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Europe > Montenegro

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Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: 2002 Article IV Consultation, Third Review Under the Stand-By Arrangement, and Request for an Extended Arrangement—Staff Report; Staff Supplement; Public Information Notice and Press Release on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
International Monetary Fund
This paper assesses the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia’s (FRY) 2002 Article IV Consultation, Third Review Under the Stand-By Arrangement (SBA), and a Request for an Extended Arrangement. Despite the impressive achievements since late 2000, when FRY succeeded to membership in the IMF, the challenges facing the authorities remain daunting. The FRY authorities’ medium-term program of stabilization sets a good basis for achieving sustainable growth and a viable external position, and deserves the continued support of the IMF through completion of the third review under the current SBA and approval of the proposed extended arrangement.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Yugoslavia; overstaffed enterprise sector; staff; state; bank reform; authorities of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; Montenegrin authorities; FRY authorities; exchange system of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; Commercial banks; Debt service; Exchange rates; Global
Cover IMF Survey
IMF Survey, Volume 31, Issue 11
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
For many years, the IMF has tracked countries’ military spending. The IMF’s Fiscal Affairs Department describes its most recent findings and also looks at patterns in military as well as poverty-reducing spending in countries with loans under the IMF’s concessional Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF).
Keywords:
SV; IMF managing director Horst köhler signal; IMF Concludes; market; IMF Monetary; IMF staff country; IMF survey; IMF Deputy managing director; IMF publication service; IMF data; Tax incentives; Extra-budgetary funds; Defense spending; Stock markets; Financial sector development; Middle East; Western Hemisphere; Baltics; Africa; Asia and Pacific; West Africa; East Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Europe; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: First Review Under the Stand-By Arrangement and Request for a Waiver
International Monetary Fund
The government has implemented the IMF-supported program with impressive firmness and has moved quickly to adopt corrective measures as needed to ensure that it stays on track. Much has been accomplished in stabilization and structural reform within a short period. Achievement of the fiscal objectives will be challenging, in both Serbia and Montenegro. Continued progress in structural reform is important. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia needs the continued support of donors and creditors. The World Bank is closely involved in the reconstruction efforts.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; FRY authorities; stand-by credit; fry economy; Yugoslavia; SDR; executive board discussion; inflation pressure; Currencies; Commercial banks
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Request for a Stand-By Arrangement
International Monetary Fund
The new government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has formulated and started to implement an ambitious program of stabilization and reform with impressive speed and commitment. The program provides for macroeconomic policies designed to reduce inflation and support reconstruction coupled with bold reforms. The policy achievements so far have been impressive. Prudent policies alone cannot ensure progress toward sustainable growth and external viability. The program sets the basis for the country in achieving sustainable output growth and a viable external position.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; FRY authorities; Yugoslavia; stand-by credit; financial asset; agreement; FRY economy; executive board discussion; tariff schedule; Commercial banks; Arrears; Debt service
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Membership and Use of Fund Resources—Request for Emergency Post-Conflict Assistance
International Monetary Fund
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is faced with the task of stabilizing and reviving a devastated economy after years of military conflicts, sanctions, and economic mismanagement. A weakened institutional capacity and the still evolving political situation is a cause for concern. A short-term macroeconomic strategy is required to bring down inflation. The fiscal position should be improved, and the continued incurrence of expenditure arrears should be avoided. The government should adopt a comprehensive economic program of stabilization and reform that can be supported by the IMF.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; FRY authorities; Yugoslavia; FRY's economy; deficit; economy; expenditure arrears; General government service; IMF's policy; Arrears; Budget planning and preparation; Commercial banks
Cover IMF Staff Papers
IMF Staff papers, Volume 46 No. 3
International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.
This paper examines determinants and leading indicators of banking crises. The paper examines episodes of banking system distress and crisis in a large sample of countries to identify which macroeconomic and financial variables can be useful leading indicators. The best warning signs of the recent Asian crises were proxies for the vulnerability of the banking and corporate sector. Full-blown banking crises are shown to be associated more with external developments, and domestic variables are the main leading indicators of severe but contained banking distress.
Keywords:
SP; central bank; Uzbekistan; inflation target; income elasticity; exchange rate volatility; export demand equation; Uzbek growth puzzle; financing requirement; Uzbek experience; Exchange rates; Inflation targeting; Inflation; Commercial banks; Exports; Baltics; Western Europe; East Asia; Africa
Cover Current Legal Issues Affecting Central Banks, Volume V
Current Legal Issues Affecting Central Banks, Volume V
Mr. Robert C. Effros

