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Europe > Norway

You are looking at 1 - 4 of 4 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Empirical Studies of Trade x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
Dollar Invoicing, Global Value Chains, and the Business Cycle Dynamics of International Trade
Mr. David Cook
and
Nikhil Patel
Recent literature has highlighted that international trade is mostly priced in a few key vehicle currencies and is increasingly dominated by intermediate goods and global value chains (GVCs). Taking these features into account, this paper reexamines the relationship between monetary policy, exchange rates and international trade flows. Using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) framework, it finds key differences between the response of final goods and GVC trade to both domestic and foreign shocks depending on the origin and ultimate destination of value added and the intermediate shipments involved. For example, the model shows that in response to a dollar appreciation triggered by a US interest rate increase, direct bilateral trade between non-US countries contracts more than global value chain oriented trade which feeds US final demand, and exports to the US decline much more when measured in gross as opposed to value added terms. We use granular data on GVCs at the sector level to document empirical evidence in favor of these key predictions of the model.
Keywords:
Dollar invoicing; global value chains; exchange rates; monetary policy; business cycle dynamics; dollar invoicing; EU importer; EU exporter; goods trade; Exports; Global value chains; Currencies; Trade balance; Imports; Global; interest rate shock; aggregate exchange rate passthrough; gross export; export platform; East Asia
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Euro’s Effecton Trade Imbalances
Mr. Helge Berger
and
Volker Nitsch
When does trade become a one-way relationship? We study bilateral trade balances for a sample of 18 European countries over the period from 1948 through 2008. We find that, with the introduction of the euro, trade imbalances among euro area members widened considerably, even after allowing for permanent asymmetries in trade competitiveness within pairs of countries or in the overall trade competitiveness of individual countries. This is consistent with indications that pair-wise trade tends to be more balanced when nominal exchange rates are flexible. Intra-euro area imbalances also seem to have become more persistent with the introduction of the euro, some of which is linked to labor market inflexibility. Reviewing the direction of imbalances, we find that bilateral trade surpluses are decreasing in the real exchange rate, decreasing in growth differentials, and increasing in the relative volatility of national business cycles. Finally, countries with relatively higher fiscal deficits and less flexible labor and product markets exhibit systematically lower trade surpluses than others.
Keywords:
WP; trade imbalance; member country; dependent variable; imbalances; trade balance; trade surplus; trade deficit; euro; EMU; European integration; product market; × EMU; exchange rate variability; area trade; exchange rate volatility; euro area member; Plurilateral trade; Trade surpluses; Exchange rates; Trade deficits
Cover IMF Involvement in International Trade Policy Issues
IMF Involvement in International Trade Policy Issues
International Monetary Fund. Independent Evaluation Office

Abstract

Trade policy occupies an unusual and at times problematic place in the work of the IMF. Though trade policies of IMF members have strong influences on macroeconomic stability, they are often seen as peripheral to the IMF’s core competency. This evaluation, which examines the IMF’s involvement in trade policy issues during 1996–2007, addresses five questions. What is the nature of the IMF’s mandate to cover trade policy? Did the IMF work effectively with other international organizations on trade policy issues? Did the Executive Board provide clear guidance to staff on the IMF’s role and approach to trade policy? How well did the IMF address trade policy issues through lending arrangements and surveillance? Was IMF advice effective? The evaluation finds that the IMF’s role in trade policy has evolved in some desirable and some less desirable ways and recommends how to use the limited resources the IMF can devote to trade policy to fill these gaps.

Keywords:
IEOR; IEO; trade; trade policy issue; IMF free rein; core expertise; IMF address trade policy issue; IMF vis-à-vis; IMF staff review of trade policy issue; Trade policy; Trade in services; Trade liberalization; Exchange rate policy; Global; Caribbean; Asia and Pacific; West Africa; Western Hemisphere
Cover IMF Working Papers
Estimating Iceland’s Real Equilibrium Exchange Rate
Mr. Robert Tchaidze
Given recent developments in Iceland, this paper evaluates its real exchange rate disequilibrium. It discusses three approaches to estimating the equilibrium values and suggests that the adjustment needed to bring the real exchange rate in line with fundamentals is in the range of 15-25 percent, although timing and manner of this adjustment is unclear.
Keywords:
WP; REER; GDP