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Europe > Latvia, Republic of

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Cover IMF Working Papers
Exports in a Tariff-Free Environment: What Structural Reforms Matter? Evidence from the European Union Single Market
Jesmin Rahman
,
Ara Stepanyan
,
Jessie Yang
, and
Mr. Li Zeng
How do countries enhance their exports of goods in a largely tariff-free environment? Our investigation of export performance of new member states in the European Union single market, which provides a natural control for barrier-free environment, points to the importance of structural reforms, particularly in the areas of higher education, skills upgrade, wage structure’s ability to provide incentives to work and foreign investment environment. In addition, establishing links with supply chains, which in addition to the above-mentioned reforms also depend on better institutions and infrastructure, are important. The analysis in the paper shows that new member states are at varying levels of quality and integration, which highlights the need for country-specific policy priorities. Services trade, which is subject to significant non-tariff barriers in the EU market even after the implementation of the Services Directive, shows considerable room for growth given the comparative advantage of some of the new member states.
Keywords:
WP; export; country; export quality; single market; supply chain; Export integration; structural reform; comparative advantage; European Union; new member states; exports to the EU; quality improvement; EU single market; export products; Exports; Service exports; Export performance; Foreign direct investment; Human capital; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Baltic Cluster Report: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper focuses on the Baltic model, Baltic–Nordic links, and convergence. The Baltic countries form a distinct group within a tightly integrated Nordic–Baltic region. They are following similar approaches to economic policy, broadly in line with those of Northern European and the Anglo-Saxon countries. Their macroeconomic policies are generally robust. The paper examines the possible causes of the creditless recoveries in the Baltic countries. It characterizes their experience in comparison with other episodes of creditless recoveries in both advanced and emerging market economies, and also investigates demand and supply constraints to credit expansion in the Baltics.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; export; Baltics; FDI; credit growth; export sector; country pair; Baltic country; higher-income country; Exports; Credit; Structural unemployment; Unemployment; Labor taxes; Global; Western Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Moldova: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
This Selected Issues paper on the Republic of Moldova was prepared by a staff team of the International Monetary Fund as background documentation for the periodic consultation with the member country. It is based on the information available at the time it was completed on September 17, 2012. The views expressed in this document are those of the staff team and do not necessarily reflect the views of the government of the Republic of Moldova or the Executive Board of the IMF.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Moldova; GDP; FDI; asset; bank; Moldova FDI stock; FDI inflow; parent bank; remittances channel; exposure to Moldova; banking sector amount; close-to-balanced forex position; asset loss; Moldova's economy; bill growth; price competitiveness; Fiscal stance; Foreign direct investment; Fiscal sustainability; Commercial banks; Value-added tax; Europe; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; Global; Central and Eastern Europe
Cover The Baltics
The Baltics
Competitiveness on the Eve of EU Accession
Mr. Yuan Xiao
,
Mr. Robert M Burgess
, and
Ms. Stefania Fabrizio

Abstract

Large current account deficits in Estonia and Latvia, and the continued real appreciation of the exchange rate in Lithuania, have prompted concerns about the competitiveness of the Baltic economies, and called into question the sustainability of their current fixed exchange rate arrangements. Recent external performance, however, appears to be explained more by temporary or cyclical developments than by a deterioration in the underlying competitive position of the Baltic economies. This book assesses the competitive position of the Baltic countries and focuses, in particular, on the viability of the countries’ strategy of maintaining their fixed exchange rates on joining the European Union, participating in its exchange rate mechanism, and then adopting the euro at the earliest possible date.

