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Africa > Madagascar, Republic of

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Cover IMF How To Notes
How to Design a Presumptive Income Tax for Micro and Small Enterprises
Jean-François Wen
Turnover taxes are prevalent in developing countries as a simple form of presumptive taxation of business income. Such simplified tax regimes can reduce the relatively high compliance costs of micro and small enterprises, which might otherwise discourage entrepreneurs from formalizing their activities and paying taxes. The note addresses design issues for a turnover tax regime—which taxes it replaces, what the criteria are for eligibility, how to determine the optimal threshold, and how to set the tax rate. A key observation is that, although low turnover tax rates may incite larger firms to artificially reduce their sales, the rate should also not be so high as to discourage formalization of activities. A table of tax rates and turnover thresholds observed internationally is provided. The note concludes by suggesting analytical steps to guide practitioners in designing turnover tax regimes.
Keywords:
Presumptive tax; turnover tax; informal sector; microenterprises; taxpayer Compliance cost; turnover tax rate; turnover tax systems; IMF library; Sales tax; Income and capital gains taxes; Income tax systems; Corporate income tax; Effective tax rate; Africa; South America; Eastern Europe; West Africa; Western Europe
Cover Selected Issues Papers
Informality and Growth in Madagascar: Republic of Madagascar
Ghislain Afavi
,
Coffi Agossou
,
Mokhtar Benlamine
,
Ialy Rasoamanana
,
Nombàna Razafinisoa
, and
Ms. Veronique Salins
This chapter investigates the link between informality and growth in Madagascar and aims for a better understanding of the informal sector. It provides an analysis of the characteristics of informal production units and informal employment. Findings suggest that informality is a key feature of economic activity in Madagascar, and that informal production units are the main driver of employment with a deep concentration around self-employment. Overall, informality is associated with a lack of awareness of administrative procedures and the complexity and cost of tax and regulatory measures. The informal sector’s Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth is more stable and higher on average than the formal sector TFP.
Keywords:
Madagascar; Informal sector; informality and growth; total factor productivity; social security; tax system; sector TFP; growth in Madagascar; production unit; copyright page; physical capital; Informal employment; Employment; Informal economy; Sub-Saharan Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Madagascar: Statistical Annex
International Monetary Fund
In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; factor cost; net; debt relief; net earnings balance; central bank of Madagascar; current account; capital expenditure; private sector; broad money; cash basis; balance of payments; consumer price index; Agricultural commodities; Public sector; Exports; Africa
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Madagascar: Selected Issues and Statistical Annex
International Monetary Fund
This Selected Issues paper and Statistical Annex analyzes the inflation and monetary policy in Madagascar during the 1990s. The paper highlights that in 1995, Madagascar’s inflation performance was somewhat disappointing, although 12-month price increases slowed from 60 percent at end-1994 to 38 percent at end-1995. The paper provides selected stylized facts concerning money and prices. A simple model of price formation in a small open economy is presented. The paper also addresses issues in estimating long-term relationships, discusses the results, and presents a forecast for inflation in 1996.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; broad money; exchange rate; central bank; broad money money supply; repurchase facility rate; error-correction term; penalty rate; opportunity cost; exchange rate fluctuation; rate of inflation; Monetary base; Inflation; Commercial banks; Real exchange rates; Agroindustries