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Europe > Norway

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Cover IMF Working Papers
Progressive Taxation of Extractive Resources as Second-Best Optimal Policy
Jean-François Wen
The paper provides a critical review of the literature on the concept of progressivity in the taxation of petroleum and mineral resources and offers a fresh perspective on its purpose and measurement. Regressive taxes, such as royalties, exist to satisfy policy objectives other than revenue maximization, such as achieving early revenues, while rent-based or profit-sensitive fiscal instruments must be designed with progressive marginal rates to maximize government revenues. Hence, the emphasis should be placed on tax rate progression of the direct taxation of profit or rent, rather than progressivity in the overall government take. However, as regressive taxes, by their very nature, tend to be distortionary, the optimal degree of progression in the rent- or profit-tax rates must take these distortions into account. The central ideas are illustrated with a simple analytical model in which a second-best optimal tax rate schedule on profit is characterized in the presence of the tax distortions caused by the regressive taxes. Some practical implications of the analysis are discussed.
Keywords:
WP; economic rent; tax rate; progressive tax; income tax; Minerals; petroleum; rent tax; average effective tax rate; second-best optimality; profit tax; factor tax; production function; capture mechanism; tax instrument; revenue tax; rate schedule; input choice; rent capture; Progressive taxation; Marginal effective tax rate
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
New Zealand: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund
This Selected Issues paper conducts a comparative analysis of the main determinants of GDP per capita growth in New Zealand and in other OECD countries to assess the relative importance of macroeconomic factors, institutional settings, and geographical location in New Zealand’s growth performance during the last 30 years. The estimation results find strong support for the view that geographical isolation has significantly hampered growth in New Zealand. The paper also reviews the international experience with prefunding public defined-benefit pension schemes, with a focus on recent reforms in industrial countries—Canada, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; monetary policy; fiscal policy action; GDP; discretionary fiscal policy; fiscal policy rule; fiscal policy mechanism; policy credibility; Pension spending; Pensions; Inflation; Marginal effective tax rate; Australia and New Zealand