Keywords:
ISI; SI; exchange rate; productivity convergence; total factor productivity; EU accession; A. labor productivity; productivity performance; ERM II fluctuation band; Real exchange rates; Exchange rates; Productivity; Real effective exchange rates; Inflation; Baltics; Purchasing power parity
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Estonia: Statistical Appendix
International Monetary Fund
In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; gross domestic product; Estonia; revenue; Estonia banking Survey; Fund staff estimate; shorts term loan; interest income; net credit; financial institution; kroon liability; Loans; Agroindustries; Foreign assets
Cover IMF Survey
IMF Survey, Volume 31, Issue 10
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
Earlier this year, Abdoulaye Bio-Tchané took over as Director of the IMF’s African Department. Before joining the IMF staff, he was Benin’s Minister of Finance and Economy. He began his career as an economist in the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), where he rose to become Director of the Economic and Monetary Survey Department. He recently returned from a one-week trip with IMF Managing Director Horst Köhler to Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, and Tanzania. At the end of the trip, on May 3, Köhler announced that the IMF plans to establish five regional centers in Africa to strengthen locally based technical assistance and training.
Keywords:
SV; IMF Concludes; IMF Approves; background colo; growth facility; IMF staff country; IMF's Africa capacity building initiative; IMF publication service; compensatory financing facility; Real exchange rates; Foreign direct investment; Exchange rate adjustments; Poverty reduction strategy; Fiscal stance; Africa; Baltics; West Africa; East Africa; Southern Europe; Eastern Europe
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Republic of Estonia: Statistical Appendix
International Monetary Fund
This report provides the details of the IMF's projections and estimates on Estonia's basic data; gross domestic product by expenditure, origin, and income approach; real gross domestic product by origin; employment by sector; balance of payments; foreign direct investment inflows and outflows by countries; foreign direct investment outflows and inflows by sectors during 1996–2000; maturity and currency composition of deposits and loans; general government revenue and expenditure during 1996–2001; gross external debt; foreign assets; net external debt during 1997–2000, and so on.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; short term; gross domestic product; private sector; capital expenditure; Estonia banking Survey; Fund staff estimate; kroon liability; interest income; kroon liabilities of the Bank of Estonia; liabilities of the Bank of Estonia; net ExternalDebt; net credit; Fund staff projection; bank liability; Foreign assets; Loans; Agroindustries
Cover Finance & Development
Finances & Développement, juin 2001
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
Pour les dernières idées sur le système financier international, la politique monétaire, le développement économique, la lutte contre la pauvreté et d’autres questions importantes, abonnez-vous à Finances & Développement (F&D). Ce trimestriel attrayant présente des analyses approfondies sur ces thèmes et d'autres sujets, rédigées par les membres des services du FMI ainsi que par des experts de renommée internationale. Les articles sont écrits pour les non-spécialistes qui souhaitent enrichir leur compréhension des rouages de l'économie mondiale et des politiques et activités du FMI.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; country; IMF financing; capital flow; exchange rate; productivity
Cover Finance & Development
Finance & Development, June 2001
International Monetary Fund. External Relations Dept.
For the latest thinking about the international financial system, monetary policy, economic development, poverty reduction, and other critical issues, subscribe to Finance & Development (F&D). This lively quarterly magazine brings you in-depth analyses of these and other subjects by the IMF’s own staff as well as by prominent international experts. Articles are written for lay readers who want to enrich their understanding of the workings of the global economy and the policies and activities of the IMF.
Keywords:
FD; F&D; country; IMF financing; capital flow; exchange rate; productivity; FDI benefits country; FDI flow; productivity growth; Foreign direct investment; Moral hazard; Capital flows; Exchange rate arrangements; Conventional peg; Global; Africa; Europe; Western Europe; East Asia
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Latvia: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix
International Monetary Fund
Developments and prospects of nonbank financial institutions of Latvia have been presented in this paper. Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to Latvia have declined compared with their earlier levels. This poses an important policy challenge owing to benefits of FDI in terms of financing the current account deficit, contributing to capital formation, productivity, and exports. This paper also discusses the role of the Latvian Privatization Agency (LPA) in the privatization of Latvia's public enterprises and property, along with statistical data on economic indices of Latvia.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; gross domestic product; local government; central government; private sector; FDI company; banking system; company share; Privatization; Foreign direct investment; Budget planning and preparation; Commercial banks; Insurance companies; Baltics; Eastern Europe