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Middle East and Central Asia > Saudi Arabia

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Cover IMF Working Papers
The Long-Run Effects of Tradeon Income and Income Growth
Mr. Allan D. Brunner
This paper examines the dynamic relationship between trade and income. While most economists agree that increased trade leads to an increase in average income, economic theory is ambiguous about the possible effects on the long-run growth rate of the economy. Using a dynamic panel data model, the hypotheses of no long-run effects of trade on income and on income growth are tested explicitly. The possibility of endogeneity is addressed by constructing an instrument for trade by extending Frankel and Romer's (1999) cross-sectional approach to the case of a panel data model. The empirical results indicate that trade has a large and significant effect on the level of income, but the effect on income growth is small and non-robust to model specification.
Keywords:
WP; panel data model; trade liberalization; economic growth; economic development; trade share; income growth; trade openness; trade-output relationship; constructed trade instrument; instrument specification; effects of trade; Personal income; Plurilateral trade; Agroindustries; Estimation techniques; North America; Africa; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Sudan: Recent Economic Developments
International Monetary Fund
This paper reviews economic developments in Sudan during 1997–99. Sudan initiated reforms under the 1997 and 1998 Staff-Monitored Programs. Real GDP growth accelerated modestly to an annual average of about 6 percent during 1997–98. Inflation declined from an average of 133 percent in 1996 to 17 percent in 1998. Fiscal revenue buoyancy has increased markedly after years of stagnation at low levels and, coupled with an improvement in budget control, has succeeded in sharply reducing the overall budget deficit. Aided by positive real rates of returns, financial disintermediation has been halted.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; U.S. dollar; debt service; foreign currency; sales tax; monetary management; private sector; purchase contract; Agricultural commodities; Exports; Agricultural sector; Imports; Tariffs; Middle East
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Niger: Statistical Annex
International Monetary Fund
In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; debt service; consumer goods; BCEAO profits; Centrale des Risques; capital goods; factor cost; net factor income; Agricultural commodities; Credit; Exports; Transportation; Agricultural sector; West Africa; Africa