph Duenwald
,
Ms. Anastasia Guscina
,
Rayah Al-Farah
,
Mr. Hatim Bukhari
,
Mr. Atif Chaudry
,
Moataz El-Said
,
Fozan Fareed
,
Mrs. Kerstin Gerling
,
Nghia-Piotr Le
,
Mr. Franto Ricka
,
Mr. Cesar Serra
,
Tetyana Sydorenko
,
Mr. Sébastien Walker
, and
Mr. Mohammed Zaher
This paper examines the role of social spending in improving socioeconomic outcomes in the Middle East and Central Asia. In particular, it addresses the following questions: (1) how large is social spending across the region? (2) how do countries in the region fare on socioeconomic outcomes? (3) how important is social spending as a determinant of these outcomes? and (4) how efficient is social spending in the region?
Keywords:
Social spending; Social protection; Inclusive growth; DPPP; DP; IMF staff calculation; spend; purchasing power parity; spending efficiency
Cover Departmental Papers
Social Spending for Inclusive Growth in the Middle East and Central Asia
Mr. Koshy Mathai
,
Mr. Christoph Duenwald
,
Ms. Anastasia Guscina
,
Rayah Al-Farah
,
Mr. Hatim Bukhari
,
Mr. Atif Chaudry
,
Moataz El-Said
,
Fozan Fareed
,
Mrs. Kerstin Gerling
,
Nghia-Piotr Le
,
Mr. Franto Ricka
,
Mr. Cesar Serra
,
Tetyana Sydorenko
,
Mr. Sébastien Walker
, and
Mr. Mohammed Zaher
This paper examines the role of social spending in improving socioeconomic outcomes in the Middle East and Central Asia. In particular, it addresses the following questions: (1) how large is social spending across the region? (2) how do countries in the region fare on socioeconomic outcomes? (3) how important is social spending as a determinant of these outcomes? and (4) how efficient is social spending in the region?
Keywords:
Social spending; Social protection; Inclusive growth; DPPP; DP; IMF staff calculation; spend; purchasing power parity; spending efficiency; IMF emergency financing operation; health care spending adequacy; care spending; public health care spending; wasteful spending; consumption expenditure; foreign-aid-funded spending; infant mortality; Health care spending; Education spending; Middle East and Central Asia; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Middle East and Central Asia: A Survey of Gender Budgeting Efforts
Ms. Lisa L Kolovich
and
Sakina Shibuya
Gender budgeting uses fiscal policies to promote gender equality and women’s advancement, but is struggling to take hold in the Middle East and Central Asia. We provide an overview of two gender budgeting efforts in the region—Morocco and Afghanistan. Achievements in these two countries include increasing female primary and secondary education enrollment rates and reducing maternal mortality. But the region not only needs to use fiscal policies for women’s advancement, but also reform tax and financial laws, enforce laws that assure women’s safety in public, and change laws that prevent women from taking advantage of employment opportunities.
Keywords:
WP; national budget; government; train government personnel; child care; government measure; public finance; Gender budgeting; fiscal policy and administration; gender inequality; Middle East and Central Asia; Association Démocratique des femmes du Maroc; italicized country; ways country; GCC country; countries warrant; Morocco's gender; Women; Labor force participation; Middle East; North Africa; East Africa; Central Asia and the Caucasus
Cover Breaking the Oil Spell
Breaking the Oil Spell
The Gulf Falcons' Path to Diversification
Reda Cherif
,
Fuad Hasanov
, and
Min Zhu

Abstract

The “Gulf Falcons”—the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council—have high living standards as a result of large income flows from oil. The decline of oil prices between summer 2014 and fall 2015 underscores the urgency for the Gulf Falcons to diversify away from their current heavy reliance on oil exports. This book discusses attempts at diversification in the Middle East and North Africa and the complex choices policymakers face. It brings together the views of academics and policymakers to offer practical advice for future efforts to increase productivity growth.

Keywords:
BOOK; industry; country; GCC country; IMF's Middle East Center for Economics and Finance; economy; oil exporter; establishment of the CEF; natural resource boom; lessons Korea; Productivity; Oil; Exports; Global; East Asia; Middle East; Southeast Asia; North Africa; private sector; value chain; government failure; Manufacturing
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Union of the Comoros: Enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries: Completion Point Document and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
In June 2010, the International Development Association (IDA) and the IMF agreed that Comoros had met the requirements for reaching the decision point under the Enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative. As a result of the debt reconciliation exercise for the completion point, the present value of eligible external debt at end-2009 has been revised upward. Full delivery of HIPC assistance together with additional bilateral assistance beyond HIPC and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) debt relief at the completion point would reduce Comoros’ external debt burden significantly.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Comorian authorities; sensitivity analysis; feasibility study; HIPC assistance; reform program; exchange rate; HIPC debt relief; Debt relief; Debt service; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global; Southern Africa; East Africa; Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Guinée : Initiative renforcée en faveur des pays pauvres très endettés — Document relatif au point d'achèvement et Initiative d'allégement de la dette multilatérale
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Ce rapport a été rédigé par les services du Fonds monétaire international et de la Banque mondiale dans le cadre de l’examen par le Conseil d’administration du point d’achèvement de la Guinée au titre de l’Initiative renforcée en faveur des pays pauvres très endettés et de l’allégement de la dette au titre de l’Initiative d’allégement de la dette multilatérale. Il a été établi à partir des informations disponibles au 11 septembre 2012, date à laquelle il a été achevé. Les vues exprimées dans ce document sont celles de l'équipe des services et ne reflètent pas nécessairement les vues des autorités guinéennes ni celles du Conseil d'administration du FMI.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; authority; HIPC debt relief; World Bank's International Development Association; Guinean authorities; arrears
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Guinea: Enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries—Completion Point Document and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This paper was prepared by staffs of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in connection with the Executive Board’s consideration of Guinea’s Completion Point under the Enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries and debt relief under the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative. It is based on the information available at the time it was completed on September 11, 2012. The views expressed in this document are those of the staff team and do not necessarily reflect the views of the government of Guinea or the Executive Board of the IMF.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; authority; HIPC debt relief; World Bank's International Development Association; Guinean authorities; arrears; procurement contract; completion point; Debt relief; Debt service; Debt service ratios; Global