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Middle East and Central Asia > Saudi Arabia

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Cover IMF Working Papers
Financial Stability in a Higher-for-Longer Interest Rate Environment The Case of the Middle East and North Africa
Adrian Alter
,
Bashar Hlayhel
,
Thomas Kroen
, and
Thomas Piontek
This paper assesses the state and resilience of corporate and banking sectors in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in a “higher-for-longer” interest rate environment using granular micro data to conduct the first cross-country corporate and banking sector stress tests for the MENA region. The results suggest that corporate sector debt at risk may increase sizably from 12 to 30 percent of total corporate debt. Banking systems would be broadly resilient in an adverse scenario featuring higher interest rates, corporate sector stress, and rising liquidity pressures with Tier-1 capital ratios declining by 2.3 percentage points in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and 4.0 percentage points in non-GCC MENA countries. In the cross-section of banks, there are pockets of vulnerabilities as banks with higher ex-ante vulnerabilities and state-owned banks suffer greater losses. While manageable, the capital losses in the adverse scenario could limit lending and adversely impact growth.
Keywords:
Bank capital; stress testing; financial stability; zombie credit; bank funding profile; banking sector stress test; bank interest rate risk; bank Summary statistics; banking stress test result; Commercial banks; Corporate sector; Credit; Capital adequacy requirements; Middle East; North Africa; East Africa; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
What Influences Bank Lending in Saudi Arabia?
Mr. Ken Miyajima
Determinants of bank-level credit growth in Saudi Arabia are investigated by applying a panel approach to data spanning 2000–15. Strong bank balance sheet conditions, economic activity, and oil prices support bank lending. Reduced bank concentration appears to have helped. Lending remained robust in 2015 despite oil prices having declined, helped by strong bank balance sheets and a reduction in bank holdings of “excess liquidity”. To support bank lending in the period ahead, bank balance sheets need to remain strong. Fiscal adjustment and a reduced reliance on banks to finance the budget deficit would support credit provision to the private sector.
Keywords:
WP; private sector; government bond; Bank credit; macro-financial linkages; fixed-effects panel model; oil price; bank credit growth; bank balance; fed funds rate; oil price growth; Oil prices; Credit; Capital adequacy requirements; Excess liquidity; Global
Cover IMF Research Bulletin
IMF Research Bulletin, September 2016
International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.
The September 2016 issue of the IMF Research Bulletin includes the following two Research Summaries: “A New Look at Bank Capital” (by Jihad Dagher, Giovanni Dell’Ariccia, Luc Laeven, Lev Ratnovski, and Hui Tong) and “Does Growth Create Jobs?: Evidence for Advance and Developing Economies (by Zidong An, Nathalie Gonzalez Prieto, Prakash Loungani, and Saurabh Mishra). The Q&A article by Rabah Arezki discusses “Seven Questions on Rethinking the Oil Market in the Aftermath of the 2014-16 Price Slump.” A listing of recent IMF Working Papers, Staff Discussion Notes, and Recommended Readings from IMF Publications are also included. Readers can also find an announcement on the 2016 Annual Research Conference and links to top cited 2015 articles in the IMF Economic Review.
Keywords:
IRB; IMF research bulletin; href; Journal citation report; Policy response; journal website; paperback ISBN 978-1-49832-468-7; research journal; Mundell-Fleming Lecture; Banking crises; Oil prices; Oil; Capital adequacy requirements; Global; Eastern Europe; Sub-Saharan Africa; Middle East and Central Asia; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Impact of Oil Prices on the Banking System in the GCC
Padamja Khandelwal
,
Mr. Ken Miyajima
, and
Mr. Andre O Santos
This paper examines the links between global oil price movements and macroeconomic and financial developments in the GCC. Using a range of multivariate panel approaches, including a panel vector autoregression approach, it finds strong empirical evidence of feedback loops between oil price movements, bank balance sheets, and asset prices. Empirical evidence also suggests that bank capital and provisioning have behaved countercyclically through the cycle.
Keywords:
WP; NPL ratio; oil price; price growth; GCC bank; Macro-financial linkages; nonperforming loans; panel vector autoregression; asset price appreciation; bank asset quality; Oil prices; Credit; Financial cycles; Capital adequacy requirements; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Islamic Banking Regulation and Supervision: Survey Results and Challenges
Mr. In W Song
and
Carel Oosthuizen
The growing presence of Islamic banking needs to be accompanied by the development of effective regulation and supervision. This paper examines the results of the survey conducted by the International Monetary Fund to document international experiences and country practices related to legal and prudential frameworks governing Islamic banking activities. Although a number of countries have made considerable progress in creating legal, regulatory, and supervisory frameworks that accommodate Islamic banking, there are substantial differences. This paper also identifies a number of challenges faced by regulatory and supervisory agencies regarding Islamic banking.
Keywords:
WP; bank; Shariah compliance; conventional bank; supervisory authority; Banking supervision; Islamic banks; regulatory framework; internal auditor; Shariah compliance officer; bank distress resolution framework; banking product; bank resolution; Islamic banking; Capital adequacy requirements; Islamic banking supervision; Legal support in revenue administration; Market risk; Africa; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa; Europe; Asia and Pacific
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Saudi Arabia: Financial Sector Assessment Program Update—Detailed Assessment of Observance of the IOSCO Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This paper discusses Saudi Arabia’s Detailed Assessment of the Observance of the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) objectives and principles of securities regulation. The Capital Market Authority (CMA) has made significant progress in establishing its supervision credentials, including issuing implementing regulations. The CMA has also entered into information sharing arrangements with other regulators in the region, and is a party to the IOSCO Multilateral Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Consultation, and Cooperation, and the Exchange of Information. The equity market in Saudi Arabia is of significant size, but has undergone significant change following the events of 2006 and the establishment of the CMA.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; CMA staff; CMA Board; investment fund; capital market; CMA regulation; fund manager; insider trading; net capital; securities business; corporate governance; terms and conditions; CMA approval; CMA review; enforcement power; Securities; Mutual funds; Financial statements; Capital adequacy requirements; Trade systems; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Saudi Arabia: Financial Sector Assessment Program Update—Detailed Assessment of Observance of the Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This paper focuses on Saudi Arabia’s Detailed Assessment of Observance of the Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision. The banking sector is fairly concentrated around a few banks. The seven largest banks have a combined share of assets of 85 percent. The three largest banks have a combined share of about 45 percent, and the next four each have market shares exceeding 5 percent. The dominant shareholders of the three largest banks are government entities, the fourth largest is linked to a family business group, and the next three have ties to major international banks. Saudi Arabia implements International Financial Reporting Standards for banks, and insurance companies, and is served by the major accounting firms.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; risk management; risk profile; Sama circular; Saudi bank; banking group; internal audit; guideline document; Sama official; Sama practice; Credit risk; Bank supervision; Legal support in revenue administration; Internal controls; Market risk; Global