Abstract

This volume, edited by Robert C. Effros, focuses on how technology is affecting the world of banking and finance in an era of increasing globalization. The advent of electronic money, stored value cards, and internet transactions are discussed, as well as the impact of technology on cross-border banking and its implications for central banks. Other issues examined are the legal and regulatory frameworks for risk management of banks, sovereign debt, the international laws of bank secrecy, and financial services within the context of the GATT Agreement on Trade Services.

Keywords:
BOOK; bank; value; transaction; bank supervisor; debtor; settlement risk; derivatives contract; bank secrecy; value card; Currencies; Legal support in revenue administration; Credit; Global; North America; Europe; Caribbean; Eastern Europe; Asia and Pacific; Market risk; Foreign banks
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Recent Economic Developments
International Monetary Fund
This paper reviews economic developments in Bosnia and Herzegovina during 1990–95. It describes the monetary arrangements that have evolved in the Federation and Republika Srpska, and summarizes the financial developments. The paper provides an overview of balance-of-payments developments and the external financing requirements associated with the authorities’ priority reconstruction program. It describes the exchange rate and trade systems of the two Entities. An assessment of macroeconomic statistics in Bosnia and Herzegovina and a summary of IMF technical assistance activities are also provided.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; deutsche mark; foreign exchange; income tax; federal government; national bank; direct tax; banking sector; Currencies; Income; Personal income; Commercial banks; Western Europe
Cover Poland
Poland
The Path to a Market Economy
Mr. Charalambos Christofides
,
Mr. Paul Mylonas
,
Ms. Inci Ötker
,
Mr. Liam P. Ebrill
,
Mr. Gerd Schwartz
, and
Mr. Ajai Chopra

Abstract

Poland's economy rebounded dramatically in 1992-93, several years after the nation embarded on a comprehensive program of economic transformation. This paper describes Polan's steps in the areas of public finance, monetary policy and financial sector reform, trade and exchange rate policy, and microeconomic liberalization, as well as the social impact of transition.

Keywords:
OP; bottom; exchange rate; enterprise; government; State budget; success Poland; company unit; poverty gap; retirement age; Commercial banks; Exports; Imports; Pension spending; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; Central and Eastern Europe; Europe; Baltics
Cover IMF Staff Papers
IMF Staff papers: Volume 2 No. 3
International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.
This paper focuses on the relation of inflation to economic development. Due to the inadequacy of savings and the difficulty of directing them into productive investment, there is a strong temptation to raise the level of investment by expanding bank credit—that is, by inflation. In most low-income countries, even the most forceful measures for increasing savings and for applying them to the most urgent needs would still leave the economy with inadequate resources for the investment necessary to assure tolerable progress in raising productive efficiency and expanding production. The only way of securing adequate resources for development in such countries is by supplementing domestic savings with capital from abroad. It is characteristic of the underdeveloped countries that the resources they put into investment are generally a smaller proportion of their very much smaller national product than is true for the more highly developed countries. The proportionally low level of investment in underdeveloped countries may be due to various factors. Frequently, though not universally, the cause of inadequate investment is the unavailability of savings.
Keywords:
SP; fund; depreciation; rate; devaluation; price; fund Agreement; exchange depreciation; exchange devaluation; competitive depreciation; trade indices; Currencies; Income; Wages; Personal income; Inflation; Europe; Asia and Pacific; Eastern Europe