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Africa > Madagascar, Republic of

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Cover IMF How To Notes
How to Design a Presumptive Income Tax for Micro and Small Enterprises
Jean-François Wen
Turnover taxes are prevalent in developing countries as a simple form of presumptive taxation of business income. Such simplified tax regimes can reduce the relatively high compliance costs of micro and small enterprises, which might otherwise discourage entrepreneurs from formalizing their activities and paying taxes. The note addresses design issues for a turnover tax regime—which taxes it replaces, what the criteria are for eligibility, how to determine the optimal threshold, and how to set the tax rate. A key observation is that, although low turnover tax rates may incite larger firms to artificially reduce their sales, the rate should also not be so high as to discourage formalization of activities. A table of tax rates and turnover thresholds observed internationally is provided. The note concludes by suggesting analytical steps to guide practitioners in designing turnover tax regimes.
Keywords:
Presumptive tax; turnover tax; informal sector; microenterprises; taxpayer Compliance cost; turnover tax rate; turnover tax systems; IMF library; Sales tax; Income and capital gains taxes; Income tax systems; Corporate income tax; Effective tax rate; Africa; South America; Eastern Europe; West Africa; Western Europe
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Social Spending and Outcomes in Madagascar: Republic of Madagascar
Samah Mazraani
The paper examines Madagascar's education, health, and social assistance spending and outcomes. Government spending on education is relatively low compared to peers, and the quality of education has deteriorated. The paper recommends allocating more resources to the sector, ensuring transparent and merit-based teacher recruitment mechanisms, and strengthening teacher training and incentives. Health spending is also low, and the health system faces challenges in malnutrition, immunization, and service delivery. Additional domestic resources and large-scale structural reforms are needed. Social safety net programs have limited coverage and low spending, and expanding them should be a top priority to reduce poverty and support vulnerable populations.
Keywords:
Social spending; Education; Health; Social Protection; Poverty; Madagascar; health system faces challenge; government health spending; commitment process; government education spending; recruitment mechanism; teacher training; Social assistance spending; Education spending; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Madagascar: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This Selected Issues paper takes stock of developments in education, health, and social assistance and offers policy options in the Republic of Madagascar. The quality of education in Madagascar is falling with low school completion rates, a high share of untrained teachers, and declining test scores. Finding fiscal space to allocate more public resources to the education, health, and social protection sectors should be a key government priority. The resources currently budgeted for these sectors remain much lower than in other Sub-Saharan African countries and insufficient to improve development outcomes. Madagascar made some progress in improving access to primary education and basic health services, but the quality of the education system has deteriorated, significant human resource gaps remain in the health sector, and the poverty rate has increased. The paper recommends that in the area of social protection, identify clear and predictable funding sources with a view to gradually scale up existing social programs, while developing a national social registry to harmonize the social response among different interventions and actors and set a strong basis to gradually increase social assistance coverage of the vulnerable population.
Keywords:
policy recommendation; food value chain vulnerability; social spending; food inflation; education outcome; Climate change; Natural disasters; Food security; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Madagascar: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This Selected Issues paper takes stock of developments in education, health, and social assistance and offers policy options in the Republic of Madagascar. The quality of education in Madagascar is falling with low school completion rates, a high share of untrained teachers, and declining test scores. Finding fiscal space to allocate more public resources to the education, health, and social protection sectors should be a key government priority. The resources currently budgeted for these sectors remain much lower than in other Sub-Saharan African countries and insufficient to improve development outcomes. Madagascar made some progress in improving access to primary education and basic health services, but the quality of the education system has deteriorated, significant human resource gaps remain in the health sector, and the poverty rate has increased. The paper recommends that in the area of social protection, identify clear and predictable funding sources with a view to gradually scale up existing social programs, while developing a national social registry to harmonize the social response among different interventions and actors and set a strong basis to gradually increase social assistance coverage of the vulnerable population.
Keywords:
policy recommendation; food value chain vulnerability; social spending; food inflation; education outcome; Climate change; Natural disasters; Food security; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global
Cover IMF How To Notes
How to Manage Value-Added Tax Refunds
Mario Pessoa
,
Andrew Okello
,
Artur Swistak
,
Muyangwa Muyangwa
,
Virginia Alonso-Albarran
, and
Vincent de Paul Koukpaizan
The value-added tax (VAT) has the potential to generate significant government revenue. Despite its intrinsic self-enforcement capacity, many tax administrations find it challenging to refund excess input credits, which is critical to a well-functioning VAT system. Improperly functioning VAT refund practices can have profound implications for fiscal policy and management, including inaccurate deficit measurement, spending overruns, poor budget credibility, impaired treasury operations, and arrears accumulation.This note addresses the following issues: (1) What are VAT refunds and why should they be managed properly? (2) What practices should be put in place (in tax policy, tax administration, budget and treasury management, debt, and fiscal statistics) to help manage key aspects of VAT refunds? For a refund mechanism to be credible, the tax administration must ensure that it is equipped with the strategies, processes, and abilities needed to identify VAT refund fraud. It must also be prepared to act quickly to combat such fraud/schemes.
