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Asia and Pacific > Kiribati

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Cover High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
Kiribati: Agricultural Subsidies for Copra: Improving Efficiency and Equity and Balancing Trade-offs
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
This technical assistance mission assessed Kiribati’s agricultural output price scheme that subsidizes the production of copra (dried coconut). The mission estimates that subsidies in 2023 amounted to 7.8 percent of GDP. The scheme’s technical and allocative inefficiencies, incidence in rural areas, and high fiscal cost, could be mitigated in the short- and medium term, by scaling back the subsidies, replacing them in part with cash transfers and public goods provision in the outer islands, securing fiscal savings in the process, and introducing competitive elements in the copra value chain.
Keywords:
Kiribati; subsidy; agriculture; efficiency; equity; expenditure; IMF activity; subsidy scheme; copra value chain; value chain concern; farmgate price; public goods provision; Government subsidies; Export prices; Agricultural sector; Consumption
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Kiribati: Selected Issues
International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
This Selected Issues paper focuses on a case study on copra subsidy in Kiribati. The copra subsidy, disbursed as a minimum support price, is a major part of the social safety net in Kiribati. The subsidy has multiple purposes—including as a means to transfer resources to the outer islands and to stem migration to the capital. The horizontal diversification model shows that a higher subsidy on copra diverts production and labor towards copra but lowers overall income. The vertical diversification model demonstrates how a subsidy on a primary product increases its supply but reduces production of the final good. Considering the benefits, the government could boost the subsidy’s efficiency, replace the scheme with a poverty-targeted social assistance program, or impose a cap on payments. Development partners, including the IMF and the World Bank, stand ready to provide support in both areas as needed.
Keywords:
COPRA subsidy; Copra support price; price support scheme; impact of subsidy; household income expenditure survey report; cut support price; Price incentives; Agricultural commodities; Income; Exports; Pacific Islands; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Are the Asia and Pacific Small States Different from Other Small States?
Ms. Patrizia Tumbarello
,
Ezequiel Cabezon
, and
Mr. Yiqun Wu
The small states of the Asia and Pacific region face unique challenges in raising their growth potential and living standards relative to other small states due to their small populations, geographical isolation and dispersion, narrow export and production bases, exposure to shocks, and heavy reliance on aid. Higher fixed government costs, low access to credit by the private sector, and capacity constraints are also key challenges. The econometric analysis confirms that the Pacific Island Countries (PICs) have underperformed relative to their peers over the last 20 years. Although these countries often face more limited policy tools, policies do matter and can further help build resilience and raise potential growth, as evidenced in the recent business cycle. The Asia and Pacific small states should continue rebuilding buffers and improve the composition of public spending in order to foster inclusive growth. Regional solutions should also continue to be pursued.
Keywords:
WP; IMF staff calculation; micro state; country authorities; real GDP; Asia and Pacific; small states; micro states; Pacific islands; growth; volatility; Asia-Pacific small state government; ECCU country; effective purchasing power; Pacific region; small states-Asia; country information; Income; Terms of trade; Government consumption; Climate change
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Kiribati: Statistical Appendix
International Monetary Fund
This report presents data provided by the authorities during 2005–09, which include Kiribati's contributions to GDP growth and gross national product. It provides a summary of central government's operations, revenue 2005–09, central government expenditure (functional and economic classifications), salary structure 2004–08, and budgetary subsidies to public enterprises. Details of assets and the liabilities of the Development Bank of Kiribati, provident funds, ANZ bank's balance sheets and interest rates, and composition of exports and imports are also mentioned. It shows services and income, external grants, and external assets and liabilities as well.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Kiribati authorities; Kiribati; gross domestic product; cooperative society; Kiribati housing corporation; development fund; interest stabilization; Income; Agroindustries; Current spending; Transportation; Australia and New Zealand
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Kiribati: 2009 Article IV Consultation: Staff Report; Public Information Notice on the Executive Board Discussion; and Statement by the Executive Director for Kiribati
International Monetary Fund
This 2009 Article IV Consultation highlights that inflation in Kiribati increased to about 19 percent by end-2008, largely reflecting higher food prices. The current account deficit was broadly unchanged in 2008. Structural reforms are under way, although the pace has been limited by capacity constraints. Executive Directors have welcomed the recent improvement in economic activity. They have also welcomed the planned review and reform of public enterprises as critical to promoting private sector development, and to boosting the growth potential.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; government; Kiribati; GDP; public enterprise; Kiribati economy; Kiribati authorities; PFTAC advisor; administered fuel price; PFTAC Multisector Statistics Advisor; Public sector; Income; Global; Pacific Islands; Australia and New Zealand
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Kiribati: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix
International Monetary Fund
This Selected Issues paper focuses on recent developments with Kiribati’s Revenue Equalization Reserve Fund (RERF). The paper also examines fiscal aspects of climate change, and considers options for improving fishing license fees, which remain an important source of revenue. It also analyzes recent developments and the outlook for remittances to Kiribati, which is another important source of external revenue and brings important economic benefits, such as reducing poverty and stabilizing national income.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Kiribati; cost; fee; RERF balance; fishing license fee; remittances to Kiribati; Kiribati's remittances come; remittance cost; Agroindustries; Remittances; Climate change; Income; Current spending; Pacific Islands; Global
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Kiribati: Statistical Appendix
International Monetary Fund
In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Kiribati; Kiribati authorities; value; earnings; Kiribati housing corporation; Kiribati oil company; seamen transfer; unit value; Income; Budget planning and preparation; Public enterprises; Exports; Reserve assets
Cover IMF Staff Country Reports
Kiribati: Recent Economic Developments
International Monetary Fund
This report describes recent economic developments in Kiribati. Developments over the decade through 1992 were characterized by a fall in real per capita income, as economic development was constrained by a shortage of skilled manpower, weak infrastructure, and remoteness from major international markets. However, inflation was held broadly in line with price increases in major trading partners. The overall external balance was in large surplus, as substantial trade deficits in part reflecting small export earnings were more than offset by service account surpluses and external grant receipts.
Keywords:
ISCR; CR; Kiribati; price; company; Kiribati authorities; export; rate; RERF interest; production base; support price; telecom Kiribati; government corporation; price stabilization scheme; interest stabilization reserve; shipping corporation; equity price; Agroindustries; Exports; Budget planning and preparation; Income; Foreign direct investment; Europe; Global
Cover IMF Working Papers
Paradise Lost? Growth, Convergence and Migration in the South Pacific
Norman Loayza
and
Mr. Paul Cashin
This paper examines the determinants of growth for nine South Pacific countries during the period 1971-93, using the analytical framework of the Solow-Swan neoclassical growth model. Chamberlain’s II-matrix estimator is used to account for unobserved country-specific heterogeneity in the growth process, and to control for errors-in-variables bias in calculations of real per-capita GDP. The speed of convergence of South Pacific countries to their respective steady-state levels of per-capita GDP, after controlling for the important regional effects of net international migration, is estimated at a relatively fast 4 percent per year. In addition, private and official transfers emanating from regional donor countries have kept the dispersion of real per-capita national disposable income constant over the period, despite a significant widening in the regional dispersion of real per-capita GDP.
Keywords:
WP; growth rate; per-capita GDP; Island economy; II-matrix estimation procedure; procedure consist; per-capita income; rate of growth; island economies of the South Pacific; time series; Personal income; Migration; National income; Public expenditure review; Disposable income; Australia and New Zealand