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Europe > Norway

You are looking at 1 - 10 of 14 items for :

  • Type: Journal Issue x
  • Financial regulation and supervision x
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Cover IMF Working Papers
Micro-Assessment of Macroprudential Borrower-Based Measures in Lithuania
Mantas Dirma
and
Jaunius Karmelavičius
Despite having introduced borrower-based measures (BBM), Lithuania's housing and mortgage markets were booming during the low-interest-rate period, casting doubt on the macroprudential toolkit's ability to contain excessive mortgage growth. This paper assesses the adequacy of BBMs’ parametrization in Lithuania. We do so by building a novel lifetime expected credit loss framework that is founded on actual loan-level default and household income data. We show that the BBM package effectively contains mortgage credit risk and that housing loans are more resilient to stress than in the preregulatory era. Our BBM limit calibration exercise reveals that (1) in the low-rate environment, income-based measures could have been tighter; and (2) borrowers taking out secondary mortgages rightly are and should be required to pledge a higher down payment.
Keywords:
macroprudential policy; borrower-based measures; LTV; mortgage credit risk; lifetime expected loss; probability of default.; calibration exercise; BBM package; modeling mortgage risk; Lithuania's housing market; Mortgages; Loans; Credit risk; Housing prices; Macroprudential policy instruments; Europe; Baltics; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Usability of Bank Capital Buffers: The Role of Market Expectations
José Abad
Following the COVID shock, supervisors encouraged banks to use capital buffers to support the recovery. However, banks have been reluctant to do so. Provided the market expects a bank to rebuild its buffers, any draw-down will open up a capital shortfall that will weigh on its share price. Therefore, a bank will only decide to use its buffers if the value creation from a larger loan book offsets the costs associated with a capital shortfall. Using market expectations, we calibrate a framework for assessing the usability of buffers. Our results suggest that the cases in which the use of buffers make economic sense are rare in practice.
Keywords:
Capital Buffers; Basel III; Capital Regulation; Financial Institutions; Macropru; valuation model; buffer Usability; market expectation; bank Capital Structure; capital shortfall; Countercyclical capital buffers; Correspondent banking; Loans; Market capitalization; COVID-19; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Norway: Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note-Systemic Risk Oversight and Macroprudential Policy Framework
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
While Norway’s institutional arrangement for macroprudential policy is uncommon, the authorities have shown strong willingness to act. The Ministry of Finance (MoF) is the sole macroprudential decision-maker in Norway, which is rare in international comparison. However, Norges Bank and the Finanstilsynet (FSA) play important advisory roles. In recent years, the authorities have taken substantive and wide-ranging macroprudential policy actions in response to growing systemic vulnerabilities—and these seem to have been effective in slowing down some of the riskier trends. The macroprudential policy toolkit is well stocked and actively used.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; CRE sector; CRE market; CRE company; CRE risk; FSA survey; liquid asset; central bank; foreign currency; mortgage loan; financial system; Macroprudential policy; Financial stability assessment; Macroprudential policy instruments; Financial sector stability; Countercyclical capital buffers; Global; Mortgages
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Denmark: Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note-Insurance Regulation and Supervision
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Denmark’s insurance sector is highly developed with a particularly high penetration and density in the life sector. Traditionally, work-related life insurance and pension savings are offered as a combined package, and life insurance companies dominate the market for mandatory pension schemes for employees. The high penetration explains the overall size of the insurance sector, which exceeds those of peers from other Nordic countries and various other EU member states. Assets managed by the insurance industry amounted to 146 percent of the GDP at end-2018, compared to 72 percent for the EU average.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; risk assessment; business intelligence tool; insurance undertaking; DFSA plan; DFSA data; DFSA staff; DFSA supervision; insurance sector; insurance supervisor; covered bond; Insurance companies; Insurance; Solvency; Pension spending; Insurance supervision; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Norway: Financial System Stability Assessment-Press Release; and Statement by the Executive Director for Norway
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Much of the work of the Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) was conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the missions ending on February 13, 2020. Given the FSAP’s focus on medium-term challenges and vulnerabilities, however, its findings and recommendations for strengthening policy and institutional frameworks remain pertinent. The report was updated to reflect key developments and policy changes since the mission work was completed. It also includes a risk analysis that quantifies the possible impact of the COVID-19 crisis on bank solvency. Since the previous FSAP in 2015, the Norwegian authorities have taken welcome steps to strengthen the financial system. Regulatory capital requirements for banks were raised and actions were taken to bolster the weak capital position of insurers. Alongside other macroprudential measures, temporary borrower-based measures for residential mortgages were introduced, which seem to have had some moderating impact on segments of the housing market. The resolution framework was also strengthened, with the implementation of the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) and the designation of Finanstilsynet (FSA) as the resolution authority.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; cybersecurity risk oversight; government measure; cybersecurity risk supervision; risk analysis; financial market volatility; resolution authority's mandate; Financial stability assessment; Stress testing; Anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT); Liquidity requirements; Insurance companies; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Norway: Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note-Banking Regulation and Supervision
