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Mario Tamez
,
Ender Emre
, and
Alessandro Gullo
This paper explores the intersection of climate change policies with banking supervisory law. Statutory mandates define banking supervisory agencies’ objectives, functions and powers. Policies that aim to address climate change risks appear fully germane to banking supervisors’ main objective of safety and soundness. As such, banking supervisory agencies have a duty to address climate risks in light of their mandate. A mandate that is not anchored on safety and soundness in light of best practice would blur the accountability of banking supervisory agencies and undermine their legitimacy also with respect to climate. While legal changes can help provide greater legal certaintly, particularly given the long-term perspective of climate change, bank supervisory agencies can take action without fundamental reforms of their legal framework. Accordingly, they have set expectations or requirements for banks to incorporate climate into their strategy and business model, risk management, and governance. A combination of legal instruments—based on soft law and hard law—helps to achieve this objective. Notwithstanding implementation challenges, taxonomies and disclosures remain important tools, and banking supervisors should assess their role in the development of such tools in light of their mandate. The key responsibility to address climate risks rests on banks, and corporate governance frameworks could assist.
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This paper discusses Panama’s Basel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision report. The Superintendency of Banks of Panama (SBP) has made significant progress in updating its regulatory and supervisory framework. The liquidity regulations are generally comprehensive; however, the Liquidity Coverage Ratio is calculated and reported on a Level 1 basis and not L2 or group-wide. Off-site analysis occurs on a frequent basis using a comprehensive suite of indicators and data points. The SBP has implemented a framework for credit concentration risk and large exposure limits, but the framework does not apply to all material sources of concentration risk. Regulations issued by the SBP set out a comprehensive set of requirements for a bank’s Board and senior management to be responsible for preparing financial statements that adhere to international accounting standards. Banks must identify and appropriately manage the market risks they face, and the Board of Directors has primary responsibility for establishing policies and procedures to identify these risks.
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
This paper focuses on the technical note on regulation and supervision of less significant institutions in Belgium. The financial sector assessment program (FSAP) undertook a targeted review of Belgium’s Less Significant Institutions (LSI) and third-country branches (TCBs) banking regulation and supervision. The National Bank of Belgium (NBB) and Financial Services and Markets Authority have well-established processes for prudential, product and conduct supervision of LSIs. While NBB’s overall supervisory approach is adequate, the regulatory framework for corporate governance could be enhanced. Internal decision-making processes and the underpinning of certain decision proposal could in some specific instances be enhanced. With regard to NBB’s internal supervisory processes, some fine-tuning and continued attention could be useful. The NBB should continue to ensure adequate staffing for LSI and TCB supervision and continue to carefully consider how to address any supervisory Information Technology risk concerns. Banks’ internal capital target could usefully be added to the NBB’s internal monitoring. A structured approach for conduct risk and consumer protection information sharing with the FSMA and the Ministry of Economic Affairs should be put in place.
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This Selected Issues paper provides an overview of the challenges facing the banking sector in Libya and puts forward reforms to strengthen financial stability and accelerate credit growth. Priority reforms are identified using the 2012 sound principles for effective supervision, issued by the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision (BCBS), while also considering limitations imposed by the country’s fragility and conflict situation. Banks are struggling to develop Islamic finance products. Financial stability mandate and governance architecture should be strengthened. Financial stability mandate and governance are not clearly articulated in the banking law. Comprehensive internal and external reporting systems should be developed to strengthen management facilitate supervision. The paper recommends that the authorities follow a gradual and consultative approach to regulatory reforms and support the development of human capital and systems at the commercial banks and at the Central Bank of Libya.
International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.
This Selected Issues paper provides an overview of the challenges facing the banking sector in Libya and puts forward reforms to strengthen financial stability and accelerate credit growth. Priority reforms are identified using the 2012 sound principles for effective supervision, issued by the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision (BCBS), while also considering limitations imposed by the country’s fragility and conflict situation. Banks are struggling to develop Islamic finance products. Financial stability mandate and governance architecture should be strengthened. Financial stability mandate and governance are not clearly articulated in the banking law. Comprehensive internal and external reporting systems should be developed to strengthen management facilitate supervision. The paper recommends that the authorities follow a gradual and consultative approach to regulatory reforms and support the development of human capital and systems at the commercial banks and at the Central Bank of Libya.
International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
The BCEAO has conducted a comprehensive reform during the past five years. The regulatory and prudential framework were aligned with international standards and the conditions for supervision have been strengthened, although the efforts must be continued (liquidity ratio/net stable funding ratio and tools for monitoring liquidity, transfers of ownership, acquisitions of holdings, guidelines on nonperforming claims, and anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism—AML-CFT). The transition to Basel III has made it possible to incorporate additional capital requirements, while the rules applicable to credit institutions were upgraded with the 2017 publication of four circulars on governance, risk management, internal supervision, and compliance.