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Europe > Montenegro

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Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Kosovo: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper focuses on challenges and opportunities in Kosovo’s electricity sector. Energy market pressures in Europe are likely to continue throughout 2023. Higher energy prices represent a heavy blow for Kosovo’s current account. The tariff-setting framework is broadly sound, but the increase in European electricity prices has led to challenges. Higher European electricity prices have stressed the sector’s flows, creating liquidity choke points. Higher European electricity prices and lower domestic electricity supply may result is significant stress for Kosovo’s energy sector and budget. In the short term, more efficient use of electricity should reduce demand and contribute to balance the system in 2023. In the medium term, boosting energy efficiency and diversification away from lignite is priority. To that end, creating a fund for the renewal and expansion of domestic electricity generation capacity in green technologies could be explored. Starting to explore carbon pricing would strengthen price signals and result in more efficient demand and less carbon intensity.
Keywords:
tax revenue growth; policy implication; Electricity supply chain; central banks in Kosovo; electricity sector; Electricity; Income; Natural gas sector; Tax administration core functions; Europe; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Labor Taxation in the Western Balkan: Looking Back and Forward
Mr. Alain Jousten
,
Mario Mansour
,
Irena Jankulov Suljagic
, and
Charles Vellutini
This paper examines how labor taxation (personal income taxes and social security contributions) in the Western Balkan contributes to labor market outcomes such as high informality and a significant gender gap in participation rates. We find that limited progressivity combined with high tax wedge on low incomes poses a major twin equity-efficiency challenge in the region, resulting in low redistributive capacity and inadequate incentives to enter the job market. Policy implications are discussed with a view to alleviating the excessively high tax wedges on low incomes, while improving progressivity of income taxation.
Keywords:
Western Balkan; labor taxation; labor tax wedge; personal income tax; corporate income tax; social security contributions; income taxation; SSC reduction; employer SSCs; Labor taxes; Tax wedge; Wages; Labor markets; Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Montenegro: 2021 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Montenegro
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
COVID-19 hit the economy hard, but a strong recovery is underway. Public debt, already elevated before the pandemic, has increased further. The government has embarked on a reform program ‘Europe Now’, which aims to arrest outward migration through a sharp minimum wage increase, labor tax wedge reduction, and the introduction of a progressive tax code. The financial sector appears to have withstood the COVID-19 shock well.
Keywords:
production GDP estimate; staff growth estimate; authorities' baseline scenario; Montenegrin authority; taxation regime; Government debt management; Labor taxes; Europe; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of North Macedonia: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Selected Issues
Keywords:
growth acceleration plan; investment trend; deviation from baseline; IMF government finance statistics database; investment plan; Public investment spending; Value-added tax; Infrastructure; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Kosovo: Selected Issues Paper
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper on the Republic of Kosovo’s 2013 Article IV Consultation highlights growth and Kosovo’s external environment. In the wake of the global financial crisis, Kosovo’s economic growth slowed but remained positive, while most other Western Balkans slipped into recession. Moreover, the annual average growth rate has been among the highest in the Western Balkans since the onset of the financial crisis in 2007. Kosovo’s tax-to-GDP ratio is comparable to the average of Southeastern Europe, although its tax system relies significantly more on indirect taxation—including a high share of trade taxes. Kosovo’s reliance on trade taxes may create budgetary pressures in the event of further trade liberalization.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Kosovo; tax; trade; trade liberalization; FDI inflow; IMF BOP manual; trade tax; FX financing need; banking sector development; Taxes on trade; Trade liberalization; Remittances; Income and capital gains taxes; Global; Europe; Eastern Europe; Central Asia
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Serbia and Montenegro: Staff Report for the 2005 Article IV Consultation
International Monetary Fund
This 2005 Article IV Consultation highlights that macroeconomic imbalances in Serbia and Montenegro widened in 2004, putting at risk some of the impressive earlier achievements. Growth, about 5 percent in nonagriculture since 2002, has been fueled by a surge in domestic demand. Lack of competitive domestic production has led to increased imports and a widening current account deficit. The main policy challenge is to maintain macroeconomic stability while accelerating structural reform. Fiscal policy needs to be tightened substantially, and its flexibility increased by reducing the large share of nondiscretionary spending.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; deficit; enterprise; government; privatization revenue; enterprise restructuring; revenue collection; envisaged policy package; authorities of Serbia and Montenegro; exchange rate depreciation; Current account deficits; Inflation; Global
Cover IMF Survey
IMF Survey, Volume 31, Issue 11
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
For many years, the IMF has tracked countries’ military spending. The IMF’s Fiscal Affairs Department describes its most recent findings and also looks at patterns in military as well as poverty-reducing spending in countries with loans under the IMF’s concessional Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF).
Keywords:
SV; IMF managing director Horst köhler signal; IMF Concludes; market; IMF Monetary; IMF staff country; IMF survey; IMF Deputy managing director; IMF publication service; IMF data; Tax incentives; Extra-budgetary funds; Defense spending; Stock markets; Financial sector development; Middle East; Western Hemisphere; Baltics; Africa; Asia and Pacific; West Africa; East Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Europe; Global
Cover Policy Papers
Building Peace in South East Europe - Macroeconomic Policies and Structural Reforms Since the Kosovo Conflict
International Monetary Fund
NULL
Keywords:
PP; SEE country; FYR Macedonia; FR Yugoslavia; country authorities; foreign direct investment; free trade; Foreign direct investment; Trade liberalization; Trade facilitation; Privatization; Tariffs; Eastern Europe; Southern Europe; Europe; Global
Cover Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions 2001
Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions 2001
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department

Abstract

This 2001 Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions provides a detailed description of the exchange arrangements and exchange restrictions of individual member countries, as well as Aruba, the Netherlands Antilles, and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The report highlights that in the case of Algeria, the external value of the dinar is set at the interbank foreign exchange market rate. No margin limits are imposed on the buying and selling exchange rates in the interbank foreign exchange market.

Keywords:
AREAER; exchange arrangement; capital market securities; payment arrears; IMF article; foreign currency
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: Request for a Stand-By Arrangement
International Monetary Fund
The new government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has formulated and started to implement an ambitious program of stabilization and reform with impressive speed and commitment. The program provides for macroeconomic policies designed to reduce inflation and support reconstruction coupled with bold reforms. The policy achievements so far have been impressive. Prudent policies alone cannot ensure progress toward sustainable growth and external viability. The program sets the basis for the country in achieving sustainable output growth and a viable external position.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; FRY authorities; Yugoslavia; stand-by credit; financial asset; agreement; FRY economy; executive board discussion; tariff schedule; Commercial banks; Arrears; Debt service