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This note presents a targeted review of selected aspects in the regulation and supervision of banks in Norway. The review is carried out as part of the 2020 Norway Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) and the findings and recommendations are based on the regulatory framework in place and the supervisory practices employed at end-October 2019. The note focuses on the powers and responsibilities, independence, and resourcing of Finanstilsynet (FSA); its supervisory approach and enforcement powers and practices; key aspects of the prudential framework; and mechanisms to prevent abuse of financial services.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; risk assessment; FSA budget; FSA decision; FSA expectation; FSA power; supervisory guidance; FSA onsite; FSA control; FSA approach; due diligence; FSA staff; FSA plan; Financial stability assessment; Anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT); Credit risk; Capital adequacy requirements; Operational risk; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Swing Pricing and Fragility in Open-end Mutual Funds
Dunhong Jin
,
Marcin Kacperczyk
,
Bige Kahraman
, and
Felix Suntheim
How to prevent runs on open-end mutual funds? In recent years, markets have observed an innovation that changed the way open-end funds are priced. Alternative pricing rules (known as swing pricing) adjust funds’ net asset values to pass on funds’ trading costs to transacting shareholders. Using unique data on investor transactions in U.K. corporate bond funds, we show that swing pricing eliminates the first-mover advantage arising from the traditional pricing rule and significantly reduces redemptions during stress periods. The positive impact of alternative pricing rules on fund flows reverses in calm periods when costs associated with higher tracking error dominate the pricing effect.
Keywords:
WP; swing pricing; pricing rule; fund investor; adjustment factor; liquidity mismatch; fund runs; fragility; strategic complementarity; pricing mechanism; Liquidity risk; Flow of funds; Mutual funds; Corporate bonds; Price structures; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Finland: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper summarizes Nordea’s operations and business model; the macroeconomic and prudential implications of the move; and policy responses taken so far. The IMF staff’s assessment is that banking supervision in the euro area has improved significantly following the creation of the Single Supervisory Mechanism, which should mitigate potential risks from Nordea’s move; meanwhile, the Nordic authorities have done much, in conjunction with the European Central Bank, to ensure that potential gaps and fragmentation across national jurisdictions are avoided. The resolution framework is designed to prevent taxpayers having to bail out banks, but is new, and work on building the crisis preparedness of euro area banks is still under way. The banking union is not yet complete, details of the backstop for the Single Resolution Fund need to be finalized and a common euro area deposit insurance should be made fully operational. At the same time, Nordea is also operating in non-euro area member states—maintaining cooperation between euro area and noneuro area institutions remains important.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; bank; Finland; O-SII buffer; capital requirement; banking group Nordea; Denmark A/S; Nordea's liquidity ratios; banking union; Nordea's depositor; Nordea's operation; Bank resolution framework; Systemic risk; Liquidity requirements; Deposit insurance; Bank resolution; Global; Baltics
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Norway: Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note- Stress Testing the Banking Sector
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This Technical Note discusses results of banking sector stress tests on Norway. The Norwegian banking sector is generally well prepared to cope with possible external shocks, but imbalances have built up in recent years and could pose challenges. The stress-testing exercise included a comprehensive analysis of solvency and liquidity risks in the banking sector. The stress test results show that while the banking sector is highly resilient, it could experience challenges in case of severe macroeconomic shocks, as assumed in the adverse scenarios. The stress tests also illustrate that the banking system remains vulnerable to liquidity risks, due in part to scarce liquidity buffers in Norwegian krone.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; aggregate banking sector assets; IRB model; bank loss; FX liquidity position; mortgage company; credit risk; liquidity stress tests; FSAP team; asset haircut; liquidity risk; asset portfolio; Stress testing; Credit risk; Financial stability assessment; Credit; Financial Sector Assessment Program; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Norway: Financial Sector Assessment Program-Technical Note- Macroprudential Policy
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This Technical Note reviews macroprudential policy in Norway. The authorities have taken or announced a wide range of macroprudential measures to address systemic risk. Since the 2008 global financial crisis, the authorities have deployed a range of measures to safeguard the financial system in the country. These measures include higher capital requirements, including early adoption and implementation of the European Union capital regulations, additional capital buffers, etc. These macroprudential measures have focused primarily on building the resilience of banks through higher capital requirements. Good progress has been made on reciprocity agreements to ensure that domestic macroprudential policy measures apply to all banking activities with Norwegian customers.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; FSA stress tests; FSA guideline; banking sector; leverage ratio; FSA reference model; wholesale funding; central bank; bank lending; financial crisis; monetary policy; foreign currency; Financial stability assessment; Countercyclical capital buffers; Macroprudential policy; Financial sector stability; Systemic risk; Global