Keywords:
value-added tax; refunds; VAT; management framework; VAT refund; Georgia revenue service; VAT system; Tax refunds; Tax administration core functions; Credit; Income; Global; Africa
Cover Departmental Papers
Stress Testing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Practices, Communications, and Capacity Development
Mindaugas Leika
,
Hector Perez-Saiz
,
Ms. Olga Ilinichna Stankova
, and
Torsten Wezel
The paper finds that supervisory stress tests are conducted in more than half of sub-Saharan African countries, particularly in western and southern Africa, and that the number of individual stress tests has grown exponentially since the early 2010s. By contrast, few central banks publish assessments of macro-financial linkages; the focus leans more toward discussing trends and weaknesses within the financial sector than on outside risks that may negatively affect its performance.
Keywords:
DPPP; DP; risk; financial risk; bank; market; process; liquidity risk; market risk; interest rate; macro-financial risk assessment; risk analysis; Stress testing; Financial sector stability; Communications in revenue administration; Credit risk; Commercial banks; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Global; stress test result; risk weight; IMF TA; banking sector risk; bank supervisor; concentration risk; banking risk; macro-financial risk analysis; asset concentration risk; risk driver
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Madagascar: Economic Development Document
International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
This Economic Development Document describes the strategy adopted by the government of Madagascar to reverse the trend of modest economic performance, deteriorating social conditions, and persistent poverty observed in recent years. This strategy addresses the underlying causes of poverty. The primary aim of the fiscal policy is to increase revenue and rationalize budget expenditure to provide ample margins to finance priority spending, specifically social and infrastructure spending. The priorities are to expand the tax base and continuing reform of tax and customs administration, and to eliminate the causes of inefficient public expenditure. The monetary policy is given the role of regulating domestic liquidity to normalize trends in economic activities and achieve the inflation targets of less than 10.0 percent.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; poverty rate; purchasing power; economic growth; private sector; per capita income; development framework; land tenure; poverty profile; energy security; air Madagascar; economic system; government securities market; asset recovery authority; financing requirement; Infrastructure; Poverty reduction; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
République de Madagascar: Évaluation de la stabilité du système financier
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Le défi posé aux autorités malgaches est de développer le système financier tout en préservant la stabilité financière. Le secteur financier a survécu relativement bien aux turbulences économiques et politiques des dix dernières années grâce à une stratégie prudente, mais peu de progrès ont été accomplis dans l’approfondissement du marché financier ou l’inclusion financière. Le passage à un régime plus dynamique et ouvert pourrait s’accompagner de risques importants si les règlementations et pratiques prudentielles ne sont pas très sensiblement renforcées.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; bank; loan; Madagascar; asset; financing; investment funds
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Madagascar: Financial System Stability Assessment
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This paper discusses key findings of the Financial System Stability Assessment concerning Madagascar. The analysis reveals that the Madagascar’s banking sector is exposed to significant risks, though it has certain buffers, such as high profitability and a stable deposit base. Currently the economy is recovering, and enjoys the prospect of resumption in inflows of foreign aid and investment; inflation is coming down and the balance of payments has strengthened. Banking supervision is not yet able to proactively detect and address emerging risks; doing so will require additional resources and political will. Efforts are also needed to promote financial deepening and inclusion, consistent with the maintenance of stability and consumer protection.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; bank; loan; Madagascar; asset; financing; investment funds; parent bank; cash settlement; B. bank intervention; bank resolution legislation; classification rule; bank resource; bank declaration; problem loan; bank Fsis; bank stress; internal control regulation; Credit; Loans; Operational risk; Commercial banks; Credit risk; Southern Africa; East Africa; Europe; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
République de Madagascar: Document de stratégie pour la réduction de la pauvreté : rapport d’étape annuel pour 2007 et le premier semestre 2008
International Monetary Fund
Depuis plusieurs années, le FMI publie un nombre croissant de rapports et autres documents couvrant l'évolution et les tendances économiques et financières dans les pays membres. Chaque rapport, rédigé par une équipe des services du FMI à la suite d'entretiens avec des représentants des autorités, est publié avec l'accord du pays concerné.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; private sector; financial support; economic growth; budget deficit