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Europe > Montenegro

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Cover IMF Working Papers
Being Poor, Feeling Poorer: Inequality, Poverty and Poverty Perceptions in the Western Balkans
Zsoka Koczan
Emerging Europe has undergone a major economic transformation over the past 25 years. Most countries experienced initial drops in output during transition, followed by recovery in the second half of the 1990s. The path of transition in the Western Balkans has however been particularly uneven. The effects of transition also seem to have been more traumatic and persistent in the Western Balkans, and nostalgia for the past appears to be more prevalent here than in other former communist regions. Such dissatisfaction has important implications for the political economy of further reforms. This paper aims to inform policy by complementing the analysis of standard macro-level measures of inequality and poverty with a household-level analysis of subjective perceptions of poverty. We find that many more people appear to feel poor than are classified as such using purely income-based measures. Uncertainty, in particular related to expectations of future income and vulnerability to shocks, appears to be a key driver behind this discrepancy.
Keywords:
WP; center; poverty perception; poverty measure; capital expenditure; household expenditure; Inequality; Poverty; Western Balkans; Subjective poverty measures; farm income; poverty indicator; poverty gap; poverty in the Western Balkans; Personal income; Income inequality; Poverty measurement; Central and Eastern Europe; Europe
Cover IMF Survey
Boletin del FMI Vol.36, No.13 noviembre 2007
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
Solicitud de fortalecimiento del FMI, Perspectivas de crecimiento mundial, Strauss-Kahn asume como nuevo Director Gerente del FMI, Comunicado del CMFI, Globalización, Ciclo económico mundial, flujos de capital, Seminarios durante las Reuniones Anuales, Perspectivas de la economía asiática, Perspectivas de economía africana, Notas breves.
Keywords:
SV; IMF publication service; economy; market; IMF study
Cover IMF Survey
IMF Survey, Volume 36 Issue 13
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
Calls for stronger IMF, World Growth Outlook, Strauss-Kahn Takes Over as New IMF Head, IMFC Communique, Globalization, Global Business Cycle, Capital Flows, Annual Meetings Seminars, Asian Economic Outlook, African Economic Outlook, News Briefs.
Keywords:
SV; IMF publication service; economy; market; IMF study; IMF survey; trade globalization; FDI inflow; Emerging and frontier financial markets; Capital inflows; Climate change; Income inequality; Personal income; Global; Asia and Pacific; Sub-Saharan Africa; Africa
Cover IMF Survey
Bulletin du FMI vol. 36, n° 13, novembre 2007
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
Plaidoyer pour un FMI plus robuste ; Perspectives de l'économie mondiale ; Strauss-Kahn prend la tête du FMI ; communiqué du CMFI ; mondialisation ; cycle économique mondial ; flux de capitaux ; séminaires lors de l'assemblée annuelle ; perspectives économiques asiatiques ; perspectives économiques africaines ; point sur l'actualité.
Keywords:
SV; IMF publication service; economy; market; IMF study
Cover Finance & Development
Institutions to Support Markets
Roumeen Islam

This paper focuses on overcoming the challenges of globalization. The paper highlights that globalization has the potential to make all individuals better off. However, there is no assurance that all individuals will be better off or that all changes will be positive. The studies that show that, on average, poverty declines with economic growth are encouraging. But averages hide the negative impact on individual countries and on certain groups. In addition, there are important questions about the relationships between economic policies and outcomes, especially the impact of macroeconomic and structural reform policies on poverty.

Keywords:
FD; F&D; country; poverty; market; Maghribi merchant; countries' capability; support market transaction; country's openness; government effectiveness; Income inequality; Legal support in revenue administration; Corruption; Competition; Eastern Europe; North Africa