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Europe > Montenegro

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Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Kosovo: Selected Issues Paper
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper on the Republic of Kosovo’s 2013 Article IV Consultation highlights growth and Kosovo’s external environment. In the wake of the global financial crisis, Kosovo’s economic growth slowed but remained positive, while most other Western Balkans slipped into recession. Moreover, the annual average growth rate has been among the highest in the Western Balkans since the onset of the financial crisis in 2007. Kosovo’s tax-to-GDP ratio is comparable to the average of Southeastern Europe, although its tax system relies significantly more on indirect taxation—including a high share of trade taxes. Kosovo’s reliance on trade taxes may create budgetary pressures in the event of further trade liberalization.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Kosovo; tax; trade; trade liberalization; FDI inflow; IMF BOP manual; trade tax; FX financing need; banking sector development; Taxes on trade; Trade liberalization; Remittances; Income and capital gains taxes; Global; Europe; Eastern Europe; Central Asia
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Slovenia: Financial System Stability Assessment
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
and
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
The Slovenian financial system has been hard hit by the crisis. Banks remained highly vulnerable to continued credit deterioration and refinancing risks. Strengthening of financial condition of banks should be the short-term priority. The financial restructuring should be followed by privatization of state-controlled banks. The supervision of financial institutions should be complemented with a macroprudential overview geared toward overall stability of the financial system. The crisis preparedness and management framework should be improved, and risks to systemic financial stability should be identified.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; bank lending; resolution tool kit; bridge bank; bank borrowing; bank equity; bank resolution tool kit; banking system; state-controlled bank; bank assets; capital market; bank downgrade; bank subsidiary; bank-restructuring transaction; Commercial banks; Stress testing; Loans; Insurance companies; Real estate prices; Global
Cover Articles of Agreement
Articles of Agreement
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

Last issued in 1992, this new release of the IMF's Articles of Agreement for 2011 includes changes to the Articles resulting from the adoption of the Fourth Amendment on August 10, 2009, as well as the Fifth and Sixth Amendments, which entered into force on February 18, 2011 and March 3, 2011, respectively.

Keywords:
AA; Fund; agreement; special drawing rights
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Montenegro: Staff Report for the 2012 Article IV Consultation
International Monetary Fund
This 2012 Article IV Consultation highlights that three years after the sudden end of Montenegro’s boom, there has been considerable progress toward recovery. Fiscal imbalances have proved difficult to rein in, reflecting a large fall in revenue after the collapse of the boom. Executive Directors have commended the authorities’ efforts to stabilize the economy, and welcomed the progress made since the financial crisis. Directors have also recognized the sizable public expenditure adjustment over the past few years, but underscored the need for further high-quality deficit reducing measures.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; commercial bank loan; staff appraisal; IMF staff representative; financing risk; deficit; privatization contract; Loan guarantees; Labor markets; Europe; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Fiscal Consolidation in Southeastern European Countries: The Role of Budget Institutions
Mr. Brian Olden
,
Mr. Duncan P Last
,
Mr. Sami Yläoutinen
, and
Ms. Carla Sateriale
This paper assesses the relative strengths and weaknesses of fiscal institutions in ten Southeastern European countries, using recent benchmarking methodologies developed by FAD. The assessment evaluates each country’s understanding of the scale of the fiscal adjustment challenge, its ability to develop a credible consolidation strategy, and its capacity to implement the strategy. Key institutional arrangements, are generally in place, including top-down budgeting and medium-term budget frameworks. Other institutional arrangements require further attention, including macro-fiscal forecasting, fiscal risk analysis, setting fiscal objectives, presence and role of independent fiscal agencies, and top-down parliamentary approval.
Keywords:
WP; European country; budget institution; annual budget; consolidation strategy; orientation debate; Southeastern Europe; Fiscal Consolidation; Budget Institutions; consolidation program; nonfinancial enterprise; policy action; Budget planning and preparation; Fiscal risks; Macroeconomic and fiscal forecasts; Budget execution and treasury management; Eastern Europe; Europe
Cover Articles of Agreement
Articles of Agreement
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

Last issued in 1992, this new release of the IMF's Articles of Agreement for 2011 includes changes to the Articles resulting from the adoption of the Fourth Amendment on August 10, 2009, as well as the Fifth and Sixth Amendments, which entered into force on February 18, 2011 and March 3, 2011, respectively.

Keywords:
AA; Fund; agreement; special drawing rights
Cover Convenio Constitutivo
Convenio Constitutivo
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

Esta nueva versión de 2011 del Convenio Constitutivo del FMI incluye cambios con respecto a la versión anterior, de 1992, que reflejan la adopción de la cuarta enmienda el 10 de agosto de 2009, así como la quinta y sexta enmiendas, que entraron en vigor el 18 de febrero de 2011 y el 3 de marzo de 2011, respectivamente.

Keywords:
AA; Fund; agreement; special drawing rights
Cover Statuts du Fonds monétaire international
Statuts du Fonds monétaire international
International Monetary Fund

Abstract

Par rapport à la dernière version publiée en 1992, la version 2011 des Statuts du Fonds monétaire international inclut les modifications apportées aux articles par l'adoption des quatrième, cinquième et sixième amendements, qui sont respectivement entrés en vigueur le 10 août 2009, le 18 février 2011 et le 3 mars 2011.

Keywords:
AA; Fund; agreement; special drawing rights
Cover IMF Working Papers
Inclusive Growth, Institutions, and the Underground Economy
Mr. Adil Mohommad
,
Mr. Anoop Singh
, and
Ms. Sonali Jain-Chandra
Worldwide protests against the perceived lack of economic opportunity and failure of governance have refocused attention on the need for inclusive growth and strong institutions. In developing countries, large informal economies limit state capacity to deliver governance and strong institutions, which in turn discourages participation in and expansion of the formal economy. This paper analyzes the determinants of the underground economy, with particular emphasis on the role of institutions and the rule of law. We find that when businesses are faced with onerous regulation, inconsistent enforcement and corruption, they have an incentive to hide their activities in the underground economy. Empirical analysis suggests that institutions are a more important determinant of the size of the underground economy than tax rates.
Keywords:
WP; economy; underground economy; shadow economy; economic activity; institutions; IFS database; shadow economy rise; size of the shadow economy; informal economy limit; unofficial economy; Informal economy; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
The Impact of the Global Crisison South-Eastern Europe
Francesco Spadafora
,
Mr. Emidio Cocozza
, and
Mr. Andrea Colabella
This paper analyzes the impact of the global crisis on six South-Eastern European countries. The main objective is to compare macro-financial conditions and policies in the run-up to the crisis as well as to compare the policy responses to it, so as to highlight, inter alia, possible country-specific constraints. While sharing a common pre-crisis pattern of strong capital inflows and robust growth, a key difference in the conduct of macroeconomicpolicies is that some countries adopted expansionary (and procyclical) fiscal policies. These moves exacerbated external vulnerabilities and compromised the ability to discretionarily use the fiscal instrument in acountercyclical fashion.
Keywords:
WP; current account; budget deficit; foreign currency; financial support; core inflation; international capital flows; current account adjustment; IMF financial support; FYR Macedonia; transmission mechanism; short-term debt; Current account deficits; Budget planning and preparation; Government debt management; Global; Western Europe